Tetradecane

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

There is no in vitro genetic toxicity data available for Tetradecane. However, data is available for structural analogues Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, isoalkanes, <2% aromatics, Hydrocarbons, C11-C14, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics, and Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics. This data is read across to based on analogue read across and a discussion and report on the read across strategy is provided as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

All read across genetic toxicity tests listed below had negative results for Tetradecane.

 

Genetic Toxicity in vitro – Bacterial reverse mutation assay (OECD 471)

Genetic Toxicity in vitro – Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test (OECD TG 473)

Genetic Toxicity in vitro – Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test (OECD TG 476)

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

From December 20, 1993 to February 4, 1994

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Ames test (5 Salmonella strains), GLP. Substance identification: information available from supplier for commercial name Substance analytical certificate available

Justification for type of information:

The justification for read across is provided as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Version / remarks:

Ames test

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Guideline principles

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Target gene:

Reverse gene mutation assay

Species / strain / cell type:

other: S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Not applicable

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

other: Stock of S. typhimurium tester strains were obtained from B. N. Ames (University of California Berkeley, USA). Master stocks are held in liquid nitrogen and were aliquots of nutrient broth cultures then stored at -80°C. See below Table 7.6.1/1.

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

The S9 mix was prepared in laboratory from liver of a Sprague-Dawley male rat (IFFA CREDO, France) induced by Aroclor 1254 and stored at -80 °C as aliquots. See below Table 7.6.1/2

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

HDF 200 was tested as an emulsion in 10% Pluronic F68 aqueous solution (1/1)( v/v) in preliminary test and both main tests.
Doses: 0 (5% Pluronic F68 solution as solvent), 2, 6, 20, 60, 200 µL/plate in Pluronic F68 aqueous solution for all S. typhimurium strains (see below Table 7.6.1/3)

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: 10% Pluronic aqueous solution
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: the test substance (oil) was insoluble in water and other vehicles (DMSO, acetone)

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

Sterile test: plates without the addition of bacteria are prepared in order to assess the sterility of HDF 200, the S9 mix and the medium.

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

Aqueous Pluronic F68 solution at 5%

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: See below Table 7.6.1/4

Remarks:

6 plates for negative control (solvent). 3 plates for positive controls. 3 plates for controls of sterility (S9, solvent, medium).

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation)
After range-finding test, two independent experiments were conducted in the main test by agar plate incorporation with and without S9 mix. The different controls (negative and positive controls, controls for sterility) were tested in the same conditions.

DURATION
- Preincubation period: yes- S9 activation system preincubation at 37°C for 60 min before agar plate incorporation (when negative results in the main first test in the presence of S9 activation)
- Exposure duration: 48h at 37°C

SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): histidine

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: three scoring (3 measurements/plate). The mean number and standard deviation of revertants are calculated for all groups. The means for all treatment groups are compared with those obtained for the solvent control groups.


DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: other: a preliminary toxicity assay was conducted in S. typhimurium TA 98, TA 100, TA 102, TA 1535 and TA 1537 at concentrations between 2 and 200 µL/plate (test substance dilutions in Pluronic F68 solution at 10% (1/1)( v/v)).


OTHER: scoring (3 measurements/plate). The mean number and standard deviation of revertants are calculated for all groups. The means for all treatment groups are compared with those obtained for the solvent control groups: the ratio between test substance revertants and solvent negative control revertants was performed at each dose-concentration

Evaluation criteria:

CRITERIA OF DECISION:
-Biological significance:
a reproducible 2-fold increase in the number of revertants (3 times in the case of TA 1535 and TA 1537 strains) compared with the vehicle controls, in any strain at any dose-level with some evidence of a dose-relationship (3 dose-concentrations) will be considered as a positive result. Reference to historical data may be taken into account in the evaluation of the data obtained.

-Statistical significance:
the test data were subjected to analysis to determine the statistical significance of any increase in revertants according to the Dunnett method.
-Reproductibility:
Positive results should be observed in two independently tests. Positive results observed in one test without reproducibility in two tests independently conducted should not be considered as significant (Brusick ,1980). Complementary test could be performed.

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA:- The mean of the solvent control revertants for each strain should lie within or close to the 99% confidence limits of the current historical control range of the laboratory unless otherwise justified by the study director. The positive control compounds must induce an increase in mean revertants of at least twice (3 times in the case of strains TA 1535 and 1537) the concurrent solvent controls.The test substance must be sterile at the highest concentration after agar plate incubation 48h at 37°C.

Statistics:

The test data were subjected to analysis to determine the statistical significance of any increase in revertants according to the Dunnett method.

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 102

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS: no

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: The substance was freely soluble in the vehicle Pluronic F68 . A preliminary toxicity assay was conducted in S. typhimurium TA 98, TA 100, TA 102, TA 1535 and TA 1537 at concentrations between 2 and 200 µL/plate in 10% Pluronic F68 solution (1/1) (v/v). A slight cytotoxicity (62.4% to 102.2% of the control survival) at the highest test substance was observed in all strains. Considering the slight toxicity this concentration (200 µL/plate) was used in the main test both in the absence and the presence of S9 activation system.

COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: yes


ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY:no

Remarks on result:

other: all strains/cell types tested

Remarks:

Migrated from field 'Test system'.

Table 7.6.1/5: Number of revertants per plate (mean of triplicates) in the absence of metabolic activation (First test)

Test substance concentration (µL/plate)	TA 1535		TA 1537		TA 98		TA 100		TA 102
	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation
0*	28	6.8	4	2.6	17	4.1	113	7.1	265	35
2**	21	4	5	0.6	13	3.2	119	10.3	263	46.8
6**	29	5.5	5	1.7	16	1.7	99	4.7	259	27
20**	24	5.5	4	1.7	16	5.1	110	6.9	251	45.4
60**	29	9.1	3	1.5	16	8.4	105	12.5	253	32.5
200**	31	5	3	0	16	3.5	116	9.3	205	16.5
Positive control***	461	37.2	543	159	340	19.7	701	88.9	1360	206.1

* Solvent control = negative control: 5% Pluronic F68 aqueous solution

** Test substance diluted in 10% Pluronic aqueous solution (1/1) (v/v)

*** Mutagens positive controls: see Table 7.6.1/4

Table 7.6.1/6: Number of revertants per plate (mean of triplicates) in the presence of metabolic activation (First test)

Test substance concentration (µL/plate)	TA 1535		TA 1537		TA 98		TA 100		TA 102
	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation
0*	12	3.2	6	1.9	26	5	114	6	347	19.9
2**	11	2.5	7	2.9	21	3	127	5.7	355	35.1
6**	8	1.2	5	1.2	28	3.6	136	11.7	332	47.3
20**	12	3	5	2.3	24	5.6	141	1.5	331	4.6
60**	12	3.6	4	1	24	5.6	124	5.2	375	99.7
200**	9	0.6	7	3.2	29	5.6	137	8	375	19.2
Positive control***	892	104.6	94	10.5	1324	117.2	2653	361.7	1380	87

* Solvent control = negative control: 5% Pluronic F68 aqueous solution

** Test substance diluted in 10% Pluronic aqueous solution (1/1) (v/v)

*** Mutagens positive controls: see Table 7.6.1/4

Red results: p 0.01

Table 7.6.1/7: Number of revertants per plate (mean of triplicates) in the absence of metabolic activation (Second test)

Test substance concentration (µL/plate)	TA 1535		TA 1537		TA 98		TA 100		TA 102
	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation
0*	24	3.7	4	2.5	15	3.6	106	11.4	235	15.9
2**	28	5.3	4	2.9	15	4	113	10.6	273	33.1
6**	25	12.1	7	2.3	15	3	108	13.1	240	54.1
20**	25	4.7	4	1.2	15	6.4	108	11.7	225	28.3
60**	19	6	7	2.1	18	1.7	92	5	243	32.5
200**	21	4	5	1.2	18	4.6	105	3.2	225	31.9
Positive control***	825	67.1	133	21.4	318	29.4	1151	235.3	1213	41.6

* Solvent control = negative control: 5% Pluronic F68 aqueous solution

** Test substance diluted in 10% Pluronic aqueous solution (1/1) (v/v)

*** Mutagens positive controls: see Table 7.6.1/4

Table 7.6.1/8: Number of revertants per plate (mean of triplicates) in the presence of metabolic activation with pre-incubation (Second test)

Test substance concentration (µL/plate)	TA 1535		TA 1537		TA 98		TA 100		TA 102
	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation
0*	9	5.1	4	1.7	18	6.3	138	12.6	395	45.1
2**	9	0.6	7	4.2	26	3.6	170	23	403	47.7
6**	10	2.6	7	0.6	29	10.7	183	19.2	373	25.7
20**	10	1.7	7	1.5	34	2.5	195	7	379	12.2
60**	9	1.7	7	0	33	11.6	213	9.3	384	41.8
200**	11	1	7	0.6	37	3.5	232	12.2	385	47.4
Positive control***	127	18.6	91	6	1457	193.5	1093	142.3	953	97.9

* Solvent control = negative control: 5% Pluronic F68 aqueous solution

** Test substance diluted in 10% Pluronic aqueous solution (1/1) (v/v)

*** Mutagens positive controls: see Table 7.6.1/4

Red results: p 0.01

Table 7.6.1/9: Number of revertants per plate (mean of triplicates) in the presence of metabolic activation with pre-incubation (Third test)

Test substance concentration (µL/plate)	TA 98		TA 100
	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation
0*	19	5.2	107	14.6
2**	26	2.6	100	8.5
6**	25	10.3	118	7.6
20**	31	0	153	5.7
60**	32	5.5	124	14.4
200**	30	1.5	135	17.6
Positive control***	1457	193.5	1305	51.4

* Solvent control = negative control: 5% Pluronic F68 aqueous solution

** Test substance diluted in 10% Pluronic aqueous solution (1/1) (v/v)

*** Mutagens positive controls: see Table 7.6.1/4

Red results: p 0.01

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results:
negative with and without metabolic activation

Under the test conditions, HDF 200 did not demonstrate any in vitro mutagenic activity in the Salmonella test system.

Executive summary:

The mutagenic potential of HDF 200 was assessed in the Salmonella typhimurium microsomal assay according to the Ames test, and in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice. The histidine-requiring S. typhimurium mutants TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 102, TA 98 and TA 100 were used in the presence and the absence of metabolic activation system from the liver fraction of Aroclor 1254-induced rats (S9-mix). Each strain was exposed to 5 dose levels according to the direct incorporating plate method. After 48 hours of incubation at 37°C, the revertant colonies were scored. A preliminary toxicity assay was performed according to the direct incorporating method to define the 5 dose levels to be used in the main test. The evaluation of toxicity was performed on the basis of the observation of the decrease in the number of revertant colonies. The test substance was tested in the main experiment according to two tests independently performed in the same way as the range-finding test. The test substance was diluted in 10% Pluronic F68 aqueous solution. Dose levels used in the main assay were 0 (solvent), 2, 6, 20, 60 and 200 µL/plate in the main test, with and without S9-mix. All determinations were made in triplicate (3 automatic scoring measurements / plate). Simultaneous negative (solvent, triplicate) and positive controls (triplicate) were used in all experiments. No toxicity was observed in any of the strains in the absence and in the presence of S-9 mix up to the highest dose tested in the main test (62.4% to 102.2% survival). No increase in revertant mean number was observed in any S. typhimurium strain with and without S9-mix in the preliminary test and in the first main test. However, positive results were observed in the second main test conducted with 60-minute S9 pre-incubation before plate incorporation.

Positive controls gave the expected increases in the number of revertants, with and without S-9 mix. Both statistically significant results and biologically significant results (two-fold increase by comparison with solvent) were observed at the highest test substance dose in S. typhimurium TA 98 but without a dose-effect relationship. Reduced but statistically significant positive results were also observed in S. typhimurium TA 100 with a dose-effect relationship. However, no biological significance was observed at any dose. A third test was performed in S. typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100 under the same conditions as the second main test. In this case the positive results obtained in the previous main test were not observed in either S. typhimurium TA 98 or TA 100. In the absence of reproducible results, the test substance was not considered as mutagenic in S. typhimurium according to the decision criteria of Brusick (1980).

Under the conditions of this study, HDF 200 did not demonstrate any in vitro mutagenic activity in this bacterial test system.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

1998

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: “Acceptable, well-documented study report equivalent or similar to OECD guideline 473: GLP

Justification for type of information:

A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 473 (In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)

GLP compliance:

yes

Type of assay:

in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test

Target gene:

N/A

Species / strain / cell type:

primary culture, other: human lymphocytes from two male and one female donor

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S9

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Experiment 1 without S9 (40.36, 57.66, 82.34 ug/ml);
Experiment 1 with S9 for 3 hours followed by 17 hour recovery (490, 700, 1000 ug/ml)
Experiment 2 without S9 20h treatment 0h recovery (22.52, 28.15, 35.18 ug/ml)
Experiment 2 with S9 for 3 hours followed by 17 hours recovery (640, 800, 1000 ug/ml)
Experiment 2 with S9 for 3 hours followed by 41 hours recovery (1000 ug/ml)
Experiment 3 without S9 for 20 hours treatment and 0 hours recovery (28.15, 35.19, 43.99 ug/ml)
Experiment 3 without S9 for 44 hours and 0 hours recovery (43.99 ug/ml)

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: acetone

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

yes

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 4-nitroquinoline, cyclophosphamide

Evaluation criteria:

1) a statistically significant increase in the proportion of cells with structural aberrations (excluding gaps) occurred at one or more concentrations, and 2) the proportion of cells with structural aberrations at such doses exceeded normal range, and 3) the results confirmed in the second experiment. A positive result only at delayed harvest in Experiment 2 was to be taken as evidence of clastogenicity provided criteria 1 and 2 were met. Increases in numbers of cells with gaps or increases in the proportions of cells with structural aberrations, not exceeding the normal range or occurring only at very high or very toxic concentrations, were likely to be concluded as equivocal. Full assessment of the biological importance of such increases is likely to be possible with reference to data from other test systems. Cells with exchange aberrations or cells with greater than one aberration were to be considered of particular biological significance.

Key result

Species / strain:

primary culture, other: human peripheral blood lymphocytes

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Remarks on result:

other: all strains/cell types tested

Remarks:

Migrated from field 'Test system'.

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results: negative

The mammalian chromosomal aberration test to assess the genotoxicity of SHELLSOL D70 was negative. This finding does not warrant the classification of this test material as a genotoxin under the new Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP) or under Directive 67/518/EEC for dangerous substances and Directive 1999/45/EC for preparations.

Executive summary:

The potential of SHELLSOL D70 to cause chromosome aberration was investigated in cultured human lymphocytes with and without the metabolic activation S9 system. Negative and positive control substances were include in both experiments to confirm the activity and sensitivity of the test systems.  In the first experiment, the maximum dose levels selected for chromosome analysis were 82.34 ug/ml and 1000 ug/ml, in the absence and presence of S9 respectively.  These dose levels caused inhibitions of the mitotic index of 57% and 30% respectively.  In the second experiment, the highest concentration used for chromosome analysis were 35,18 ug/ml and 1000 ug/ml in the absence and presence of S9 respectively, these gave a reduction in the mitotic index of 52% and 12% respectively.  In both Experiments 1 and 2 in the presence of S9; and in Experiment 2 in the absence of S9 only there were no significant increases in the frequency of the cells with structural aberrations in cultures treated with SHELLSOL D70.  Following treatment in Experiment 2 in the absence of S9 there was a significant increase in the frequency of structural aberrations at the lowest dose analyzed (22.52ug/ml).  Additional doses from Experiment 1 were analyzed (19.79 and 28.25 ug/ml) to confirm whether this effect was only apparent at low concentrations.  No increase in the frequency of structural aberrations was apparent at these concentrations.  In order to further clarify the findings seen in the initial experiments, a third experiment was performed in which there were no significant increases in the frequency of cells with structural aberrations in all cultures treated with SHELLSOL D70.  Since the increase in structural aberrations seen at 22.52 ug/ml in Experiment 2 was not apparent in other experiments at similar or higher concentrations, the effect was considered to be non-reproducible and of no biological importance.  Based on these results, it is concluded that SHELLSOL D70 did not induce chromosome aberrations in cultured lymphocytes when tested to its limit of toxicity in both the absence and presence of S9.  This finding does not warrant the classification of this test material as a genotoxin under the new Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP) or under Directive 67/518/EEC for dangerous substances and Directive 1999/45/EC for preparations.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

1982

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Well conducted study according to sound scientific principles.

Justification for type of information:

A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 476 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

no

Type of assay:

mammalian cell gene mutation assay

Target gene:

TK+/ phenotype

Species / strain / cell type:

mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

TK+/ phenotype of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells from subline 3.7.2C

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

Aroclor

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

up to was 1000 ug/mL in dimethylsulfoxide (maximum dose)

Vehicle / solvent:

dimethylsulfoxide

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

no

Remarks:

DMSO

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

not specified

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

This assay was performed with the TK+/ phenotype of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells from subline 3.7.2C using a minimum of eight test compound doses with and without metabolic activation by an Aroclor induced rat liver microsomal fraction. Appropriate negative, solvent, and positive controls were included with each assay. The test compound dose levels were determined by a preliminary multidose ranging study with the highest dose targeted to give approximately fifty to ninety percent inhibition of suspension cell growth depending on the solubility of the compound. C10-C13 isoalkanes achieved a homogeneous mixture at approximately 100 mg/ml in dimethylsulfoxide. The maximum dose selected for the mutagenicity test was 1000 ug/ml because it represents the limits of solubility of the test material.

Key result

Species / strain:

mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

Exposure to eight graded doses of the test material in the presence of and in the absence of metabolic activation did not increase the induction of forward mutations in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells at the T/K locus. Therefore C10-C13 isoalkanes are not considered to be mutagenic in this test system.

Remarks on result:

other: all strains/cell types tested

Remarks:

Migrated from field 'Test system'.

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results: negative with and without metabolic activation

Exposure to eight graded doses of the test material in the presence of and in the absence of metabolic activation did not increase the induction of forward mutations in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells at the T/K locus. Therefore C10-C13 isoalkanes are not considered to be mutagenic in this test system.

Executive summary:

Exposure to eight graded doses of the test material in the presence of and in the absence of metabolic activation did not increase the induction of forward mutations in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells at the T/K locus. Therefore C10-C13 isoalkanes are not considered to be mutagenic in this test system.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Description of key information

There is no in vivo genetic toxicity data available for Tetradecane. However, data is available for structural analogues Hydrocarbons, C10-C12, isoalkanes, <2% aromatics, Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics, and Hydrocarbons, C10-C13 n-alkanes, <2% aromatics. This data is read across to based on analogue read across and a discussion and report on the read across strategy is provided as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

All read across genetic toxicity tests listed below had negative results for Tetradecane.

 

Genetic Toxicity in vivo - Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test (equivalent/similar to OECD 474)

Genetic Toxicity in vivo - mammalian cell study: DNA damage and/or repair

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

1991

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Acceptable, well-documented study report equivalent or similar to OECD guideline 474: GLP

Justification for type of information:

A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

According to US EPA Guideline 84-2

GLP compliance:

yes

Type of assay:

micronucleus assay

Species:

mouse

Strain:

CD-1

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories
- Age at study initiation: ca. 8-9 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: 21-40 grams
- Assigned to test groups randomly: [no/yes, under following basis: computer generated, body weight sorting program
- Housing: individual
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum):ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 28 days


ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°F): 68-76
- Humidity (%): 40-70
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: corn oil
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage or dermal): not to exceed 1ml/100 grams bw
- Purity: assumed to be 100% pure

Details on exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The test material was weighted out and on the day of dosing, mixed with the carrier to provide stock solutions such that individual animal dose volumes did not exceed 1ml/100grams body weight. The mice were administered 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 grams of test material/kg of body weight. Corn oil served as the carrier for the test material and was dosed at the same volume as the test material.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

Animals were treated once by oral gavage and sacrificed 24h, 48h or 72h after dosing.
Positive control animals were sacrificed 24 hours after injection

Frequency of treatment:

Animals were treated once by oral gavage and sacrificed 24h, 48h or 72h after dosing

Post exposure period:

Animals were treated once by oral gavage and sacrificed 24h, 48h or 72h after dosing

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
5.0 g/kg/bw
Basis:
nominal conc.

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
2.5g/kg/bw
Basis:
nominal conc.

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
1.25 g/kg/bw
Basis:
nominal conc.

No. of animals per sex per dose:

30 animals (5 male; 5 female)/dose; 10/timepoint

Positive control(s):

cyclophosphamide;

- Route of administration: intraperitoneal injection
- Doses / concentrations:40 mg/kg using water as the carrier

Tissues and cell types examined:

Bone marrows were collected and extracted, smear preparations made and stained. Polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) were scored for each animal.

Details of tissue and slide preparation:

CRITERIA FOR DOSE SELECTION: Range finding study was performed using 5.0, 2.5, and 1.0 gram of test material per kg of body weight. Two males and two females were used for each dose group. All animals survived and were sacrificed 24 hours after dosing. bome marrow was removed and slides were prepared. Slides were evaluated for percent of polychromatic erythrocytes in 1000 erythrocytes and for number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes per 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes.




DETAILS OF SLIDE PREPARATION: After sacrifice, both femurs were removed. The bone marrow was then removed and suspended in fetal bovine serum. After the suspension was centrifuged, the pellet was resuspended and smears were prepared (two slides per animal). Slides were labeled with blind coding. Slides were stained using acridine orange. 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes from each animal were examined for the presence of micronuclei, and the ratio of PCE’s to NCE’s determined


METHOD OF ANALYSIS: staining color, and circular appearance and a diameter between 1/20 and 1/5 of the cell's diameter

Statistics:

Statistical analysis included calculation of means and standard deviations of the micronuclei data and a test of equality of group means by a standard one way analysis of variance at each time period. When the ANOVA was significant, comparisons of carrier control to dosed group means were made according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. A standard regression analysis was performed to test for a dose response. Residuals from the ANOVA were analyzed for normality by Wilk’s Criterion. The residuals were normally distributed (values were greater than 0.01 level of significance) in more than 25% of the analyses. Therefore nonparametric analysis were not performed. Sexes were analyzed separately

Key result

Sex:

male/female

Genotoxicity:

negative

Toxicity:

no effects

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

No deaths or clinical signs of toxicity were observed in animals dosed with the test material up to the maximum recommended dose of 5g/kg

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results: negative
The in vivo micronucleus assay of MRD-89-582 in mice was negative. This finding does not warrant the classification of the test material as a genotoxin under EU GHS guidelines and does not warrant classification under the EU requirements for dangerous substances and preparations.

Executive summary:

MRD-89-582 was examined for its potential to induce chromosomal damage in bone marrow erythrocytes in mice dosed by oral gavage at concentrations of 5.0,2.5, and 1.25 g/kg. Vehicle and positive control animals received corn oil and cyclophosphamide, respectively.  Bone marrow samples were collected and evaluated for micronucleus formation 24, 48 and 72 hours after dosing.  MRD-89-582 did not induce a statistically significant change in the PCE/NCE ratio in any of the test material dose groups when compared to their concurrent vehicle control groups. The positive control material (cyclophosphamide) produced a marked increase in the frequency of micronucleated PCE when compared to the concurrent vehicle control group The test material was considered to be non-genotoxic and non-clastogenic under the conditions of the test. This finding does not warrant the classification of the test material as a genotoxin under EU GHS guidelines and does not warrant classification under the EU requirements for dangerous substances and preparations guidelines.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

1990/10/24 - 1990/11/30

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: According to or similar to OECD Guideline 474. GLP

Justification for type of information:

A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)

GLP compliance:

yes

Type of assay:

micronucleus assay

Species:

mouse

Strain:

CD-1

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Inc.
Sex: Male (65), Female (65)
Age at study initiation: Approximately 9-10 weeks
Weight at study initiation: 23-39g
Housing: Individually
Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina Certified Rodent 5002 chow (pellets), ad libitum
Water (e.g. ad libitum): Automatic watering system, ad libitum
Acclimation period: 7d

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Temperature (°F): 68-76
Humidity (%): 40-70%
Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

Corn oil was used. Dose volume did not exceed 1.0 ml/100 g bw.

Details on exposure:

The test material and the carrier were administered by oral gavage as a single dose. The carrier was dosed at a volume equal to the test material dose volume. The individual animal dose volumes did not exceed 1.0 ml/100 g body weight; animals were administered 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 g test material/ kg body weight. The positive control, cyclophosphamide was administered as a single dose of 40 mg/kg using water as a carrier.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

Animals were sacrificed 24, 48, and 72 hours after dose administration.

Frequency of treatment:

One dose was given at either 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 g test material/ kg body weight. Cyclophosphamide was dosed at 40 mg/kg.

Post exposure period:

Animals were sacrificed 24, 48, and 72 hours after dose administration.

No. of animals per sex per dose:

Male (65), Female (65) ; 5 Males and 5 Females per treatment group

Positive control(s):

The positive control, cyclophosphamide was administered as a single intraperitoneal injection (40 mg/kg) using water as a carrier.

Tissues and cell types examined:

Erythrocytes derived from femur bone marrow.

Details of tissue and slide preparation:

Immediately following the sacrifice of the animals, both femurs were removed and the bone marrow was removed and suspended in fetal bovine serum. After the suspension was centrifuged the pellet was resuspended and smears were prepared (two slides per animal).

Evaluation criteria:

Slides were stained using acridine orange; polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) stained red/orange, nonchromatic erythrocytes (NCE) are unstained (dull green), and micronuclei stain bright yellow. Additional criteria for scoring micronuclei are a circular appearance and a diameter between 1/20 and 1/5 of the cell’s diameter. 1000 PCE from each animal were examined for the presence of micronuclei and the ratio of PCE to NCE was determined for each animal by counting 1000 erythrocytes (PCE and NCE).

Statistics:

Calculation of means and standard deviations of the micronuclei data and a test of equality of group means by a standard one way analysis of variance at each time period (ANOVA). When ANOVA was significant, comparisons of carrier control to dosed group means were made according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

A standard regression analysis was performed to test for a dose response.
Residuals from the ANOVA were analyzed for normality by Wilk’s Criterion. The residuals were normally distributed (values were greater than 0.01 level of significance). Therefore nonparametric analysis was not performed.

Sexes were analyzed separately.

Key result

Sex:

male/female

Genotoxicity:

negative

Toxicity:

no effects

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Negative controls validity:

not examined

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

The positive control (cyclophosphamide) induced a statistically significant increase in the mean number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, indicating that the positive control was clastogenic and was responding in an appropriate manner. Carrier control values for the mean percent of polychromatic erythrocytes and for the mean number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes are within the normal range for the corn oil control. MRD-90-874 did not induce a statistically significant decrease in the mean percent of polychromatic erythrocytes which is a measure of bone marrow toxicity. MRD-90-874 did not induce a statistically significant increase in the mean number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. MRD-90-874 did not induce a significant increase in the mean number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. MRD-90-874 was not cytotoxic at doses up to 5.0 g/kg to mouse bone marrow under the conditions of this test.

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results: negative
These data indicate that MRD-90-874 is not cytotoxic and is not clastogenic in CD-1 mouse bone marrow cells at doses up to and including 5.0 g/kg of body weight.

Executive summary:

The test material, MRD-90-874 was tested in the mammalian bone marrow micronucleus assay using CD-1 mice.  MRD-90-874 was tested at 24, 48, and 72 hour intervals following exposure and did not induce a statistically significant decrease in the mean percent of polychromatic erythrocytes or an increase in the mean number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes.  Both the positive (cyclophosphamide) and the negative (carrier) controls behaved in an appropriate manner.  These data indicate that MRD-90-874 is not cytotoxic and is not clastogenic in CD-1 mouse bone marrow cells at doses up to and including 5.0 g/kg.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

in vivo mammalian cell study: DNA damage and/or repair

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Study period:

1998

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Acceptable well-documented study report which meets basic scientific principles.

Justification for type of information:

A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

P32-postlabeling of DNA adducts developed by Randerath. (K. Randerath, MV Reddy, RC Gupta (1981) 32P-labeling test for DNA damage. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA), 78, 6126-6129. This procedure is one of the most sensitive procedures for detecting DNA adducts and has been used to demonstrate the absence of genotoxicity in vivo for a number of compounds

GLP compliance:

not specified

Type of assay:

other: DNA adduct

Species:

mouse

Strain:

C3H

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River
- Age at study initiation: 8-11 weeks
- Assigned to test groups randomly: [no/yes, under following basis: ]
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum):ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 1 week


ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

Route of administration:

dermal

Details on exposure:

The dorsal region of animals were shaved and only animals in resting hair phase were used. Animals were treated cutaneously with varying amounts of undiluted n-decane (C10) and n-dodecane (C12) in a series of short term exposures designed to permit comparisons with skin carcinogencity studies and to determine whether there was a treatment related dose response for genotoxicity. Groups of animals (4 per dose group) were treated at 3 dose levels of either n-decane, or n-dodecane. The three treatment groups were treated with either i) 25ul for 24h, ii) 25ul for 24h then 25ul for a further 24h, iii) 25ul for 24h, 25ul for a further 24h and then 25 ul for a final 24 h. For a positive control, animals were treated with 25ul n-dodecane containing 1ug of benzo(a)pyrene as a representative genotoxic carcinogenic PAH. An untreated group of mice that were handled in identical conditions to treated group served as negative controls.

The dose was applied to the shaved dermal area of each mouse in either single or multiple applications. A volume of 25ul was applied per animal per application. This volume covered most of the shaved area. Care was taken during application of the dose to avoid loss of the dose into surrounding unshaved areas. Positive control animals were treated with 1 ug benzo(a)pyrene per animals in 25ul n-dodecane.

Control animals:

yes, concurrent no treatment

Positive control(s):

animals were treated with 1ug benzo(a)pyrene per animal in 25ul n-dodecane

Tissues and cell types examined:

The area of the treated skin was dissected and stored individually in glass tubes at -80°C until DNA extraction. The skins were trimmed of any extraneous subcutaneous fat and peripheral hair, then treated with depilatory cream for 5 min at room temperature. The cream was removed, the treated skin sample was placed in warm water at 532°C for 30 seconds, followed by quenching in ice cold water for 15 seconds. The epidermal layer was removed by scraping. The epidermal samples were pooled, homogenized in 2.0ml PBS/lysis buffer. DNA was extracted: 2-mercaptoethanol (60l) and Proteinase K (60 units) were added and the samples incubated for 2 hours at 37°C. DNA was extracted by phenol chloroform extraction using an automated nucleic acid extracted. The recovered DNA was dissolved in water.

Details of tissue and slide preparation:

Enzymatic digestion of DNA to 3’-monophosphate nucleotides:
DNA was treated with micrococcal nuclease, spleen phosphodiesterase, 10x sodium succinate/calcium chloride buffer pH 6.0, and incubated at 37°C for 3.5 hours. Dephosphorylation of normal nucleotides was effected with nuclease P1, 1mM ZnCl2, 400mM sodium acetate pH5.0 (0.7l), H2O (1.2l) and incubation at 37°C for 40 minutes. 1M Bicine buffer pH9.6 was added and the samples evaporated to dryness.
32P-Post-labelling of DNA:
Analyses were carried out at least in triplicate. Digested dephosphorylated DNA samples were labeled using the methods of Raderath (1981) and Reddy and Randerath (1994). To each sample 10x Kinase buffer (200mM Bicine, 100mM MgCl2*6 H2O, 100mM dithirothreitol, 10mM spermidine pH 9.6), H2O, poynucleotide kinase, unlabelled ATP and [32P]-ATP were added, mixed thoroughly and then incubated at 37°C for 45 minutes. Labled samples were applied to PEI-cellulose plates fitted with wicks and developed in direction D1 (2.3M sodium phosphate pH5.3) for 16 hours. After elution in the D1 direction the sheets were trimmed and the wick, discarded. The sheets were washed in water with occasional agitation and then air dried. The samples were chromatographed in direction D3 (4.5M lithium formatted and 8.5M urea pH 3.5) and D4 (0.8M lithium chloride 0.5M tris-HCL and 8.5M urea pH 8.0) for 7-8 hours with a short wick attached to the leading edge of the TLC plate. After thoroughly washing in distilled water, the TLC plates were dried, a wick attached and a final elution in D5 performed (1.7M sodium phosphate pH 6.0).

Radioactive areas were idenfied and quantified using a Packard instant Imager with Packard Imager for Windows V2.01 software, Packard Instrument Compannty. Autoradiography was performed using Lightning Plus Intensifying Screens and BioMax film. Exposure was for at least 72 hours.

The labeling efficiency of the postlabelling assay was determined by adding a known amount of the reference DNA adduct BP dG-3’-monophosphate to the enzymic digest of epidermal DNA immediately prior to carrying out the 32P-labelling step.

Sex:

male/female

Genotoxicity:

negative

Toxicity:

no effects

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results:: negative
32P-Postlabelling analysis of the epidermal DNA from mice treated with either n-decane or n-dodecane at each of the exposure levels and durations showed an absence of radioactive spots or diagonal radioactive zones which could have corresponded to adducts arising from decane. The absences of adducts indicates that n-decane and n-dodecane do not possess genotoxic activity in vivo.

Executive summary:

C3H mice were treated cutaneously with a range of doses (1x25ml to 3x25ml per animal; ca. 900-2750mg/kg) of either n-decane or n-dodecane for periods ranging from 24 to 72 hours.  The DNA was isolated for the epidermis of the treated skin and subjected to 32P-postlabeling analysis.  A group of untreated control animals was untreated and maintained under the same conditions as the exposed groups.  For a positive control, a group of mice was treated with benzo(a)pyrene in 25ul dodecane at a level of 1ug per animal, a dose which is about 2 orders of magnitude lower than a single carcinogenic dose of benzo(a)pyrene for this species.  For a positive control test of the 32P-postlabelling assay, DNA from mice treated with benzo(a)pyrene in THF was used.  32P-Postlabelling analysis of the epidermal DNA from mice treated with either n-decane or n-dodecane at each of the exposure levels and durations showed an absence of radioactive spots or diagonal radioactive zones which could have corresponded to adducts arising from decane.  The positive control adduct was easily detectable.  The limit of detection of the procedure was about 1 adduct in 109 nucleotides using 10mg samples of DNA.  The absences of adducts with this level of sensitivity of adduct detection indicates that n-decane and n-dodecane do not possess genotoxic activity in vivo.  

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Additional information

There is no in vitro or in vivo genetic toxicity data available for Tetradecane. However, data is available for structural analogues Hydrocarbons, C10-C12, isoalkanes, <2% aromatics, Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics, Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, <2% aromatics, Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, isoalkanes, <2% aromatics, Hydrocarbons, C11-C14, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics, and Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics. This data is read across to based on analogue read across and a discussion and report on the read across strategy is provided as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.

 

In Vitro

 

In vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

In a key study (TOTAL, 1994), the mutagenic potential of the test substance (Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics) was assessed in the Salmonella typhimurium microsomal assay according to the Ames test, and in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice. The histidine-requiring S. typhimurium mutants TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 102, TA 98 and TA 100 were used in the presence and the absence of metabolic activation system from the liver fraction of Aroclor 1254-induced rats (S9-mix). Each strain was exposed to 5 dose levels according to the direct incorporating plate method. After 48 hours of incubation at 37°C, the revertant colonies were scored. A preliminary toxicity assay was performed according to the direct incorporating method to define the 5 dose levels to be used in the main test. The evaluation of toxicity was performed on the basis of the observation of the decrease in the number of revertant colonies. The test substance was tested in the main experiment according to two tests independently performed in the same way as the range-finding test. The test substance was diluted in 10% Pluronic F68 aqueous solution. Dose levels used in the main assay were 0 (solvent), 2, 6, 20, 60 and 200 µL/plate in the main test, with and without S9-mix. All determinations were made in triplicate (3 automatic scoring measurements / plate). Simultaneous negative (solvent, triplicate) and positive controls (triplicate) were used in all experiments. No toxicity was observed in any of the strains in the absence and in the presence of S-9 mix up to the highest dose tested in the main test (62.4% to 102.2% survival). No increase in revertant mean number was observed in any S. typhimurium strain with and without S9-mix in the preliminary test and in the first main test. However, positive results were observed in the second main test conducted with 60-minute S9 pre-incubation before plate incorporation.

 

In a supporting study (Haltermann Carless, 1997), a reverse gene mutation assay in bacteria was conducted according to OECD 471 in compliance with GLP. Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA102 were exposed to the test material (Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics) at concentrations of 0 (as solvent control), 0.1, 0.33, 1.0, 3.33 and 10 mg/plate in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation. Cytotoxicity was not observed at any dose level for all strains. Under the test conditions, the test material did not induce a revertant increase in any strain, in the presence or the absence of S9, up to the highest dose (10.0 mg/plate). The positive controls induced the appropriate responses in the corresponding strains.

Under the test conditions, Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics was not mutagenic in S.typhimurium in the absence and the presence of S9 activation system.

 

In vitro Chromosome Aberration in Mammalian Cells

In a key OECD Guideline 473 study (Shell, 1998), the potential of the test material (Hydrocarbons, C11-C14, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics) to cause chromosome aberration was investigated in cultured human lymphocytes with and without the metabolic activation S9 system. Negative and positive control substances were include in both experiments to confirm the activity and sensitivity of the test systems.  In the first experiment, the maximum dose levels selected for chromosome analysis were 82.34 ug/ml and 1000 ug/ml, in the absence and presence of S9 respectively.  These dose levels caused inhibitions of the mitotic index of 57% and 30% respectively.  In the second experiment, the highest concentration used for chromosome analysis were 35,18 ug/ml and 1000 ug/ml in the absence and presence of S9 respectively, these gave a reduction in the mitotic index of 52% and 12% respectively.  In both Experiments 1 and 2 in the presence of S9; and in Experiment 2 in the absence of S9 only there were no significant increases in the frequency of the cells with structural aberrations in cultures treated with the test material.  Following treatment in Experiment 2 in the absence of S9 there was a significant increase in the frequency of structural aberrations at the lowest dose analyzed (22.52ug/ml).  Additional doses from Experiment 1 were analyzed (19.79 and 28.25 ug/ml) to confirm whether this effect was only apparent at low concentrations.  No increase in the frequency of structural aberrations was apparent at these concentrations.  In order to further clarify the findings seen in the initial experiments, a third experiment was performed in which there were no significant increases in the frequency of cells with structural aberrations in all cultures treated with the test material.  Since the increase in structural aberrations seen at 22.52 ug/ml in Experiment 2 was not apparent in other experiments at similar or higher concentrations, the effect was considered to be non-reproducible and of no biological importance.  Based on these results, it is concluded that Hydrocarbons, C11-C14, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics did not induce chromosome aberrations in cultured lymphocytes when tested to its limit of toxicity in both the absence and presence of S9.

 

In vitro Gene Mutation study in Mammalian Cells

In a key study (Chevron, 1982), exposure to eight graded doses of the test material (Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, isoalkanes) in the presence of and in the absence of metabolic activation did not increase the induction of forward mutations in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells at the T/K locus. Therefore C10-C13 isoalkanes are not considered to be mutagenic in this test system.

 

In Vivo

 

In a key study (Exxon, 1991) equivalent/similar to OECD Guideline 474, the test material (Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics) was examined for its potential to induce chromosomal damage in bone marrow erythrocytes in mice dosed by oral gavage at concentrations of 5.0,2.5, and 1.25 g/kg. Vehicle and positive control animals received corn oil and cyclophosphamide, respectively.  Bone marrow samples were collected and evaluated for micronucleus formation 24, 48 and 72 hours after dosing.  The test material did not induce a statistically significant change in the PCE/NCE ratio in any of the test material dose groups when compared to their concurrent vehicle control groups. The positive control material (cyclophosphamide) produced a marked increase in the frequency of micronucleated PCE when compared to the concurrent vehicle control group. The test material was considered to be non-genotoxic and non-clastogenic under the conditions of the test. This finding does not warrant the classification of the test material as a genotoxin under EU GHS guidelines and does not warrant classification under the EU requirements for dangerous substances and preparations guidelines.

 

In a key study (Exxon, 1991) equivalent/similar to OECD Guideline 474, the test material (Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, <2% aromatics) was tested in the mammalian bone marrow micronucleus assay using CD-1 mice.  The test material was tested at 24, 48, and 72 hour intervals following exposure and did not induce a statistically significant decrease in the mean percent of polychromatic erythrocytes or an increase in the mean number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes.  Both the positive (cyclophosphamide) and the negative (carrier) controls behaved in an appropriate manner.  These data indicate that Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, n-alkanes, <2% aromatics are not cytotoxic and are not clastogenic in CD-1 mouse bone marrow cells at doses up to and including 5.0 g/kg.

 

In a supporting study (Shell, 1998), C3H mice were treated cutaneously with a range of doses (1x25ml to 3x25ml per animal; ca. 900-2750mg/kg) of either n-decane or n-dodecane for periods ranging from 24 to 72 hours.  The DNA was isolated for the epidermis of the treated skin and subjected to 32P-postlabeling analysis.  A group of untreated control animals was untreated and maintained under the same conditions as the exposed groups.  For a positive control, a group of mice was treated with benzo(a)pyrene in 25ul dodecane at a level of 1ug per animal, a dose which is about 2 orders of magnitude lower than a single carcinogenic dose of benzo(a)pyrene for this species.  For a positive control test of the 32P-postlabelling assay, DNA from mice treated with benzo(a)pyrene in THF was used.  32P-Postlabelling analysis of the epidermal DNA from mice treated with either n-decane or n-dodecane at each of the exposure levels and durations showed an absence of radioactive spots or diagonal radioactive zones which could have corresponded to adducts arising from decane.  The positive control adduct was easily detectable.  The limit of detection of the procedure was about 1 adduct in 109 nucleotides using 10mg samples of DNA.  The absences of adducts with this level of sensitivity of adduct detection indicates that n-decane and n-dodecane do not possess genotoxic activity in vivo.

Justification for classification or non-classification

The negative results using in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays from structural analogues do not warrant the classification of Tetradecane as genotoxic under the new Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP).