Reaction mass of 1-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose and 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose and fructose and glucose and sucrose

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Additional information

No studies on the aquatic toxicity of Reaction mass of 1-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose and 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose and fructose and glucose and sucrose are available. However, a short-term study with Daphnia magna is available for one of the main constituents isomaltulose (CAS No. 13718-94-0), and short-term fish and microorganisms toxicity studies are available for the structurally similar substance sodium gluconate (CAS No. 527-07-1). No effects on the test organisms were observed in any of the studies. QSAR calculations also indicate very low toxicity for all constituents: acute fish LC50 values were above 100000 mg/L, EC50 values for algae were above 1000 mg/L and chronic values for fish, daphnia and algae were above 1000 mg/L (ECOSAR v1.00, neutral organics).

Furthermore, based on the molecular structure of the constituents, and their natural occurrence and role in common metabolic pathways, toxic effects on aquatic organisms are not to be expected. Reaction mass of 1-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose and 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose and fructose and glucose and sucrose is an aqueous solution of the carbohydrates isomaltulose (32 ± 5%), trehalulose (28 ± 5%), fructose, glucose and sucrose (the latter three combined: 32 ± 5%). The remaining fraction consists of isomaltose and oligosaccharides (max. 10%). Fructose and glucose are common monosaccharides that feed into glycolysis. Glycolysis is a well described metabolic pathway used by virtually all cells, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic, to produce energy in form of ATP. Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by the glycosidic linkage of glucose and fructose. It can be cleaved into its component monosaccharides by the enzyme sucrase (Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, 2002). Glucose, fructose and sucrose are included in Annex IV of Regulation 1907/2006/EC, as sufficient information is known about these substances, and they are considered to cause minimum risk because of their intrinsic properties. Isomaltulose is a disaccharide composed of α-1,6-linked glucose and fructose, naturally occurring in honey and sugar cane juice. As sucrose, isomaltose is cleaved to fructose and glucose by disaccharidases, and the monosacharides are metabolised following the same classical routes (Lina, Jonker and Kozianowski, 2002; and references therein). Trehalulose is the 1,1-linked glucosylfructose isomer of sucrose (1,2-linked glucosylfructose). It is also expected to be hydrolysed to glucose and fructose by disaccharidases, which are ubiquitous within organisms in nature.

Moreover, based on ready biodegradability studies available for isomaltulose, trehalulose and palatinose syrup (consists mainly of glucose, fructose and sucrose), Reaction mass of 1-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose and 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose and fructose and glucose and sucrose is expected to be rapidly degraded in the environment. As the constituents also have low adsorption potential (log Koc 1) and are thus not expected to adsorb to sediment or suspended particles, long-term exposure of aquatic organisms is unlikely.

Based on all information available on the constituents of Reaction mass of 1-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose and 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose and fructose and glucose and sucrose and the studies available for isomaltulose and for the structural analogue sodium gluconate, Reaction mass of 1-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose and 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose and fructose and glucose and sucrose is not expected to have adverse effects on aquatic organisms and further testing on aquatic organisms is not considered necessary.

 

References:

Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer, 2002, Biochemistry (5^thed.) W.H. Freeman and Company

Lina, Jonker and Kozianowski, 2002, Isomaltulose (Palatinose ®): a review of biological and toxicological studies. Food and Chemical Toxicology 40, 1375-1381