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Ecotoxicological information

Short-term toxicity to fish

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Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference
Endpoint:
short-term toxicity to fish
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
14th March 2002 to 19th March 2002
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Well documented guideline study. The substance was identified by a statement from the manufacturer. No analytical monitoring.
Justification for type of information:
A discussion and report on the read across strategy is given as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13.
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across: supporting information
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
other: "Guideline for measuring the acute toxicity of offshore chemicals to juvenile marine fish, the turbot Scophthalmus maximus and the shepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus", based on OECD guideline for Testing of Chemicals n°203 (17/07/92)
Deviations:
no
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Based on OECD guideline for Testing of Chemicals n° 203 (17/07/92).
GLP compliance:
yes
Specific details on test material used for the study:
Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material:
No test surrogate material is tested
Analytical monitoring:
no
Details on sampling:
Not applicable (no analytical monitoring)
Vehicle:
no
Details on test solutions:
PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances):
- Method: Water accomodation fractions (WAF). WAF of different loadings were prepared in 10-L glass flasks by mixing different amounts of test substance with dilution water (natural seawater with a salinity of 3.2-3.4% filtered on a gravel filter to 50-70 µm) for 20 hrs. The mixture was sedimented for minimum 2.5 hrs before the WAF were siphoned into the individual test vessels.
- Controls: Dilution water without test substance
Test organisms (species):
other: Scophthalmus maximus
Details on test organisms:
TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Turbot
- Source: Stolt Sea Farms, Oye, Norway
- Age at study initiation: Juvenile
- Length at study initiation: 40-60 mm
- Feeding during test: No feeding

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation conditions: Continuous flow of natural gravel filtered sea water at 10 +/- 3°C and salinity of 3.2-3.4% under normal light intensity (40 W tungsten lamps) at 16:8h light:dark cycle
- Type of food: Commercila fish fry feed
- Feeding frequency: Every 3 days
Test type:
semi-static
Water media type:
saltwater
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
96 h
Post exposure observation period:
No post exposure observation
Hardness:
Not relevant (seawater study)
Test temperature:
15 +/- 1.5 °C
pH:
7.80 - 8.03
Dissolved oxygen:
85 - 98% saturation
Salinity:
45.0 - 45.5 mS
Nominal and measured concentrations:
Nominal concentrations (based upon loading rate): 27, 66, 164, 410, 1028 mg/L
Details on test conditions:
TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Type: Open
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: White polyethylene vessels, 35 L, filled with 10 L WAF (test) or dilution seawater (control)
- Aeration: yes
- Renewal rate of test solution: Every 48 hrs
- No. of organisms per vessel (test): 7
- No. of organisms per vessel (control): 10
- No. of organisms per vessel (sensitivity control): 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 2
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 1
- No. of vessels per sensitivity control (replicates): 1 per concentration
- Biomass loading rate: test 2.91 mg/L; control 1.38 mg/L

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source of dilution water: Natural seawater with a salinity of 3.2-3.4% filtered in a gravel filter to 50-70 µm
- Intervals of water quality measurement: Every 48 hrs

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16 h light / 8 h dark
- Light intensity: 40 W tungsten lamps

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable): Immobilisation

TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2.5
Reference substance (positive control):
yes
Remarks:
3,5-dichlorophenol
Key result
Duration:
96 h
Dose descriptor:
LL50
Effect conc.:
> 1 028 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Remarks:
(loading rate)
Basis for effect:
mortality (fish)
Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Results with reference substance are valid
- Mortality: 20% after 96-hr exposure to 0.53 mg/L of 3,5-dichlorophenol; 100% mortality after 24-hr exposure to 0.67 mg/L of 3,5-dichlorophenol
Reported statistics and error estimates:
No statistics (LL50 not reached)
Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

Concentration (mg/L)

Day 0 (initiation)

Day 4 (96 hrs)

Temperature (°C)

Salinity (mS)

% O2

pH

Temperature (°C)

Salinity (mS)

% O2

pH

Control

15.1

45.0

96

8.01

15.7

45.3

87

7.86

27

-

45.0

93

8.01

-

45.4

90

7.82

66

-

45.1

92

8.02

-

45.3

89

7.81

165

-

45.0

91

8.01

-

45.2

90

7.81

410

-

45.0

90

8.03

-

45.4

91

7.82

1028

-

45.0

90

8.04

-

45.5

92

7.83

Nominal loading (mg/L)

Number of fish

Initial

Immobilised/dead

24h

48 h

72 h

96 h

Cumulative

Control

10

0

0

0

0

0

27

7 x 2

0

0

0

0

0

66

7 x 2

0

0

0

0

0

165

7 x 2

0

0

0

0

0

410

7 x 2

0

0

0

0

0

1028

7 x 2

0

0

0

0

0

Validity of the test:

- The fish in the sensitivity control series exposed to 0.53 mg/L of 3.5 -dichlorophenol behaved lethargic but with normal swimming behaviour and a cumulative immobilisation/mortality of 20% after 96 -hr exposure. A second sensitivity control series exosed to 0.67 mg/L of 3,5 -dichlorophenol behaved lethargic after 24-hr exposure with a cumulative immobilization/mortality of 100% after 48-hr exposure.

- The fish in the control series showed normal swimming behaviour showing a cumulative immobilization/mortality of 0% after 96-hr exposure.

- Saturation of oxygen in the control series and the highest concentration of the test did not fall below 85% during the exposure.

- Temperature in the exposure vessels during 96 hrs of exposure was 15.0 +/- 0.7 °C.

Validity criteria fulfilled:
yes
Remarks:
- Sensitivity of the fish exposed to 0.6 mg/L of 3,5-dichorophenol in the range of 20-80% immobile animals; immobilisation in the control series <= 10% after 96-hr exposure; saturation of oxygen greater than 60%; temperature in the range 15+/-1.5°C.
Conclusions:
The 96-h LL50 (mortality) for juveniles of the marine fish Scophthalmus maximus was > 1028 mg/L (based on nominal loading rate).
Executive summary:

An acute toxicity test was conducted on juveniles of the marine fish Scophthalmus maximus (Turbot). The test substance concentrations (nominal loading rates) ranged from 27 to 1028 mg/L. Test solutions were prepared as individual water accomodated fractions (WAF). Control and dilution water were natural seawater of 3.2 -3.4% salinity filtered through a gravel filter to 50 -70 µm. Test substance was mixed in dilution water for 20 hrs and the mixture was allowed to settle for a minimum of 2.5 hrs prior to drawing off the aqueous solution for testing. Test vessels were 35 -L white polyethylene vessels, each containing 10 L of test solution. In the test, 5 concentrations were tested in a geometric series: 27, 66, 165, 410, and 1028 mg/L. Two replicates each containing 7 fishes (biomass loading rate: 2.91 g/L) for the testing and 1 replicate containing 10 fishes (biomass loading rate: 1.38 g/L) for the control were used.

Dissolved oxygen was >60% saturation. The pH was 7.80 - 8.03. The temperature was 15.0 +/- 0.7 °C. Test organisms were obtained from a fish farm (Stolt Sea Farms, Oye, Norway). At the test start, the organisms were 40 - 60 mm long juveniles. No deviations from the protocol were noted. Analytical monitoring was not performed. Therefore the results are based on the loading rate. Results were 96h-LL50 > 1028 mg/L (based upon nominal loading rate).

Description of key information

There is no data available for this substance. However, key and supporting data is available for structural analogues. The data is read across to this substance based on analogue read across and a discussion and report on the read across strategy is provided as an attachment in IUCLID Section 13. Key information is summarised below:

Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics presented a 96-h LL50 (mortality) for juveniles of the marine fish Scophthalmus maximus of > 1028 mg/L (based on nominal loading rate).

The toxicity level was never reached in any study despite the high loading level tested. Therefore, this substance is considered to display no acute toxicity to fish based on an analogue read across approach.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Additional information

Four study reports were available and input as endpoint records. Three studies were scientifically reliable according to Klimish (Klimish et al., 1997) scoring (Klimish 2). The fourth one was scored 4 (unassignable) despite of its scientific value because the test substance was not fully described.

 

Due to the low and variable solubility of the constituents of the substance in water, most of the studies were conducted with water accommodated fractions (WAFs). Marine fish Turbot (reported as Scophthalmus maximus, presently Psetta maxima) was exposed to Hydrocarbons, C14-C18, n-alkanes, isoalkanes, cyclics, <2% aromatics. WAFs and no toxic effect/s (recorded as fish immobilization) was obtained with nominal loadings up to 1028 mg/L (Altin, 2002). Studies conducted with freshwater species (Calmels, 1994; Dufresne 2001a and b) lead to similar results. Zebrafish (reported as Brachydanio rerio, presently Danio rerio) exposure to the same substance as in the above turbot experiment was performed using a mixture of acetone and emulsifier Montanox: no mortality was recorded with nominal concentrations up to 250 mg/L. Dufresne (2001a) conducted a study where freshwater fish fathead minnows Pimephales promelas were exposed to Hydrocarbons, C12-C15, n-alkanes, <2% aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C14-C17,n-alkanes, <2% aromatics as WAFs (1 part of test material + 10 parts of dilution water - exposure to 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100% WAF) in a semi-static test with renewal of the test medium every 48h. No significant mortality was reported even with the highest concentration (100% WAF), corresponding to 70 mg/L (nominal loading) for Hydrocarbons, C14-C17, n-alkanes, <2% aromatics.