Lithium bromide

Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2012-09-09 to 2012-09-30

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 211 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)

Version / remarks:

updated 3rd October 2008

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method C.20 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)

Version / remarks:

May 30, 2008

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 850.1300 (Daphnid Chronic Toxicity Test)

Version / remarks:

1996

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

During the test, the concentrations of the test item were determined at regular intervals. Since the concentrations of the test item were expected to remain within ± 20 % of the nominal concentrations, analysis was performed in the highest and lowest test concentrations (plus control), when freshly prepared and at renewal (2 times per week sampling for analytics). These determinations were repeated at weekly intervals. During the first two weeks (day 0 – 9), concentrations of 0.50 and 5.70 mg/L (as highest and lowest) were measured. Due to the absence of living animals in the three highest test concentrations (2.53 – 5.70 mg/L), concentration of 1.70 mg/L was measured as the highest test concentration from the third occasion of analytical determination (day 14).

Vehicle:

yes

Details on test solutions:

The test solutions used in the test were prepared by mechanical dispersion without using any solubilising agent. The test solutions were freshly prepared at the beginning of the experiment, in the testing laboratory. Dilutions/solutions were performed with the test medium, Elendt M4 Medium.
Additionally, please see above in "Details on test material".

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Daphnia magna (Straus)
- Source: Laboratory of Hydrobiology (Central Agricultural Office, Directorate of Plant-, and Soil Protection) 2100 Gödöllő, Kotlán S. u. 3. Hungary. The Daphnia are bred in the Laboratory of TOXI-COOP ZRT.
- Age of parental stock: less than 24 hours old and not the first brood progeny
- Feeding during test: The Daphnia were fed daily and the supplied diet was based on the amount of organic carbon (C) provided to each parent animal. This amount was 0.15 mg C/Daphnia/day

ACCLIMATION
The stock animals were maintained in culture conditions (light, temperature, medium, feeding and animals per unit volume) to avoid the necessity of longer adaptation prior to the test. Brood daphnids were maintained in Elendt M4 Medium under test conditions for 10 days prior to the start of the test.

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

21 d

Post exposure observation period:

No post exposure observation

Hardness:

> 140 mg/L (expressed in CaCO3), the lowest value was 189.9 mg/L (as CaCO3).

Test temperature:

19.8 - 22.0

pH:

The pH remained within the range 6 – 9 and varied not more than 1.5 units during the test.
The lowest value measured was 7.06 and the highest value was 8.45.

Dissolved oxygen:

> 3 mg/L, the lowest value was 6.27 mg/L

Nominal and measured concentrations:

The following nominal concentrations were tested: 0.50, 0.75, 1.13, 1.70, 2.53, 3.80 and 5.70 mg lithium/L.
The measured test item concentrations (lowest and highest test concentrations) remained within ± 20 % of the nominal concentration values during the test, therefore all biological results are based on the nominal concentrations.

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Glass beakers (150 mL volume) with 50 mL test medium
- Aeration: no aeration
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): semi - static renewal, 3 times per week (When the medium was renewed a second series of test vessels was prepared and the parent animals transferred to them by a pipette of a suitable diameter. The volume of test medium transferred with the Daphnia was minimized)
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 10
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): 10

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: with test medium Elendt M4 Medium (according to OECD Guideline 211)

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: the pH of the stock solution was adjusted to the pH of the Elendt M4 Medium using 1N HCl at each occasion of test solution preparation.
- Photoperiod: 16 h light : 8 h dark
- Light intensity: an average intensity of 1025 lux that corresponds to 13.9 µE m-2s-1

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
- Measurement of environmental parameters: the temperature, oxygen concentration and pH values were measured at each water renewal in fresh and old media in the control and in the highest test item concentration. Measurement of the hardness was performed at least once a week during the test in the control and in the highest test item concentration. Due to the absence of living animals in the three highest concentrations (2.53 - 5.70 mg/L), environmental conditions were measured at the concentration of 1.70 mg/L being the highest test concentration from the 7th renewal period (day 14).

- Growth measurement and other parameters: The length of the parent animals (i.e. body length excluding the anal spine) was measured at the end of the test. Other parameters measured included: time to production of first brood (and subsequent broods), number and size of broods per animal, and the number of living offspring produced per animal per day from the first day offspring was observed.

VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: yes, the dilution water (Elendt M4 Medium) without the test item was used as control solution

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

for the evaluation of the quality of the Daphnia clone potassium dichromate was tested in a Daphnia magna acute toxicity test at least twice a year.

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

1.7 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

LOEC

Effect conc.:

2.53 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

> 1.7 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Details on results:

Offspring:
The offspring produced by each parent animal were removed and counted daily from the appearance of the first brood. The first brood appeared in the treated concentrations and in the control in the period of 8 – 13 days of the test. The mean number of offspring produced per animal was 89.63 in the control group. The mean number of offspring produced per animal was slightly lower (85.60, 82.40, 72.60 and 79.20) in concentrations of 0.50, 0.75, 1.13 and 1.70 mg/L respectively. Based on the performed statistical analysis, the offspring production of these concentrations were not statistically significant from that of the control (Bonferroni t-Test, α=0.05). In the three highest tested concentrations (2.53, 3.80 and 5.70 mg/L) all parent animals died by the 13th day of the test without producing any offspring. Therefore the results of these concentrations were excluded from the data analysis related to the reproductive output. Additionally the “living juveniles produced per animal per day from the first day offspring observed” values were calculated. These results showed similar trend to the evaluation of the total number of offspring.

Growth measurement:
At the end of the test body length measurement was performed and the obtained data were statistically evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni t-Test (α = 0.05) using TOXSTAT software.
Statistically significant difference was not observed in the remained living parent daphnids (in the concentration range of 0.50 – 1.70 mg/L) compared to the control group.

Other parameters:
Aborted broods, presence of male neonates or ephippia were not noticed.

Mortality:
The mortality among the parent animals was recorded daily.
In the control group two parent animals (20 %) died during the test which was within the acceptability criteria.
In the concentration range of 0.50 – 1.70 mg/L mortality of parent animals was not observed during the experiment.

α = alpha

Reported statistics and error estimates:

For the estimation of the LOEC, and hence the NOEC, for effects of the test item on reproductive output, the mean value and standard deviation of the reproductive output across replicates of each concentration was calculated using analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Similar evaluation and statistical analysis was performed with the additional determined body length values.
The data were checked for homogeneity of variance and normality.
The mean for each concentration was compared with the control mean using an appropriate multiple comparison method (Bonferroni t-Test, α=0.05).
The obtained results did not allow the calculation of an exact 21-day EC50 value in the assay.

In the three highest tested concentrations (2.53, 3.80 and 5.70 mg/L) all parent animals died by the 13th day of the test without producing any offspring*. Therefore the results of these concentrations were excluded from the data analysis related to the reproductive output.

*except in the case of one daphnia (the 7th replicate (10 daphnids / replicates in a dose group)) at a concentration of 2.53 mg/L, where eight juveniles were found on the day the parent animal was noticed dead (day 11). This result was excluded from the data analysis.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

In the 21-day semi-static chronic toxicity test to Daphnia magna with lithium, the 21-day No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) value and the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) value, related to reproduction was 1.70 mg/L and 2.53 mg/L, respectively.
The 21-day EC50 value was determined to be higher than 1.70 mg/L.

Executive summary:

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of the test item lithium on the reproductive output of Daphnia magna in a semi-static test system according to OECD Guideline 211. Young female Daphnia (the parent animals) aged less than 24 hours at the start of the test were exposed to aqueous test media containing the test item for 21 days at a range of concentrations. The nominal test item concentrations were 0.50, 0.75, 1.13, 1.70, 2.53, 3.80 and 5.70 mg lithium/L. The performed parallel running analytical determinations confirmed that the test item concentrations examined (lowest and highest test concentrations) remained within the range of ± 20 % of the nominal and of the initial concentrations (varied between 98 and 117 per cent of the nominal concentration); thus, all results were based on the nominal test item concentrations. In the three highest tested concentrations (2.53, 3.80 and 5.70 mg/L) all parent animals died by the 13th day of the test without producing any offspring. Therefore the results of these concentrations were excluded from the data analysis related to the reproductive output. In the control group two parent animals (20 %) died during the test which was within the acceptable validity criteria. In the concentration range of 0.50 – 1.70 mg/L mortality of parent animals was not observed during the experiment. The reproduction was not reduced significantly in the concentration range of 0.50 – 1.70 mg/L compared to the untreated control group. During the evaluation of the body length of parent animals at the end of the test, a statistically significant difference was not observed in the remaining living parent daphnids (in the concentration range of 0.50 – 1.70 mg/L) compared to the control group. Aborted broods, presence of male neonates or ephippia were not noticed during the test. Accordingly, the 21-day NOEC value related to reproduction was determined to be 1.70 mg/L and the LOEC value as 2.53 mg/L. The obtained results were not sufficient for an exact EC50 value estimation. The 21-day EC50 was determined to be higher than 1.70 mg/L.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Justification for type of information:

HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
Lithium bromide completely dissociates in water forming lithium cation and the corresponding bomide anion. Thus, lithium salts with different anion moieties and bromide compounds were found to be suitable candidates for read-across. (Eco)toxicological properties were extrapolated to different endpoints by using the lowest effect concentration.
For further information, please refer to the read-across justification in IUCLID, section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

21.3 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

other: recalculated for LiBr

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: Based on lithium (559.447.3620, 2012)

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

LOEC

Effect conc.:

31.7 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

other: recalculated for LiBr

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: Based on lithium (559.447.3620, 2012)

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

> 21.3 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

other: recalculated for LiBr

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: Based on lithium (559.447.3620, 2012)

Reference 3

Endpoint:

long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Justification for type of information:

HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
Lithium bromide completely dissociates in water forming lithium cation and the corresponding bomide anion. Thus, lithium salts with different anion moieties and bromide compounds were found to be suitable candidates for read-across. (Eco)toxicological properties were extrapolated to different endpoints by using the lowest effect concentration.
For further information, please refer to the read-across justification in IUCLID, section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

ca. 77 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

other: recalculated for LiBr

Basis for effect:

immobilisation

Remarks on result:

other: Based on NaBr (Kühn et al. 1989)

Reference 4

Endpoint:

long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Study period:

1989

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

data from handbook or collection of data

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 211 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method C.20 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Vehicle:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Daphnia magna

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: water flea
- Source: laboratory breed, Federal Environmental Agency, Germany
- Age of parental stock (mean and range, SD): max. 24 h
- Feeding during test
- Food type: TetraMin and activated sludge
- Frequency: daily

ACCLIMATION
- Type and amount of food: TetraMin and activated sludge
- Feeding frequency: daily

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Total exposure duration:

21 d

Test temperature:

25 °C

pH:

>7.0

Dissolved oxygen:

58 - 69 % at the end of testperiod

Salinity:

not applicable

Nominal and measured concentrations:

no data

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- No. of organisms per vessel: 5
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 5

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: artificial freshwater (DIN) with 10 % tap water

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 9 h light, 15 hours dark

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : swimming abality

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Key result

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

ca. 91 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

immobilisation

Conclusions:

In the 21-day static chronic toxicity test to Daphnia magna with sodium bromide, the 21-day No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) value related to reproduction was 91 mg/L.

Executive summary:

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of the test item sodium bromide on the reproductive output of Daphnia magna in a static test system according to OECD Guideline 211. Young Daphnia (the parent animals) aged less than 24 hours at the start of the test were exposed to aqueous test media containing the test item for 21 days at a range of concentrations. 20 test animals were used for each test concentration. The 21 -day NOEC value for sodium bromide was 91 mg/L.

Based on read-across approach the NOEC for lithium bromide is 77 mg/L. (UBA, 1988)

Description of key information

In a 21-day semi-static chronic toxicity test to Daphnia magna with lithium, the 21-day No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) value and the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) value, related to reproduction were 1.70 mg/L and 2.53 mg/L, respectively. The 21-day EC50 value was determined to be higher than 1.70 mg/L. Based on a read-across approach, the calculated NOEC and LOEC values for lithium bromide were 21.3 and 31.7 mg/L, respectively.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

21.3 mg/L

Additional information

key study

Long-term toxicity test in daphnia with lithium bromide is not available. Consequently, read-across was applied using study results obtained from a supporting substance, lithium.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of the test item lithium on the reproductive output of Daphnia magna in a semi-static test system according to OECD Guideline 211. Young female Daphnia (the parent animals) aged less than 24 hours at the start of the test were exposed to aqueous test media containing the test item for 21 days at a range of concentrations. The nominal test item concentrations were 0.50, 0.75, 1.13, 1.70, 2.53, 3.80 and 5.70 mg lithium/L. The performed parallel running analytical determinations confirmed that the test item concentrations examined (lowest and highest test concentrations) remained within the range of ± 20 % of the nominal and of the initial concentrations (varied between 98 and 117 per cent of the nominal concentration); thus, all results were based on the nominal test item concentrations. In the three highest tested concentrations (2.53, 3.80 and 5.70 mg/L) all parent animals died by the 13th day of the test without producing any offspring. Therefore the results of these concentrations were excluded from the data analysis related to the reproductive output. In the control group two parent animals (20 %) died during the test which was within the acceptable validity criteria. In the concentration range of 0.50 – 1.70 mg/L mortality of parent animals was not observed during the experiment. The reproduction was not reduced significantly in the concentration range of 0.50 – 1.70 mg/L compared to the untreated control group. During the evaluation of the body length of parent animals at the end of the test, a statistically significant difference was not observed in the remaining living parent daphnids (in the concentration range of 0.50 – 1.70 mg/L) compared to the control group. Aborted broods, presence of male neonates or ephippia were not noticed during the test. Accordingly, the 21-day NOEC value related to reproduction was determined to be 1.70 mg/L and the LOEC value as 2.53 mg/L. The obtained results were not sufficient for an exact EC50 value estimation. The 21-day EC50 was determined to be higher than 1.70 mg/L. (Toxicoop, 2012)

Based on a read-across approach, the calculated NOEC and LOEC values for lithium bromide were 21.3 and 31.7 mg/L, respectively.

Supporting study

Long-term toxicity test in daphnia with lithium bromide is not available. Consequently, read-across was applied using study results obtained from a supporting substance, sodium bromide, from the German Federal Environmental Agency (UBA).

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of the test item sodium bromide on the reproductive output of Daphnia magna in a static test system according to OECD Guideline 211. Young Daphnia (the parent animals) aged less than 24 hours at the start of the test were exposed to aqueous test media containing the test item for 21 days at a range of concentrations. 20 test animals were used for each test concentration. The 21 -day NOEC value for sodium bromide was 91 mg/L. (UBA, 1988)

Based on read-across approach the NOEC for lithium bromide is 77 mg/L.