Registration Dossier

Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets

Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.

The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.

Diss Factsheets

Manufacture, use & exposure

Uses at industrial sites

Documentsopen allclose all

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC4: Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Process category (PROC):
PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
Process category (PROC):
PROC 7: Industrial spraying
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Process category (PROC):
PROC 10: Roller application or brushing
Process category (PROC):
PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
Process category (PROC):
PROC 19: Hand-mixing with intimate contact and only PPE available.
Product category used:
PC 35: Washing and cleaning products
Sector of end use:
SU 0: Other: Washing and cleaning applications
Substance supplied to that use in form of:
as such
in a mixture
Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
no
Related assessment:
use not assessed

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Name of activity / technique:
Use of intermediate
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC6a: Use of intermediate
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Name of activity / technique:
Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Name of activity / technique:
Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Name of activity / technique:
Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment condition
Process category (PROC):
PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Name of activity / technique:
Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
Process category (PROC):
PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
Name of activity / technique:
Mixing or blending in batch processes
Process category (PROC):
PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Name of activity / technique:
Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Process category (PROC):
PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Product category used:
PC 12: Fertilisers
Sector of end use:
SU 8: Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals (including petroleum products)
SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals
Substance supplied to that use in form of:
as such
in a mixture
Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
no
Related assessment:
use assessed in a joint CSR

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC4: Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Process category (PROC):
PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
Process category (PROC):
PROC 7: Industrial spraying
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 10: Roller application or brushing
Process category (PROC):
PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
Process category (PROC):
PROC 19: Hand-mixing with intimate contact and only PPE available.
Process category (PROC):
PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Product category used:
PC 14: Metal surface treatment products
Sector of end use:
SU 14: Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys
SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
SU 17: General manufacturing, e.g. machinery, equipment, vehicles, other transport equipment
Substance supplied to that use in form of:
as such
in a mixture
Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
no
Related assessment:
use not assessed

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Name of activity / technique:
ERC4 - Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC4: Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Name of activity / technique:
Mixing or blending in batch processes
Process category (PROC):
PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
Name of activity / technique:
Industrial spraying
Process category (PROC):
PROC 7: Industrial spraying
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Name of activity / technique:
Roller application or brushing
Process category (PROC):
PROC 10: Roller application or brushing
Name of activity / technique:
Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
Process category (PROC):
PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
Name of activity / technique:
Manual activities involving hand contact
Process category (PROC):
PROC 19: Hand-mixing with intimate contact and only PPE available.
Product category used:
PC 35: Washing and cleaning products
Sector of end use:
SU 0: Other: Washing and cleaning applications
Substance supplied to that use in form of:
as such
in a mixture
Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
no
Related assessment:
use assessed in a joint CSR

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Name of activity / technique:
Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Name of activity / technique:
Mixing or blending in batch processes
Process category (PROC):
PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
Name of activity / technique:
Calendering operations
Process category (PROC):
PROC 6: Calendering operations
Name of activity / technique:
Industrial spraying
Process category (PROC):
PROC 7: Industrial spraying
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Name of activity / technique:
Roller application or brushing
Process category (PROC):
PROC 10: Roller application or brushing
Name of activity / technique:
Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
Process category (PROC):
PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
Name of activity / technique:
Manual activities involving hand contact
Process category (PROC):
PROC 19: Hand-mixing with intimate contact and only PPE available.
Product category used:
PC 20: Products such as ph-regulators, flocculants, precipitants, neutralisation agents
PC 23: Leather treatment products
PC 34: Textile dyes, and impregnating products
Sector of end use:
SU 5: Manufacture of textiles, leather, fur
Substance supplied to that use in form of:
as such
in a mixture
Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
yes
Related assessment:
use assessed in a joint CSR

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC6a: Use of intermediate
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Process category (PROC):
PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
Process category (PROC):
PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Process category (PROC):
PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Product category used:
PC 12: Fertilisers
Sector of end use:
SU 8: Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals (including petroleum products)
SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals
Substance supplied to that use in form of:
as such
in a mixture
Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
no
Related assessment:
use not assessed

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC4: Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Process category (PROC):
PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 19: Hand-mixing with intimate contact and only PPE available.
Process category (PROC):
PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Product category used:
PC 20: Products such as ph-regulators, flocculants, precipitants, neutralisation agents
PC 36: Water softeners
PC 37: Water treatment chemicals
Sector of end use:
SU 23: Electricity, steam, gas water supply and sewage treatment
Substance supplied to that use in form of:
as such
in a mixture
Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
no
Related assessment:
use not assessed

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC5: Use at industrial site leading to inclusion into/onto article
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Process category (PROC):
PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
Process category (PROC):
PROC 6: Calendering operations
Process category (PROC):
PROC 7: Industrial spraying
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Process category (PROC):
PROC 10: Roller application or brushing
Process category (PROC):
PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
Process category (PROC):
PROC 19: Hand-mixing with intimate contact and only PPE available.
Product category used:
PC 20: Products such as ph-regulators, flocculants, precipitants, neutralisation agents
PC 23: Leather treatment products
PC 34: Textile dyes, and impregnating products
Sector of end use:
SU 5: Manufacture of textiles, leather, fur
Substance supplied to that use in form of:
as such
in a mixture
Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
yes
Related assessment:
use not assessed

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC4: Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Process category (PROC):
PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Process category (PROC):
PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
Process category (PROC):
PROC 18: General greasing / lubrication at high kinetic energy conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Product category used:
PC 17: Hydraulic fluids
PC 20: Products such as ph-regulators, flocculants, precipitants, neutralisation agents
Sector of end use:
SU 2a: Mining (without offshore industries)
SU 2b: Offshore industries
Substance supplied to that use in form of:
as such
in a mixture
Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
no
Related assessment:
use not assessed

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC6b: Use of reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Process category (PROC):
PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
Process category (PROC):
PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Process category (PROC):
PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Product category used:
PC 20: Products such as ph-regulators, flocculants, precipitants, neutralisation agents
Sector of end use:
SU 8: Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals (including petroleum products)
SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals
Substance supplied to that use in form of:
as such
in a mixture
Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
no
Related assessment:
use not assessed

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Name of activity / technique:
Use of reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC6b: Use of reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Name of activity / technique:
Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Name of activity / technique:
Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Name of activity / technique:
Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment condition
Process category (PROC):
PROC 3: Manufacture or formulation in the chemical industry in closed batch processes with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Name of activity / technique:
Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
Process category (PROC):
PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
Name of activity / technique:
Mixing or blending in batch processes
Process category (PROC):
PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Name of activity / technique:
Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Process category (PROC):
PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Product category used:
PC 20: Products such as ph-regulators, flocculants, precipitants, neutralisation agents
Sector of end use:
SU 8: Manufacture of bulk, large scale chemicals (including petroleum products)
SU 9: Manufacture of fine chemicals
Substance supplied to that use in form of:
as such
in a mixture
Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
no
Related assessment:
use assessed in a joint CSR

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Name of activity / technique:
Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC4: Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Name of activity / technique:
Mixing or blending in batch processes
Process category (PROC):
PROC 5: Mixing or blending in batch processes
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Process category (PROC):
PROC 9: Transfer of substance or mixture into small containers (dedicated filling line, including weighing)
Name of activity / technique:
Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
Process category (PROC):
PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
Name of activity / technique:
General greasing /lubrication at high kinetic energy conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 18: General greasing / lubrication at high kinetic energy conditions
Name of activity / technique:
Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Process category (PROC):
PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Product category used:
PC 17: Hydraulic fluids
PC 20: Products such as ph-regulators, flocculants, precipitants, neutralisation agents
Sector of end use:
SU 2a: Mining (without offshore industries)
SU 2b: Offshore industries
Substance supplied to that use in form of:
as such
in a mixture
Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
no
Related assessment:
use assessed in a joint CSR

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Name of activity / technique:
Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC4: Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Name of activity / technique:
Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 1: Chemical production or refinery in closed process without likelihood of exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Name of activity / technique:
Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Process category (PROC):
PROC 2: Chemical production or refinery in closed continuous process with occasional controlled exposure or processes with equivalent containment conditions
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Name of activity / technique:
Manual activities involving hand contact
Process category (PROC):
PROC 19: Hand-mixing with intimate contact and only PPE available.
Name of activity / technique:
Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Process category (PROC):
PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Product category used:
PC 20: Products such as ph-regulators, flocculants, precipitants, neutralisation agents
PC 36: Water softeners
PC 37: Water treatment chemicals
Sector of end use:
SU 23: Electricity, steam, gas water supply and sewage treatment
Substance supplied to that use in form of:
as such
in a mixture
Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
no
Related assessment:
use assessed in a joint CSR

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 10; total tonnage manufactured/imported >=10tonnes/year per registrant
Contributing activity / technique for the environment
Name of activity / technique:
Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Environmental release category (ERC):
ERC4: Use of non-reactive processing aid at industrial site (no inclusion into or onto article)
Contributing activity / technique for workersopen allclose all
Name of activity / technique:
Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
Process category (PROC):
PROC 4: Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises
Name of activity / technique:
Industrial spraying
Process category (PROC):
PROC 7: Industrial spraying
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities
Name of activity / technique:
Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Process category (PROC):
PROC 8b: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at dedicated facilities
Name of activity / technique:
Roller application or brushing
Process category (PROC):
PROC 10: Roller application or brushing
Name of activity / technique:
Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
Process category (PROC):
PROC 13: Treatment of articles by dipping and pouring
Name of activity / technique:
Manual activities involving hand contact
Process category (PROC):
PROC 19: Hand-mixing with intimate contact and only PPE available.
Name of activity / technique:
Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Process category (PROC):
PROC 26: Handling of solid inorganic substances at ambient temperature
Product category used:
PC 14: Metal surface treatment products
Sector of end use:
SU 14: Manufacture of basic metals, including alloys
SU 15: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
SU 17: General manufacturing, e.g. machinery, equipment, vehicles, other transport equipment
Substance supplied to that use in form of:
as such
in a mixture
Subsequent service life relevant for this use:
no
Related assessment:
use assessed in a joint CSR

Uses at industrial sites

Registration/ Notification status for the use:
use registered according to REACH Article 17/18