Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 232-227-8 | CAS number: 7790-86-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Repeated dose toxicity: oral
Braun (2013) performed a combined repeated dose toxicity study with reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test in rats according to OECD guideline 422 (GLP) with the read-across substance cerium trinitrate. A NOAEL for systemic toxicity of 330 mg/kg bw/day was derived. The read-across justification is added in Section 13 of IUCLID. A maximal reliability score of 2 (reliable with restrictions) has been assigned because the study is used for read across purposes in this dossier.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Repeated dose toxicity: via oral route - systemic effects
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Remarks:
- combined repeated dose and reproduction / developmental screening
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From 25-10-2012 to 29-04-2013
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- The study was performed with cerium trinitrate according to EU / OECD guidelines and in compliance with GLP. The read across justification is added in Section 13 of IUCLID. A maximal reliability score of 2 (reliable with restrictions) is assigned because the study has been used for read-across purposes in this dossier.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: RccHan: WIST(SPF)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Harlan Laboratories, B.V.
- Age at study initiation: 10 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: males: 306 to 337 g; females: 187 to 220 g
- Fasting period before study: no data
- Housing: Individually in Makrolon type-3 cages with wire mesh tops and sterilized standard softwood bedding with paper enrichment. During the pre-pairing period, cages with males were interspersed amongst those holding females to promote the development of regular estrus cycles.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 7 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22 ± 3°C
- Humidity (%): 30 - 70%
- Air changes (per hr): 10 to 15 air changes per hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hour fluorescent light/ 12 hour dark cycle - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- other: bidistilled water
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The dose formulations were corrected for the anhydrous active ingredient with a factor of 1.33.
The test item samples were weighed into a glass beaker on a tared Mettler balance, and part of the vehicle was added to each. Using an appropriate homogenizer, a homogeneous suspension was prepared and then the remaining vehicle was added to yield Ce(NO3)3 concentrations of 11 mg/mL, 33 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL, equivalent to 14.63, 43.89 and 133.0 mg Ce(NO3)3 x 6H2O/mL. The mixtures were then stirred with a magnetic stirrer until the test item was adequately suspended. The completed formulations were transferred to the animal room where they were again placed on magnetic stirring plates during the administration procedure to ensure homogeneous sampling. The dose formulations were prepared weekly as indicated by the results of stability analyses in the dose range-finding study.
Homogeneity of the test item in the vehicle was maintained during the daily administration period using a magnetic stirrer. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- The cerium trinitrate peak was assigned using ion chromatographic detection in sample chromatograms by comparing to working standards. A significant cerium trinitrate peak was not detected at the retention in blank sample chromatograms, confirming that the test item was not present in the vehicle control samples (bidistilled water). The application formulations investigated during the study contained cerium trinitrate in the range of 91.4% to 103.9%. Cerium trinitrate was homogeneously distributed in the preparations and found to be stable in application formulations when stored for eight days at room temperature. The results indicate the accurate preparation of cerium trinitrate in bidistilled water as vehicle.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Males: 47 days
Females: at least 6 weeks - Frequency of treatment:
- daily
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 110, 330, 1000 mg/kg
Basis:
other: Nominal concentration (expressed as cerium trinitrate anhydrous) - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 12
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: Dose levels were selected based on the results of a non-GLP dose range-finding study where animals were exposed for two weeks (Harlan Laboratories Study No. D57932)
- Reserve group: 2 animals per sex. One male reserve animal was used for replacement of an animal from group 4 on the first day of treatment due
to weight loss during acclimatization as a consequence of a missing upper incisor. The remaining reserve animals as well as the replaced animal were removed from the study after commencement of the treatment. - Positive control:
- No positive control
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: once daily, during acclimatization and up to day of necropsy.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Once prior to the first administration of the test item and weekly thereafter (in the gestation period on day 0, 6, 13 and 20 post coitum), detailed clinical observations were performed outside the home cage in a standard arena. Animals were observed for the following: changes in skin, fur, eyes, mucous membranes, occurrence of secretions and excretions, and autonomic activity (e.g. lacrimation, piloerection, pupil size, and unusual respiratory pattern). Animals were also observed for changes in gait, posture and response to handling as well as the presence of clonic or tonic movements, stereotypies or bizarre behavior.
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: From treatment start to day before necropsy
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
Males: weekly during pre-pairing period day 1 - 8 and 8 - 13; after pairing period weekly
Females: pre-pairing period days 1-8 and 8-13; gestation days 0-7, 7-14 and 14-21, and days 1-4 of the lactation
No food consumption was recorded during the pairing period.
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Collection of blood: Blood samples were obtained at the end of the pre-pairing period from 5 males and 5 females from each group. Blood samples were drawn from the retro-orbital plexus from all animals under light isolfurane anesthesia. The animals were fasted for approximately 18 hours before blood sampling but allowed access to water ad libitum. The samples were collected early in the working day to reduce biological variation caused by circadian rhythms.
- Parameters checked were: complete blood cell count and coagulation (prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time)
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Parameters checked were: glucose, urea, creatinine, bilirubin total, cholesterol total, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl-transferase, bile acids, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, protein total, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio .
OTHER: Organ weights:
At the scheduled sacrifice, the testes and epididymides of all parental males were weighed separately.
In addition, from 5 males and 5 females killed at the end of the study which were selected from each group, the following organs were trimmed from any adherent tissue, as appropriate and their wet weight was taken: adrenal glands (weighed as pairs), brain, heart, kidneys (weighed as pairs), liver, thymus and spleen. - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes.
Males were sacrificed after treatment of 47 days, when no longer needed for the assessment of reproductive effects. Dams and pups were sacrificed on day 4 post partum. When birth did not occur on the expected date (day 21 post coitum), the dams were sacrificed on
day 25 post coitum.
All animals sacrificed in extremis or found dead were subjected to a detailed macroscopic examination to establish, if possible the cause of death. Specimens of abnormal tissue were fixed in neutral phosphate buffered 4% formaldehyde solution.
Dead pups, except those excessively cannibalized, were examined macroscopically.
All parent animals and pups were examined macroscopically for any structural changes, either at the scheduled necropsy or during the study if death occurs.
For the parent animals, special attention was directed that the organs of the reproductive system.
The number of implantation sites and corpora lutea were recorded for all dams with litters. The uteri of non-pregnant females were placed in a solution of ammonium sulfide to visualize possible hemorrhagic areas of implantation sites.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes.
The tissue from all parental males was preserved in neutral phosphate buffered 4% formaldehyde solution: prostate, seminal vesicles with coagulating gland, testes and epididymides.
Ovaries from parental females were preserved in neutral phosphate buffered 4% formaldehyde solution.
From all animals found dead or killed in extremis, the following tissues were preserved in neutral phosphate buffered 4% formaldehyde solution:
gross lesions, brain, spinal chord, small and large intestines (incl. Peyer's patches), stomach, liver, kidneys, adrenals, spleen, heart, thymus, thyroids and parathyroids if possible, trachea and lungs, uterus with vagina, urinary bladder, lymph nodes (mesenteric, mandibular), peripheral nerve (sciatic), bone marrow.
Slides of all organs and tissues collected at terminal sacrifice from the animals of the control and high-dose groups were examined for histopathology. The same applied to all occurring gross lesions and to all animals, which died spontaneously. Special emphasis was made on the stages of spermatogenesis and histopathology of interstitial cell structure.
Because if possible tst-item related findings noted in the high dose group, the stomach and thymus of both sexes were examined from five animals in the intermediated groups.
Histological examination of ovaries on females that did not give birth (animal no. 62, 73 and 75) and the reproductive organs (testes, epididymides, prostate, seminal vesicles and coagulating glands of infertile males (animal no. 14, 25 and 27) of intermediate groups was also carried out.
A histopathology peer review was performed. The assessment of the study pathologist and reviewing pathologist compared favorably. - Statistics:
- Following statistical methods were used to analyze food consumption, body weights and reproduction data:
- Means and standard deviations of various data were calculated.
- The Dunnett-test (many to one t-test) based on a pooled variance estimate was applied if the variables could be assumed to follow a normal distribution for the comparison of the treated groups and the control groups for each sex
- The Steel-test (many-one rank test) was applied instead of the Dunnett-test when the data could not be assumed to follow a normal distribution
- Fischer's exact-test was applied if the variables could be dichotomized without loss of information. - Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- no effects observed
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Details on results:
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY
All males survived until scheduled necropsy. At 1000 mg/kg/day, female no 94 was found dead on day 1 of lactation and female no 95 was found dead one day later. All other females survived until scheduled necropsy.
Daily clinical signs or observations:
At 1000 mg/kg/day, test item-related clinical signs were noted during daily and detailed weekly observations in both sexes during the pre-pairing and pairing periods, consisting of ruffled fur and decreased activity. Ruffled fur was frequently noted in most females during the gestation period.
No findings of toxicological relevance were noted in males or females at 110 mg/kg/day or 330 mg/kg/day.
At 1000 mg/kg/day, ruffled fur was frequently noted in most females during the gestation period. During the lactation period, ruffled fur was noted in two females at this dose level, one of which was found dead on day 2 post partum. All other test item-treated females were unaffected.
Findings at detailed weekly clinical observations:
Males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day showed decreased activity and/or ruffled fur during the pre-pairing, pairing and after pairing periods, although the frequency of these findings decreased as the study progressed. All other test item-related males without relevant findings.
Females treated with 1000 mg/kg/day showed decreased activity and/or ruffled fur during the pre-pairing, pairing and gestation periods. As in the males, the frequency of these findings decreased as the study progressed.
BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
Males - pre-pairing, pairing and after pairing periods:
In males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day, significantly lower mean body weights were noted during the pre-pairing period from days 3-14 (p<0.05 or p<0.01). The difference was -11.5% on day 14 of the pre-pairing interval. These differences continued during the pairing period (days 1 - 21, all p<0.01, amounting to -9.9% on day 21 of pairing period), and during after pairing period (days 1 - 12, p<0.01, amounting to -11.5% on day 12 of the after-pairing period) and were considered to be test item-related. The mean body weight gain values were significantly reduced from days 2-14 of the pre-pairing period (all p<0.01), significantly increased on days 6, 7 and 10 of the pairing period (all p<0.05) and significantly reduced on days 11 and 12 of the after pairing period (both p<0.05).
At 330 mg/kg/day, significantly lower mean body weights were noted during the pre-pairing period (-6.1% on day 14, day 4 and days 6-14, p<0.05 or p<0.01), and on day 1 of the after pairing period (-5.2% on day 12, p<0.05 on day 1). These differences were considered to be related to the treatment with the test item.
The mean body weights of the males treated with 110 mg/kg/day were similar to those of the respective controls. The mean body weight gain was significantly increased (p<0.05) on day 2 of pairing.
Females - pre-pairing, gestation and lactation periods:
Females treated with 1000 mg/kg/day had lower mean body weights during the pre-pairing period. These differences occurred largely between days 2-14 (-7.2% on day 14 of pre-pairing) and were statistically significant (p<0.05 or p<0.01). Lower mean body weights continued during the gestation period (-11.2% on day 21), but attained statistical significance only on days 8, 10 and 21 (p<0.05). Body weight remained lower during the lactation period (-7.2% on day 4), with statistical significance on day 3 (p<0.01) and day 4 (p<0.05). In the pre-pairing period, the mean body weight gain values showed statistically significant decreases from day 4-11 and days 13-14 (p<0.05 or p<0.01).
The mean body weights of the females treated with 330 mg/kg/day and 110 mg/kg/day were unaffected.
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study)
Males - pre-pairing and pairing periods:
At 1000 mg/kg/day, the mean daily food consumption values were significantly lower in males during the pre-pairing period (-39.8% (p<0.01) during days 1 - 8 and -10.8% (p<0.05) during days 8 - 13) when compared with the control males. These males largely recovered during the subsequent measurement intervals during the after-pairing period.
At 330 mg/kg/day, the mean daily food consumption values were significantly lower in males during the pre-pairing period (-11.1% (p<0.01) during days 1-8) when compared with the control males, but recovered during the remaining measurement interval of the pre-pairing period and was unaffected during the after pairing period.
The mean daily food consumption of males treated with 110 mg/kg/day compared favorably with those of the control males.
Females - pre-paring, gestation and lactation periods:
At 1000 mg/kg/day, the mean daily food consumption values were also markedly lower in females when compared with the respective controls. During days 1-8 of the pre-pairing period, the reduction (-24.2% compared to the control value) and attained statistical significance (p<0.01). This value recovered slightly during day 8-13. After being similar to control values for days 0-7 and 7-14 of gestation, the mean daily food consumption was lower (-15.5%) and attained statistical significance (p<0.05) during days 14-21. The food consumption remained lower (-23.0%) during the lactation period but was not statistically significant.
At 330 mg/kg/day, the mean daily food consumption values were similar to that of the control females.
At 110 mg/kg/day, the mean daily food consumption of the females compared favorably with the control values.
WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study)
Not examined
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Not examined
HAEMATOLOGY
There were minor differences in the hematology parameters, but in the absence of concomitant changes in related parameters these were considered toxicologically irrelevant.
At 1000 mg/kg/day, a small number of statistically significant differences were noted in males and females. In both sexes, slightly reduced hemoglobin levels (p<0.05) were recorded, whereas decreased hematocrit was noted only in males (p<0.01). The red cell distribution width was significantly elevated (p<0.01) in males. Increased mean absolute eosinophil count was noted (p<0.01) in males, but the relative mean eosinophil count was elevated without statistical significance. The mean platelet count was significantly elevated (p<0.05) in males when compared with the controls. Only the latter finding and the mean absolute eosinophil count exceeded the ranges of the historical control data.
At 330 mg/kg/day, the mean relative eosinophil count in males was significantly increased (p<0.05). Females showed statistically significant increases in mean relative and absolute eosinophil count (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively).
At 110 mg/kg/day, no differences of toxicological significance were noted.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
There was a small number of findings in the clinical biochemistry parameters.
In males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day, the mean globulin levels were reduced with statistical significance (19.20 g/L, p<0.05) when compared with the controls (23.75 g/L). The mean protein and albumin levels were reduced (56.27 g/L and 37.07 g/L, respectively) when compared with the control males (66.89 g/L and 43.16 g/L, respectively), but did not attain statistical significance. Females at this dose level showed significantly increased (p<0.01) triglycerides (0.69 mmol compared with 0.30 mmol/L in controls), significantly reduced (p<0.01) calcium (2.67 mmol/L compared with 2.83 mmol/L in controls), significantly decreased (p<0.01) protein (60.50 g/L compared with 72.97 g/L in controls), significantly decreased (p<0.01) albumin (42.86 g/L compared with 50.53 g/L in controls) and significantly decreased (p<0.01) globulin (17.64 g/L compared with 22.43 g/L in controls).
Females treated with 330 mg/kg/day had significantly reduced (p<0.01) level of mean protein (64.99 g/L compared with 72.97 g/L in controls) and significantly reduced (p<0.01) level of globulin (17.86 g/L compared with 22.43 g/L in controls). Albumin was reduced (47.14 g/L compared with 50.53 g/L in control) but without statistical significance.
No differences of toxicological relevance were noted at 110 mg/kg/day.
Decreased albumin levels are generally associated with insufficient nutrition and/or uptake and may correlate with the reduced body weight development.
URINALYSIS
Not examined
NEUROBEHAVIOUR
Functional observational battery:
The mean fore-and hind limb grip strength values of the control rats were similar to those of the test item-related groups.
No test item-related findings were noted during the functional observational battery in males or females at any dose level.
Locomotor activity:
Locomotor activity was assessed quantitatively in terms of low beam counts in activity monitor.
Locomotor activity was not affected by the treatment with the test item in males or females at any dose level.
ORGAN WEIGHTS
In males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day, significantly reduced (p<0.05) testis weights (unilateral) were noted (-6.5%) when compared with the controls. In the absence of similar changes in the contralateral organ (-3.3%), these changes were considered to be incidental. The mean epididyide weight was signficantly (left and right, both p<0.05) reduced (left: -9.7% and the right: -10.4%) when compared with the control males. This was considered to be a secondary effect that resulted from the lower mean body weights. The mean brain-to-body weight ratio was significantly (p<0.01) elevated (0.54% vs 0.46%) when compared with the controls and was considered to be a secondary effect of the reduced body weights. The mean kidney-to-body weight ratio was significantly (p<0.01) elevated (0.60 vs 0.53%). but in the absence of any microscopical changes, this was considered to be unrelated to the treatment. The mean testis-to-body weight ratio (left testis only) was significantly (p<0.05) elevated (0.53% vs 0.48%) but this was considered to be due to the reduced mean body weights. Females treated with 1000 mg/kg/day showed significantly (p<0.01) elevated mean liver-to-body weight (4.22% vs 3.60%) and significantly (p<0.05) elevated kidney-to-body weight ratios (0.61% vs 0.55%), but in the absence of any microscopical changes, this was considered to be unrelated to the treatment.
Males treated with 330 mg/kg/day were unaffected. Females treated with 330 mg/kg/day showed significantly (p<0.05) elevated mean liver-to-body weight and significantly (p<0.05) elevated liver-to-brain weight ratios (4.04% and 636.66%, respectively) when compared with the controls (3.60 and 531.05%, respectively). The latter value was dose-unrelated. This organ did not show any noteworthy microscopical changes and these differences were considered to be unilkely to be related to the treatment with the test item.
The mean absolute and relative organ weights of the males and females treated with 110 mg/kg/day were similar to those of the controls.
GROSS PATHOLOGY
Macroscopical findings:
Macroscopically, dark red focus/foci of the stomach were recorded in three males treated with 330 mg/kg/day and four males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day and were considered to be test item-related. Stomach foci were not seen in females at this dose level.
All other macroscopical findings were considered to be background changes without toxicological relevance.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC
Two females (no. 94 and 95) treated with 1000 mg/kg/day died spontaneously. Inflammatory toxic effect of the stomach and thymic atrophy at moderate severity were recorded in these animals and weakness due to the inflammatory toxic effect on pregnant animals was considered as cause of death. All other animals survived their scheduled study period.
Microscopically, the following animals treatment-related findings were recorded:
Stomach:
- Increase in incidence and severity of inflammatory cell infiltration in the submucosa to base of lamina propria consisting of eosinophils and/or lymphocytes was recorded in animals treated with 330 and 1000 mg/kg/day.
- Increase in incidence and severity of eosinophilic globule leukocyte in mucosa was recorded in animals treated with 330 and 1000 mg/kg/day.
- Atrophy of fundic gland mainly chief cells and/or parietal cells was recorded at minimal to slight severity in animals treated with 1000 mg/kg/day and males treated with 330 mg/kg/day.
- Eosinophilic chief cells were recorded at minimal to slight severity in animals treated with 330 and 1000 mg/kg/day.
- Epithelial vacuolation of squamous limiting ridge was recorded at minimal to slight severity in animals treated with 1000 mg/kg/day and males treated with 330 mg/kg/day.
Thymus:
- Increase in incidence and severity of atrophy/involution was recorded in females treated with 1000 mg/kg/day.
Other findings:
Alveolar hemorrhage and bronchioloalveolar inflammation were recorded in two males treated with 1000 mg/kg/day. However, it was considered to be an accidental lesion caused by aspiration during gavage procedures of massive amount test item. No test-item related histological findings were recorded in the ovary of females which did not give birth (animal no.: 54, 62, 73, 75, 87, and 89) and the reproductive organs of infertile males (animal no. 6, 14, 25, 27, 39 and 41). All remaining findings recorded were within the range of normal background lesions which may be recorded in animals of this strain and age. - Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 330 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- act. ingr.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: The NOAEL for systemic toxicity of the parent animals was considered to be 330 mg/kg/day as two animals treated with 1000 mg/kg/day died as a result of the treatment-related effects in the stomach (local irritation).
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- 110 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- act. ingr.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The NOEL (No observed effect level) for systemic toxicity of the parent animals was considered to be 110 mg/kg/day, based upon the changes in the stomachs of rats treated with 330 mg/kg/day and 1000 mg/kg/day as well as differences in the mean daily food consumption/body weight development at 1000 mg/kg/day. Although these changes were considered to be related to the treatment with the test item, the morphological changes in the stomachs were considered to be local effects (irritation) rather than systemic toxicity and the differences in the food consumption/body weight were considered secondary to the changes in the stomach. However, as two animals treated with 1000 mg/kg/day died as a result of the stomach findings, the NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) for systemic toxicity of the parent animals was considered to be 330 mg/kg/day. Read across from this study to cerium trichloride is justified in the attached document in Section 13 of IUCLID.
Reference
RESULTS OF THE RANGE-FINDING STUDY:
- Mortality/viability:
Two of three males treated with 1888.07 mg/kg/day died before scheduled necropsy: male no. 10 was killed for ethical reasons on day 10 of treatment and male no.12 was found dead on day 6 of treatment. All other animals survived until scheduled necropsy.
- Clinical signs:
No clinical signs were evident in males or females treated with 188.77 mg/kg/day.
Ruffled fur was noted from day 2 of treatment onwards in all males treated with 566.18 mg/kg/day, and was considered to be a mild test item-related finding. Females at this dose level were unaffected.
At 1888.07 mg/kg/day, test item-related clinical signs were noted in all males and all females. In males, these findings included general weakened condition and reduced activity, hunched posture, reduced body temperature, ruffled fur (or rough coat), breathing noises, vocalization when handled, visible weight loss and blue discoloration (ie cyanosis) of the appendages. Females at this dose level were less overtly affected by the test item, yet also showed transient weakened condition, ruffled fur (or rough coat), breathing noises and visible weight loss.
- Food consumption:
At 188.77 mg/kg/day, the mean daily food consumption of the males and females compared favorably with their respective control values.
At 566.8 mg/kg/day, the mean daily food consumption values were markedly lower in males when compared with the respective controls. When compared with the control values, the mean food consumption values were -24.6%, -10.3% and -15.6% during days 1 -4, 4 -7 and 7 -14, respectively. The mean daily food consumption of the females at this dose level was similar to that of the control females.
At 1888.07 mg/kg/day the mean daily food consumption values were also markedly lower in males and females when compared with the respective controls. When compared with the control values, the mean food consumption values in males were -88.6%, -84.3% and -83.6% during days 1 -4, 4 -7, 7 -14, respectively, whereas in females the mean daily food consumption values were -82.4%, -36.2% and -10.3% during days 1 -4, 4 -7 and 7 -14, respectively.
- Body weights
The mean body weights and the mean body weight gain of the males and females treated with 188.77 mg/kg/day were similar to those of the respective controls.
The mean body weight gain of the males treated with 566.18 mg/kg/day for 14 days was lower (10.0%) than those of the control males (+19.9%). Females were largely unaffected.
The mean body weight gain of the males treated with 1888.07 mg/kg/day for 14 days were markedly lower (-30.0%) than those of the control males (+ 19.9%). Females at this dose level had lower mean body weights (+2.1%) when compared with those of the control females (+11.2%).
- Organ weights
Changes in the mean absolute and relative organ weights were largely the result of the marked loss in body weight noted in the rats treated with 1888.07 mg/kg/day.
In males, reductions of the mean absolute liver, thymus, kidney, testes and epididymides weights were considered to be related to the lower mean body weights, whereas elevated adrenal weights and elevated spleen weights may be considered stress reactions. Increased mean organ-to-body weight ratios were recorded for the brain, heart, liver, kidneys, adrenals and spleen, whereas reduced organ-to-body weight ratios were noted in the thymus, testes and epididymides. The mean brain-to-body weight ratios were accordingly decreased in the liver, thymus, kidneys, testes and epididymides and increased in the adrenals and in the spleen.
In females, a reduction of the mean thymus weight was noted. The mean liver-to-body weight was elevated and the mean thymus-to-body weight was decreased. Only the latter difference was reflected in the reduced thymus-to-brain weight ratio. All other organ weights and ratios were largely similar to those of the control females.
- Macroscopic findings
A number of findings were noted during necropsy.
At 188.77 mg/kg/day, unilateral renal pelvis dilation was noted in male no. 5, and bilateral renal pelvis distension was noted in female no. 16 and a unilateral ovarian cyst was noted in female no. 18.
At 566.18 mg/kg/day, there were no post-mortem findings in males and females.
At 1888.07 mg/kg/day, only one male (no. 11) survived until scheduled necropsy, showing size reductions of thymus, testes and epididymides. In the male which was sacrificed for ethical reasons (no. 10) on day 10 of treatment, these findings were also noted as well as stomach distension. The last male of this group (no. 12) was found dead after 6 days of treatment and showed collapsed lung (which was interpreted as a likely dosing error) and a small isolated sore on the back. The females at this dose level showed no symptoms.
Based on the results of this 14 -day dose range-finding study, dose levels of 110, 330 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day were proposed for the subsequent combined repeated dose toxicity study (with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test in the Han Wistar rat) with cerium trinitrate.
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 330 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subacute
- Species:
- rat
Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - systemic effects
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - local effects
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - systemic effects
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - local effects
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Repeated dose toxicity: oral
Braun (2013) performed a combined repeated dose toxicity study with reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test in RccHan: WIST (SPF) rats with the read-across substance cerium trinitrate. The substance was administered to male rats for 47 days and to female rats for 14 days prior to pairing, through the pairing and gestation periods until the F1 generation reached day 4 post partum.
The following dose levels (expressed as anhydrous active ingredient) were applied:
Group 1: 0 mg/kg bw/day (control group)
Group 2: 110 mg/kg bw/day
Group 3: 330 mg/kg bw/day
Group 4: 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Control animals were dosed with the vehicle (bidistilled water) alone.
The NOEL (No observed effect level) for systemic toxicity of the parent animals was considered to be 110 mg/kg/day, based upon the changes in the stomachs of rats treated with 330 mg/kg bw/day and 1000 mg/kg bw/day as well as differences in the mean daily food consumption/body weight development at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Although these changes were considered to be related to the treatment with the test item, the morphological changes in the stomachs were considered to be local effects rather than systemic toxicity and the differences in the food consumption/body weight were considered secondary to the changes in the stomach. However, as two animals treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day died as a result of the stomach findings, the NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) for systemic toxicity of the parent animals was considered to be 330 mg/kg bw/day. The NOEL (No observed Effect level) and the NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) for reproduction/developmental toxicity was considered to be 330 mg/kg bw/day.
In addition, a K2 supporting study is available which was performed by Kawagoe et al. (2005). The influence of oral administration of the rare earth element cerium (Ce administered as cerium chloride) was studied in relation to metallothionein (MT) and glutathione (GSH) content in the organs of ICR mice, which were administered heavy metal cadmium (Cd) for comparison. Male ICR mice were divided into 9 groups: 1 control group, 4 cerium groups and 4 cadmium groups, each with 4 mice, for a total of 36 mice. Ce groups included a 20 ppm CdCl2 diet (Cd-low) group and a 200 ppm CdCl2 diet (Cd-high) group, corresponding to 2.6 and 26 mg/kg bw/day. Each group was subdivided in 2 groups except a control group: 6 -week administration group and 12 -week administration group. The level of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, plasma cholesterol and plasma triglyceride in the Ce-low, Cd-low and Ce-high, and Cd-high group were higher than that of control group, although there were no significant differences (p>0.05). By contrast, both Ce and Cd groups had higher levels of MT and GSH in hepatic cells compared to the control group (p>0.05) and decreased liver tissue level of lipoperoxide (p>0.05). These groups also had decreased plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (p>0.05). In conclusion, it is suggested that orally administered Ce increases MT and GSH as an antioxidant in the mouse liver, and these reactions are probably caused by increases in the oxidative stress with Ce.
Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
A key study is available for the oral route of exposure. According to the REACH Regulation, only one route of exposure should be tested for repeated dose toxicity (column 2, annex VIII, section 8.6.1). Therefore, it is not necessary to perform a repeated dose toxicity study via the inhalation route of exposure. Furthermore, due to formation of clumps, the inhalation route is unlikely a possible route of exposure. In addition, the substance is classified as corrosive to the skin and serious local effects might be expected after repeated inhalation exposure to the diluted test item. Therefore, for reasons of animal welfare, the test should be avoided.
Repeated dose toxicity: dermal
A key study is available for the oral route of exposure. According to the REACH Regulation, only one route of exposure should be tested for repeated dose toxicity (column 2, annex VIII, section 8.6.1). Therefore, it is not necessary to perform a repeated dose toxicity study via the dermal route of exposure. Furthermore, as the substance is classified as corrosive to the skin, serious local effects may be expected after repeated dermal exposure to the diluted test item and, for reasons of animal welfare, the test should be avoided.
Annex IX further testing:
The read-across substance cerium trinitrate has been tested in an OECD 422 study. In the high (1000 mg/kg bw/d) and the mid (330 mg/kg bw/d) dose groups, morphological changes in the stomach were observed. However, these effects are considered as local (irritation after repeated oral gavage of the compound) rather than systemic effects. In the high dose group, differences in the mean daily food consumption/body weight development at 1000 mg/kg bw/day were observed and considered to be test item related. These differences were considered secondary to the changes in the stomach. However, as two animals in the high dose group, died as a result of the stomach findings (local effects), the NOAEL for systemic toxicity of the parent animals was considered to be 330 mg/kg bw/day. On the basis of these results it can be concluded that no systemic adverse effects need to be addressed by a subchronic test. The read-across justification is added in Section 13 of IUCLID. Therefore, and considering the animal welfare, no further testing is advised.
Justification for selection of repeated dose toxicity via oral route - systemic effects endpoint:
Read across study with cerium trinitrate. The read across justification is added in Section 13 of IUCLID.
Justification for selection of repeated dose toxicity inhalation - systemic effects endpoint:
A key study is available for the oral route of exposure from the read-across substance cerium trinitrate. According to the REACH Regulation, only one route of exposure should be tested for repeated dose toxicity (column 2, annex VIII, section 8.6.1). Therefore, it is not necessary to perform a repeated dose toxicity study via the inhalation route of exposure. Furthermore, due to formation of clumps, the inhalation route is unlikely a possible route of exposure.
Justification for selection of repeated dose toxicity inhalation - local effects endpoint:
A key study is available for the oral route of exposure from the read-across substance cerium trinitrate. According to the REACH Regulation, only one route of exposure should be tested for repeated dose toxicity (column 2, annex VIII, section 8.6.1). Therefore, it is not necessary to perform a repeated dose toxicity study via the inhalation route of exposure. Furthermore, due to formation of clumps, the inhalation route is unlikely a possible route of exposure.
Justification for selection of repeated dose toxicity dermal - systemic effects endpoint:
A key study is available for the oral route of exposure. According to the REACH Regulation, only one route of exposure should be tested for repeated dose toxicity (column 2, annex VIII, section 8.6.1). Therefore, it is not necessary to perform a repeated dose toxicity study via the dermal route of exposure. Furthermore, as the substance is classified as corrosive to the skin, serious local effects may be expected after repeated dermal exposure to the diluted test item and, for reasons of animal welfare, the test should be avoided.
Justification for selection of repeated dose toxicity dermal - local effects endpoint:
A key study is available for the oral route of exposure. According to the REACH Regulation, only one route of exposure should be tested for repeated dose toxicity (column 2, annex VIII, section 8.6.1). Therefore, it is not necessary to perform a repeated dose toxicity study via the dermal route of exposure. Furthermore, as the substance is classified as corrosive to the skin, serious local effects may be expected after repeated dermal exposure to the diluted test item and, for reasons of animal welfare, the test should be avoided.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Based on the available data of the read-across substance cerium trinitrate, the supporting study of cerium trichloride and according to the criteria of the DSD and CLP Regulation, cerium trichloride should not be classified for STOT repeated exposure via the oral route.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.