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EC number: 206-585-0 | CAS number: 355-42-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Acute Toxicity: inhalation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 2005-2006
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Comparative Effects of Vaporized Perfluorohexane and Partial Liquid Ventilation in Oleic Acid– induced Lung Injury
- Author:
- Marcelo Gama de Abreu
Andre´ Domingues Quelhas
Peter Spieth
Thea Koch - Year:
- 2 006
- Bibliographic source:
- Anesthesiology 2006; 104:278–89
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Methods: Lung injury was induced in 30 anesthetized and
mechanically ventilated pigs by means of central venous infusion
of oleic acid. Animals were assigned to one of the following
groups: (1) control or gas ventilation (GV), (2) 2.5% perfluorohexane
vapor, (3) 5% perfluorohexane vapor, (4) 10% perfluorohexane
vapor, or (5) PLV with perfluorooctane (30 ml/kg).
Two hours after randomization, lungs were recruited and positive
end-expiratory pressure was adjusted to obtain minimal
elastance. Ventilation was continued during 4 additional hours,
when animals were killed for lung histologic examination - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Test type:
- other: Trial to assess benefits in using tetradecafluorohexane in injured lungs
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Tetradecafluorohexane
- EC Number:
- 206-585-0
- EC Name:
- Tetradecafluorohexane
- Cas Number:
- 355-42-0
- Molecular formula:
- C6F14
- IUPAC Name:
- tetradecafluorohexane
- Test material form:
- liquid
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- pig
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional
Animal Care Committee and the Government of
the State of Saxony, Germany, and conformed to the
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
15
Anesthesia
Thirty female pigs weighing 31.1 3.5 kg (range,
25–37 kg) were premedicated with ketamine (2–3
mg/kg intramuscular) and brought to the experimental
operation room, where an ear vein was punctured. After
that, the trachea was intubated with a cuffed endotracheal
tube (7.5 ID), and an esophageal catheter (Erich
Jaeger GmbH, Ho¨chberg, Germany) was placed and advanced
into the mid chest until optimization of the
position was performed (see Instrumentation and Measurement
Devices section). Thereafter, anesthesia was
deepened and maintained with midazolam (0.5- to
1-mg/kg bolus plus 1–3 mg kg1 h1 intravenous) and
ketamine (3- to 4-mg/kg bolus plus 5–10 mg kg1 h1
intravenous). Paralysis was achieved with 2 mg pancuronium
bromide administered intravenously every hour.
Volume status was maintained by means of the administration
of a crystalloid solution (E153; Serumwerk Bernburg
AG, Bernburg, Germany) at a rate of 10–15 mg
kg1 h1
, with a colloid solution (10% hydroxyethyl
starch; Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg,
Germany) being given as necessary to keep the
hemoglobin concentration in blood approximately constant
(normovolemia).
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: aerosol
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- head only
- Vehicle:
- air
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- Volume-controlled ventilation was initiated using an
anesthesia machine with a semiclosed circle system
(Cato®; Dra¨gerwerk AG, Lu¨beck, Germany). Ventilator
settings were as follows: fraction of inspired oxygen
(FIO2) of 1.0 (fresh gas flow of 4 l/min), PEEP of 5 cm
H2O, and inspiratory:expiratory ratio of 1:1.7, which
corresponds approximately to the physiologic value. We
also used tidal volumes (VT) of 9 ml/kg, which corresponds to an intermediary value between protective (6
ml/kg) and conventional ventilation (12 ml/kg). The reason
for choosing this value was that in our experience,
carbon dioxide elimination is easier to achieve while
keeping inspiratory plateau pressures lower than 35 cm
H2O. Respiratory rates were adjusted to an arterial carbon
dioxide tension (PaCO2) of 35–45 mmHg. Except for
PEEP, which was readjusted later (see Protocol for Measurements
section), all settings of the mechanical ventilator
were kept constant throughout the experiments. - Analytical verification of test atmosphere concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of exposure:
- 6 h
- Concentrations:
- 2.5%
5%
10% - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 6
- Control animals:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Vehicle
- Details on study design:
- Protocol for Measurements
Figure 1 shows the time course of events. After instrumentation,
a period of 30 min was allowed for animals to
stabilize. Baseline measurements were then obtained
and injury was performed in 30 animals, as previously
described. After injury (time 0), animals were assigned to
one of the five therapy groups after opening sealed
envelopes (n 6/group): (1) control—no therapy with
perfluorocarbon or gas ventilation (GV), (2) therapy
with 2.5% perfluorohexane, (3) therapy with 5% perfluorohexane,
(4) therapy with 10% perfluorohexane, and
(5) PLV with perfluorooctane (30 ml/kg) (see Partial
Liquid Ventilation section). Two hours thereafter, measurements were repeated (time 2), and the lungs were
recruited by means of a continuous pressure of 40 cm
H2O during 30 s. To avoid derecruitment and stabilize
the lungs thereafter, PEEP was set at 20 cm H2O while
other respiratory parameters remained unchanged. After
that, PEEP was reduced in steps of 5 cm H2O up to the
start value, with periods of 3 min being allowed at each
level (20, 15, 10, and 5 cm H2O). Measurements of total
respiratory elastance (ERS EL ECW) and PaO2 were
taken at each step. After this procedure, recruitment was
repeated in the same manner, and PEEP was set at the
level corresponding to the lowest ERS level. If ERS values
were comparable between two steps (difference 5 cm
H2O/l), the higher PaO2 level was used to set PEEP.
Measurements were repeated 4 and 6 h after injury
(times 4 and 6, respectively). Except for PEEP, mechanical
ventilator settings were the same as before lung
injury. Finally, animals were killed by means of the intravenous
injection of 2 g thiopental and 50 ml KCl, 1 M.
Administration of Vaporized Perfluorohexane
Perfluorohexane (C6F14; ABCR, Karlsruhe, Germany)
with a purity of 95% was used in this work. This compound
was chosen because of its relatively low molecular
weight (338 amu) and unique physicochemical properties
among the perfluorocarbons, particularly the
relatively high vapor pressure (273 mmHg at 30°C),
which permits its administration in vapor form.22 Accordingly,
administration of perfluorohexane vapor was
accomplished by means of two standard bypass vaporizers,
type 19 n (Dra¨gerwerk AG, Lu¨beck, Germany),
which were modified by a scaled opening of the dosage
control cone. Vaporizers were connected in series in the
inspiratory limb of the anesthesia machine and opened
to permit mixing of perfluorohexane with the fresh gas
flow. Inspiratory and expiratory concentrations of per-
fluorohexane were measured continuously by the mass
spectrometer, ensuring a controlled application - Statistics:
- Statistical Analysis
Values are given as mean SD. Paired Student t tests
were used to assess the effects of lung injury. Comparability
among groups at baseline and time 0, total amounts
of OA per group, PEEP levels after lung recruitment, and
histologic findings were tested with one-way analysis of
variance. Repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance
was used to determine the effects of therapies on
time course of variables (time, group, and time * group
effects). When significance was achieved, it was followed
by post hoc analysis (Student-Newman-Keuls test).
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, version
11.5 (SPSS, Chicago, IL), and significance was accepted
at P 0.05.
Results and discussion
Effect levels
- Key result
- Sex:
- female
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- >= 100 000 ppm
- Based on:
- test mat. (total fraction)
- Exp. duration:
- 6 h
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects
- Mortality:
- No lethal event occured
- Clinical signs:
- other: No alteration
- Body weight:
- Not adressed
- Gross pathology:
- No alteration
- Other findings:
- Improved function of previously injured lung.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- No toxicity reported after 6h exposure to tetradecafluorohexane by inhalation.
- Executive summary:
This study aimed to assess wether administration of perfluorocarbons as liquid during acute lung injury is beneficial.
Although this study was not designed to assess toxicity, as no toxic effect was reported in any treatment group, whereas animals where closely monitored, the conclusion can reasonably be derived from this study that 6h acute exposure to 10% tetradecafluorohexane by inhalation has no toxic potential in pigs.
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