Tetraammineplatinum (II) diacetate

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

In a 28-day oral study, carried out according to OECD Test Guideline 407 and to GLP, a NOAEL of 150 mg/kg bw/day was determined for tetraammineplatinum(II) diacetate following gavage administration to rats (van Otterdijk, 2006).

 

In an OECD Test Guideline 421 reproductive/developmental toxicity screening study, to GLP, in rats with tetraammineplatinum(II) dinitrate, the general systemic toxicity NOAEL for females was 250 mg/kg bw/day on the basis of reduced growth at the highest tested dose (1000 mg/kg bw/day). No adverse effects were observed in males at any dose (Hansen, 2015).

 

No repeated dose toxicity studies by the inhalation or dermal route were identified, or are required.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Repeated dose toxicity: via oral route - systemic effects

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

sub-chronic toxicity: oral

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

3 to 31 May 2006

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Guideline study, to GLP

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 407 (Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)

Version / remarks:

based on the 1995 Test Guideline.

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

deviations from maximum level of humidity and deviations in dosing time on day 5. These changes were not thought to affect the integrity of the study.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.7 (Repeated Dose (28 Days) Toxicity (Oral))

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: EPA OPPTS 870.3050 (repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study in rodents)

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Wistar

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Deutschland, Sulzfeld, Germany
- Age at study initiation: approximately 6 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: within +/- of the sex mean
- Fasting period before study: no data
- Housing: groups of five animals per sex
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: at least five days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21.6 to 23.6
- Humidity (%): 39 to 92 [OECD reccomends 30 to 70%]
- Air changes (per hr): 15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

IN-LIFE DATES: From: To: no data

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

water

Remarks:

Milli-U

Details on oral exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
Formulations were prepared daily within 4 hours of dosing. The test substance was homogenised in Milli-U waterto a "visually acceptable" level [on days 6, 14, 25 and 28, the maximum time between formulation and dosing was exceeded by approximately 1.5 hours]. Animals were dosed at a similar time each day,within four hours of each other [this was exceeded by approximately 30 minutes on day 5]

DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): n/a
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): n/a
- Storage temperature of food: n/a

VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): n/a
- Concentration in vehicle: n/a
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 5 ml/kg body weight
- Lot/batch no. (if required): n/a
- Purity: n/a

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Accuracy of doses for groups 2 and 3 (given 50 and 150 mg/kg bw/day respectively) were within the range of 102 to 107%. Accuracy for group 4 (given 1000 mg/kg bw/day) was within the range of 116 to 119% (slightly above the nominal range of 100 +/- 10%). This was considered sufficient for the purpose of the study.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

at least 28 days

Frequency of treatment:

once daily, seven days a week

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
0
Basis:
other: nominal: gavage

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
50 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
other: nominal: gavage

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
150 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
other: nominal: gavage

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
1000 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
other: nominal: gavage

No. of animals per sex per dose:

5

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: the test doses were selected based on the results of a 5-day preliminary range-finding study (results not presented)
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): n/a
- Rationale for selecting satellite groups: none were selected
- Post-exposure recovery period in satellite groups: n/a
- Section schedule rationale (if not random): no data

Positive control:

No postive control

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: at least twice daily
- Mortality and viability observations were included.

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: at least once daily (see "any other information on materials and methods incl. tables")

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: on days 1, 8, 15, 22 and 28

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: n/a

FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): n/a
- Time schedule for examinations: n/a

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No

HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: immediately prior to post mortem
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: iso-flurane
- Animals fasted: Yes (24 hours)
- How many animals: 5/sex/dose group
- Parameters checked in table [No.1] were examined.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: immediately prior to post mortem
- Animals fasted: Yes (24 hours)
- How many animals: 5/sex/dose group
- Parameters checked in table [No.2] were examined.

URINALYSIS: No

NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: during week 4
- Dose groups that were examined: all surviving animals
- Battery of functions tested: sensory activity / grip strength / motor activity / reflexes (pupillary, righting)

Sacrifice and pathology:

GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes (see table [No.3])
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (see table [No.3])

Other examinations:

The following organ weights (and terminal body weight) were recorded from the surving animals on the scheduled day of necropsy:
Adrenal glands
Brain
Epididymides
Heart
Kidneys
Liver
Spleen
Testes
Thymus

Statistics:

The Dunnett test (many-to-one t-test) was applied to the treated and control groups for each sex if the variables could be assumed to follow a normal distribution.
The Steel test (many-to-one rank test) was applied when the data could not be assumed to follow a normal distribution.
For frequency data, the exact Fisher test was applied.
In all cases, two-tailed tests were used, with p < 0.05 being the lowest level of significance.

Clinical signs:

effects observed, treatment-related

Mortality:

mortality observed, treatment-related

Body weight and weight changes:

effects observed, treatment-related

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

effects observed, treatment-related

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

in rats surviving up to scheduled necropsy

Clinical biochemistry findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

in rats surviving up to scheduled necropsy

Urinalysis findings:

not examined

Behaviour (functional findings):

no effects observed

Immunological findings:

not specified

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

effects observed, treatment-related

Gross pathological findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Neuropathological findings:

not specified

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

effects observed, treatment-related

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

no effects observed

Details on results:

CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY
Rats given 1000 mg/kg bw/day: all rats were sacrificed on day 6 due to poor clinical condition.
Rats given 50 or 150 mg/kg bw/day: no mortality occurred.

BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
Rats given 1000 mg/kg bw/day: weight loss of up to approximately 25% was observed (measured on day six).
Rats given 50 or 150 mg/kg bw/day: no significant changes were observed relative to the control group.

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study)
Rats given 1000 mg/kg bw/day: food consumption was severely reduced.
Rats given 50 or 150 mg/kg bw/day: no significant changes were observed relative to the control group.

FOOD EFFICIENCY
Not examined.

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study)
Not examined.

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Not examined.

HAEMATOLOGY
Rats given 1000 mg/kg bw/day: not examined (due to mortality).
The following findings were not judged to be toxicologically significant:
Rats given 150 mg/kg bw/day: a statistically significant reduction in reticulocyte count was observed in males relative to the control group, but the change was slight and occurred in the absence of a similar change in red blood cell count.
Rats given 50 mg/kg bw/day: a statistically significant reduction in RDW of females lacked a dose-response relationship.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
Rats given 1000 mg/kg bw/day: not examined (due to mortality).
The following findings lacked dose-response, and/or the means were within the normal range encountered in rats of this age and strain:
Rats given 150 mg/kg bw/day: statistically significant changes relative to the control group included higher calcium levels in females.
Rats given 50 mg/kg bw/day: statistically significant changes relative to the control group included lower urea, glucose and calcium levels, higher chloride levels in males, and lower total protein levels in females.

URINALYSIS
Not examined.

NEUROBEHAVIOUR
No adverse effects were observed.

ORGAN WEIGHTS
Rats given 1000 mg/kg bw/day: weights of brain, heart, liver, thymus, kidney, spleen, testes and epididymides were significantly reduced.
Rats given 50 or 150 mg/kg bw/day: no significant changes in the weights of analysed organs were observed.

GROSS PATHOLOGY
Rats given 1000 mg/kg bw/day: commonly an overfilled stomach was seen. At a lower incidence, pale discolouration of the gastro-intestinal tract and caecum, red discolouration of the ileum, red foci on the caecum and thickening of the caecum and colon was observed. Animals were also considered to be emaciated.
Rats given 50 or 150 mg/kg bw/day: no toxicologically relevant alterations were observed.

HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC
Rats given 1000 mg/kg bw/day: possible indicators of organ toxicity were seen in the spleen, bone marrow (sternal) and thymus.
- Spleen: slight to moderate red pulp atrophy in nine animals, slight lymphoid atrophy in six animals
- Bone marrow - sternal: minimal to moderate myeloid atrophy in seven animals
- Thymus: slight to severe lymphoid atrophy - involution in nine animals
A number of other findings were considered to be unrelated to treatment.
Rats given 50 or 150 mg/kg bw/day: no adverse effects were observed, relative to the control group.

HISTOPATHOLOGY: NEOPLASTIC (if applicable)
No neoplasticity was observed.

HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA (if applicable)
Not provided.

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

150 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: No adverse effects seen at 50 or 150 mg/kg bw/day. Effects on clinical signs; body weight; food consumption; gross pathology; organ weights; and histopathology at 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Conclusions:

In a repeated dose oral toxicity study, carried out according to OECD Test Guideline 407 and to GLP, a NOAEL of 150 mg/kg bw/day was determined for tetraammineplatinum(II) diacetate following gavage administration to rats for 28 days.

Executive summary:

The repeated dose toxicity of tetraammineplatinum(II) diacetate was assessed in a 28-day oral study conducted according to GLP and OECD Test Guideline 407.

 

Wistar rats (5/sex/group) were given a daily gavage administration of tetraammineplatinum diacetate at 0 (given water), 50, 150 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days. Throughout the study, animals were observed daily for mortality and other overt clinical signs of toxicity. Body weight and food and water consumption were monitored. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected from each surviving rat for the analysis of haematological parameters and clinical chemistry. This was immediately followed by sacrifice and scheduled necropsy, in which a comprehensive range of organs and tissues were examined macroscopically and microscopically.

 

Due to poor clinical condition, all rats given 1000 mg/kg bw/day were sacrificed on day six. The haematological parameters and clinical chemistry of these animals were not examined. In this high dose group, animals showed a marked reduction in weight (up to 25%) and severely reduced food consumption relative to control animals. Post mortem examination showed significant organ weight reductions and adverse effects on the gastro-intestinal tract (an overfilled stomach, discolouration, thickening of the colon) and caecum (discolouration, thickening). Cellular effects, possibly indicative of organ toxicity, were observed in the spleen, sternal bone marrow and thymus.

 

No toxicologically significant adverse effects were observed in rats given 50 or 150 mg/kg bw/day by gavage for 28 days. Therefore, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 150 mg/kg bw/day.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

150 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subacute

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

Overall, good-quality database which meets REACH Standard Information Requirements.

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - systemic effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - local effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - systemic effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - local effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Mode of Action Analysis / Human Relevance Framework

No data identified.

Additional information

No relevant human data were identified. However, a reliable 28-day oral gavage repeated dose toxicity study has been conducted with tetraammineplatinum(II) diacetate.

 

The repeated dose toxicity of tetraammineplatinum(II) diacetate was assessed in a 28-day oral GLP study conducted according to GLP and OECD Test Guideline 407. Wistar rats (5/sex/group) were given a daily gavage administration of tetraammineplatinum(II) diacetate at 0 (given water), 50, 150 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days. Throughout the study, animals were observed daily for mortality and other overt clinical signs of toxicity. Body weight and food and water consumption were monitored. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected from each surviving rat for the analysis of haematological parameters and clinical chemistry. This was immediately followed by sacrifice and scheduled necropsy, in which a comprehensive range of organs and tissues were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Due to poor clinical condition, all rats given 1000 mg/kg bw/day were sacrificed on day six. The haematological parameters and clinical chemistry of these animals were not examined. In this high dose group, animals showed a marked reduction in weight (up to 25%) and severely reduced food consumption relative to control animals. Post mortem examination showed significant organ weight reductions and adverse effects on the gastro-intestinal tract (an overfilled stomach, discolouration, thickening of the colon) and caecum (discolouration, thickening). Cellular effects, possibly indicative of organ toxicity, were observed in the spleen, sternal bone marrow and thymus. No toxicologically significant adverse effects were observed in rats given 50 or 150 mg/kg bw/day by gavage for 28 days. Therefore, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 150 mg/kg bw/day (van Otterdijk, 2006).

 

In an OECD Test Guideline 421 reproductive/developmental toxicity study, conducted according to GLP, rats (12/sex/group) received a solution of tetraammineplatinum(II) dinitrate by gavage at doses of 0, 50, 250 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day for at least 28 days (males were dosed for 28 days in total, while females received treatment for a longer period of time [incorporating the gestation period and proceeding up until post-partum day 3, test day 40-47]). This reproductive and developmental screening assay has some limitations compared to a standard repeated dose assay for assessing general systemic toxicity (e.g. no haematology, clinical chemistry or urinalysis; histopathology was limited to the high dose group). The only clinical sign of toxicity was a significantly reduced body weight in high-dose females at the end of the study on post-partum day 4. No adverse effects were observed in males at any dose. There was no impact on food consumption in males or females. Thus, the NOAEL for general toxicity was deemed to be 250 mg/kg bw/day (Hansen, 2015). Tetraammineplatinum dinitrate is considered to fall within the scope of the read-across category "tetraammineplatinum(II) salts". See section 13 in IUCLID for full read-across justification report.

 

The critical oral NOAEL for tetraammineplatinum(II) diacetate (150 mg/kg bw/day) equates to an NOAEL of 76.8 mg/kg bw/day for platinum (based on MWt ratio).

Justification for classification or non-classification

No adverse systemic effects were seen in reliable guideline studies withtetraammineplatinum(II) diacetate (28-day oral repeated dose study) and tetraammineplatinum(II) dinitrate (reproductive/developmental screening assay), at up to respective doses of 150 and 250 mg/kg bw/day.The adverse effects seen in the repeated dose study and (reduced growth) in the reproductive/developmental screening assay (both at 1000 mg/kg bw/day) are not sufficient for classification as STOT-RE. As such, the results of these studies indicate that classification as STOT-RE is not required, according to EU CLP criteria (EC 1272/2008).