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EC number: 309-984-9 | CAS number: 101896-26-8 A residue from the distillation of crude benzole to remove benzole fronts. Composed primarily of benzene, toluene and xylenes boiling in the range of approximately 75°C to 200°C (167°F to 392°F).
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to fish
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions (see deviations from recommendations of standard guideline: worst-case condition)
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Effects of Naphthalene and Benzene on Fathead Minnows and Rainbow Trout
- Author:
- De Graeve GM, Elder RG, Woods DC, and Bergman HL
- Year:
- 1 982
- Bibliographic source:
- Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 11, 487-490
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- ; mean fish length: ca. 1 cm rather than 5 cm
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Benzene
- EC Number:
- 200-753-7
- EC Name:
- Benzene
- Cas Number:
- 71-43-2
- Molecular formula:
- C6H6
- IUPAC Name:
- benzene
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): benzene
- no further information on test substance
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
--
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: Benzene was pumped undiluted to a toxicant head tank and mixed with a predetermined flow of well water to achieve the highest test concentration. Lower concentrations were obtained within the diluter by dilution of the head tank concentration with dilution water.
- Controls: well water
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): no
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Oncorhynchus mykiss (previous name: Salmo gairdneri)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: rainbow trout
- Source: State of Wyoming Game and Fishery Department
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): no data
- Length at study initiation (length definition, mean, range and SD): mean length 1.06 cm
- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): mean weight 13.9 g
- Feeding during test: no
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: at least 10 days
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): same as test
- Type and amount of food: no data
- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed): no data
Study design
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- 535 - 596 mg/L as CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 15 ± 2°C
- pH:
- 7.9 - 8.0
- Dissolved oxygen:
- ca. 7 mg/L
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Seven separate test solutions were used. Each concentration was half/double of the next higher/lower test concentration. Individual test concentrations are not reported.
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessels: four tanks, two 28 L and two 14 L in size
- Type (delete if not applicable): no data
- Aeration: no data
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): solutions/dilution water were delivered by peristaltic pumps to the diluters.
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): 6.2 tank volumes within every 24 h
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 2
- Biomass loading rate: < 1 g/L
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: well water from site of facility
- Alkalinity: 147 - 165 mg/L (CaCO3)
- Conductivity: 910 - 1051 µmhos/cm
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
- Intervals of water quality measurement: once per test
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: 16 / 8 h light / dark
- Light intensity: no data
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable): mortality
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2 - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
Results and discussion
Effect concentrations
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 5.3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The LC50 determination was made using the graphical method given in Standard Methods (American Public Health Association, 1975).
Any other information on results incl. tables
- Sublethal observations / clinical signs:
For fathead minnow 30% mortality were observed at a test substance concentration of 15.1 mg/L.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (But no data on mortality in controls is reported.)
- Conclusions:
- In an acute fish toxicity test with rainbow trout using a flow-through test system, the 96-h LC50 of benzene was determined to be 5.3 mg/L. The test complies with guideline requirements except that the fish used in this test were very young/small (mean size 1.06 cm, mean weight 13.9 g).
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