Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
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EC number: 949-141-8 | CAS number: -
Repeated dose toxicity: oral
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 25 January 2019 – 21 June 2019
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Reference
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 16 November 2018 – 05 December 2018
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 407 (Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (The study period was only 14 days as it was conducted as a dose range finding study for a subsequent more extensive toxicity study)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: In-house bred animals.
- Females (if applicable) nulliparous and non-pregnant: yes
- Weight at study initiation: 258.22-263.41 g (range of average values of each group of males); 239.22-242.03 g (range of average values of each group of females)
- Housing: Maximum of 3 animals were housed in a standard polypropylene cage (size: L 430 x B 285 x H 150 mm) with a stainless-steel mesh top grill having facilities for holding pelleted food and drinking water in a water bottle fitted with a stainless steel sipper tube. Clean sterilized paddy husk was provided as bedding material.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Altromin maintenance diet for rats and mice (manufactured by Altromin Spezialfutter GmbH & Co. KG) was provided ad libitum to the animals throughout the experimental period.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Water was provided ad libitum throughout the acclimatization and experimental period. Deep bore-well water passed through a Reverse Osmosis Unit was provided in plastic water bottles with stainless-steel sipper tubes.
- Acclimation period: at least 5 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19.2-23.5ºC
- Humidity (%): 42-68 %
- Air changes (per hr): 12-15
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark / 12 hrs light - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
Required quantity of test item was weighed as per the dose. The weighed test item was mixed well using glass rod by adding a small quantity of vehicle and then transferred to a measuring cylinder. Again, a small quantity of vehicle was added and transferred to the measuring cylinder. The procedure was repeated until the complete transfer of the test item into the measuring cylinder. The final volume was made up with vehicle to get the desired concentration as per the dose requirement.
The freshly prepared test item formulation was used for administration.
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): The test item is not miscible with distilled water and clearly miscible with corn oil at the concentration of 100 mg/mL as per the in-house miscibility test. Hence, corn oil was selected as vehicle for test item formulation preparations. Corn oil is universally accepted and routinely used vehicle in oral toxicity studies.
- Concentration in vehicle: 10, 30 and 100 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 10 mL/kg bw
- Lot/batch no. (if required): A1712001 - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- no
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- The stability and homogeneity of the test item in dose formulations was not established under this dose range finding study. However, freshly prepared test item formulations were administered to the animals.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 14 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once a day
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 3
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale:
Doses were decided based on the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (7510P), Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Pine oil (case 3113), where the LOAEL for Pine oil 80% was established in 600mg/kg/day and NOAEL was 50 mg/kg/day. - Positive control:
- None
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: once daily for clinical signs of toxicity and twice daily for mortality and morbidity.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: prior to the treatment on day 1 and weekly thereafter during treatment for all the animals. Signs noted were included, but not be limited to, changes in skin, fur, eyes and mucous membranes, occurrence of secretions and excretions and autonomic activity such as lacrimation, piloerection, pupil size, and unusual respiratory pattern.
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Individual animal body weight was recorded on the day of randomization, on day of treatment (Day 1) prior to treatment and weekly thereafter.
FOOD CONSUMPTION: yes
-feed consumption was measured at weekly intervals. Average feed intake per rat (g/rat/day) was calculated using the amount of feed given and left over in each cage and the number of rats surviving in each cage.
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: once during acclimatization (Pre-treatment) and at week 2 of treatment.
- Dose groups that were examined: all animals
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: On the day of necropsy (day 15)
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (isoflurane)
- Animals fasted: Yes (water provided ad libitum)
- How many animals: all surviving animals
- Parameters checked: Haemoglobin concentration (HGB), Haematocrit (HCT), Erythrocyte count (RBC), Total leukocyte count (WBC), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Platelet count (PLT), Mean platelet volume (MPV), Reticulocyte count (Retic), Absolute reticulocyte count, Differential leucocytes count (DLC), Absolute differential leucocytes count (DLC). Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) were estimated by coagulation analyzer.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: on the day of necropsy (day 15)
- Animals fasted: Yes (water provided ad libitum)
- How many animals: all surviving animals
- Parameters checked: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Cholinesterase, Total Protein, Albumin, Total bilirubin, Glucose, Total Cholesterol, Creatinine, Urea, Triglycerides, Phosphorous, Calcium, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Globulin, Albumin/Globulin ratio. Sodium (mmol/L), Potassium (mmol/L) and Chloride (mmol/L) were estimated using Prolyte Na/K/Cl analyzer (Diamond Diagnostics).
URINALYSIS: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of urine: on the day of necropsy (day 15)
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: Yes
- Animals fasted: Yes
- Parameters checked: Blood, Bilirubin, Urobilinogen, Ketones, Protein, Glucose, Leucocytes. In addition pH, nitrite and specific gravity were also analyzed. After analysis of the above parameters, the urine was subjected for centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 3 minutes. Then the urine was subjected for microscopic examination for urine sediments. - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
All the surviving animals and animals found dead were subjected to necropsy and detailed gross pathological examination of external surfaces, external orifices, abdominal, thoracic and cranial cavities, as well as organs and tissues of each animal with special emphasis on reproductive organs.
The following organs from all animals at the scheduled sacrifices were weighed wet as soon as possible to avoid drying: Kidneys, Adrenals, Spleen, Heart, Liver, Thymus, Brain, Lungs Testes/Ovaries, Epididymides/Uterus, Prostate along with seminal vesicles with coagulating gland. Relative organ weights were calculated against fasting body weight.
-HISTOPATHOLOGY: No - Statistics:
- After verification, the data was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software, version 22. Body weight, percent change in body weight with respect to day 1, hematological, clinical chemistry estimations, urinalysis parameters (whichever applicable), absolute and relative organ weights were subjected to statistical analysis. One way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post test was done for different treatment groups comparing with the control group data. All analysis and comparisons were evaluated at the 95% level of confidence (P<0.05).
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no clinical signs of toxicity at vehicle control group and low dose group.
The mid dose group males did not reveal any clinical signs of toxicity till treatment day 3. However, one male was found with slight wet perineum on day 4, with slight wet perineum, slight nasal discharge and slight piloerection on day 5 and found recovered on day 6. The same male revealed slight nasal discharge from day 11 to 13 and slight wet perineum on day 13 which was found to be normal on day 14. Two males from mid dose group revealed slight nasal discharge from day 11 to 13 and found recovered on day 14. All the mid dose group females did not reveal any clinical signs of toxicity during the experimental period, except one female was found with slight wet perineum on day 4, recovered on day 5.
The high dose group males did not reveal any clinical signs of toxicity till day 3, one male found with slight salivation on day 5, found recovered on day 7, another male was found with slight wet perineum on days 4 and 5, found recovered on day 6. All the three males were found with slight nasal discharge from day 10 to 14 along with lethargy on day 14. All the high dose group females did not reveal any clinical signs of toxicity till day 2, all the three females were found with slight wet perineum from day 3 to 5 and recovered on day 6. Two females from this dose level revealed slight chromodacryorrhea and slight wet perineum during day 10 to 14. One female found with slight to moderate wet perineum, moderate piloerection and slight nasal discharge on days 10 and 11, found dead on day 12.
The detailed clinical examination of all the low and mid dose group animals of either sex did not reveal any treatment related changes during week 1 and 2. The detailed clinical examination of all the high dose group animals of either sex did not reveal any treatment related changes during week 1. However, all the three males and two survived females were found with rough hair coat, slight nasal discharge with reduced activities on day 15 (week 2). - Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- No mortality observed at vehicle control, low dose and mid dose groups. In the high dose group one female was found dead on day 12.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no statistically significant changes in mean body weight and percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex. However, reduction in mean body weight and percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 at mid and high dose group males and reduction in mean body weight and percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 at high dose group females were noted when compared with concurrent control group animals. These changes are considered as treatment related due to occurences of clinical signs of toxicity at both the mid and high dose groups animals, reduction in feed consumption and occurrence of motality at high dose group.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no statistically significant changes in mean feed consumption at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex. However, a slight reduction in mean feed consumption during week 1 at high dose group males, during week 2 at mid and high dose group males; a slight reduction during week 1 and 2 at high dose group females was noted when compared with concurrent control group animals. These changes are considered as treatment related due to occurences of clinical signs of toxicity at both the mid and high dose groups animals, reduction in mean body weight and occurrence of motality at high dose group.
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no ocular changes observed during the opthalmoscopic examination carried out during week 2 (Day 14) for all control and treated dose group animals of either sex.
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes observed in haematology at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex. However, a statistical significant increase in mean platelet volume at all the tested dose group males was noted when compared with vehicle control group males. This observed change is considered as incidental and not treatment related because of the lack of dose dependency and/or due to random biological variation.
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes observed in clinical chemistry at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex. However, in males, a statistical significant decrease in total bilirubin (low and mid dose groups), decrease in glucose (high dose group), decrease in creatinine and calcium levels (low dose group) and increase in phosphorous (high dose group) were noted when compared with control group animals. These observed changes are considered as incidental and not treatment related due to lack of dose dependency and/or due to random biological variation and also no significant changes noted in clinical chemistry parameters at any of the tested dose group females.
- Urinalysis findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes observed in the urinalysis parameters at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex.
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes observed in the absolute and relative organ weights at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex. However, statistical significant increase in absolute and relative adrenals weight at low and mid dose group males, increase in absolute and relative liver weight at high dose group males, increase in relative liver weight at high dose group females, decrease in absolute lungs weight at high dose group females and increase in relative kidneys weight at high dose group males were noted when compared with concurrent control group animals.
These observed changes are considered as incidental and not treatment related due to lack of dose dependency and no gross pathological changes noted in these organs during necropsy. - Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment gross pathological changes observed at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex during gross pathological examination. However, external gross pathological finding like, wet perineum was observed in one male at high dose group and one female which was found dead on day 12.
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEL
- Effect level:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- clinical signs
- food consumption and compound intake
- Remarks on result:
- other: Effects observed at the dose tested of 300 mg/kg bw/day.
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- clinical signs
- food consumption and compound intake
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Based on the findings of this study, the NOEL of the test substance after an oral exposure of 14 days was determined to be 100 mg/kg bw/day in male and female rats.
- Executive summary:
A dose range finding study was performed for the test substance pine oil 50% in accordance with OECD guideline 407 in order to evaluate its toxic potential after repeated exposure and select the appropriate doses for a subsequent toxicity study. The test item was diluted in corn oil (vehicle) and added to Sprague-Dawley rats (3 per sex per dose) at doses of 0 (vehicle only), 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for a period of 14 days. The vehicle and test item formulations were administered orally (gavage) at a dose volume of 10 mL/kg body weight. Freshly prepared test item formulations were administered to the animals as soon as possible after preparation.
All the dose group animals were observed for clinical signs of toxicity once daily, mortality and morbidity twice daily, detailed clinical examination, body weight and feed consumption weekly. Ophthalmological examination was carried out during week 2 (day 14) for all the survived animals from all the dose groups of either sex. Clinical pathology (haematology, clinical chemistry analysis and urinalysis) and gross pathological examination was carried out for all survived animals on the day of necropsy.
The low dose group did not reveal any clinical signs of toxicity and no mortality or morbidity was observed throughout the experimental period. The mid dose and high dose groups revealed treatment related clinical signs of toxicity like wet perineum, nasal discharge and lethargy and one female from high dose group was found dead on day 12 of treatment period. The detailed clinical examination carried out on during week 2 revealed treatment related changes like rough hair coat, nasal discharge and reduced activities in high dose group animals.
There were no treatment related changes noted in body weight, percent change in body weight, feed consumption, ophthalmoscopic examination, clinical pathology and gross pathological examination at low dose group animals of either sex. The mid and high dose group animals revealed treatment related reduction in body weight, percent change in body weight and feed consumption. There were no treatment related changes noted in ophthalmoscopic examination, clinical pathology and gross pathological examination at mid and high dose group animals. Some statistically significant effects were found on haematology, clinical chemistry parameters and absolute and relative organ weights in the low, mid or high dose groups, although they were considered as incidental and not treatment related because of the lack of dose dependency, due to random biological variation and/or no gross pathological changes noted in the affected organs during necropsy.
Based on these results, it can be concluded that the No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) is 100 mg/kg bw/day and Low Observed Effect Level (LOEL) is 300 mg/kg bw/day, as the dose of 100 mg/kg bw/day did not reveal any treatment related effects in either sex, the dose of 300 mg/kg bw/day revealed treatment related clinical signs of toxicity and reduction in body weight and feed consumption and the dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day revealed treatment related clinical signs of toxicity, mortality, reduction in body weight and feed consumption.
Table 1.1. Summary of clinical signs of toxicity, detailed clinical examination and mortality record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
No. of Animals |
Clinical Signs of Toxicity |
Mortality (No. of incidence/ No. of Animals) |
G1, M & 0 |
3 |
N (3) |
0/3 |
G2, M & 100 |
3 |
N (3) |
0/3 |
G3, M & 300 |
3 |
73+(3), 110+(1), 117+(1) |
0/3 |
G4, M & 1000 |
3 |
73+(3), 110+(1), 25 (1), 1 (1) |
0/3 |
N: Normal; M: Male
1: Lethargy; 117: Piloerection; 110: Slight wet perineum; 73: Slight nasal discharge; 25: Aggression; +: Slight
Table 1.2. Summary of clinical signs of toxicity, detailed clinical examination and mortality record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
No. of Animals |
Clinical Signs of Toxicity/Detailed Clinical Examination |
Mortality (No. of incidence/ No. of animals) |
G1, F & 0 |
3 |
N (3) |
0/3 |
G2, F & 100 |
3 |
N (3) |
0/3 |
G3, F & 300 |
3 |
N (2), 110+(1) |
0/3 |
G4, F & 1000 |
3 |
73+(2), 110+(3), 82+(2) |
1/3 |
N: Normal; F: Female
110: Slight wet perineum; 73: Slight nasal discharge; 82: chromodacryorrhea; +: Slight
Table 2.1. Summary of body weight (g) record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Body Weight (g) on Days |
||
1 |
7 |
14 |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
258.22 |
291.74 |
319.06 |
±SD |
25.75 |
21.45 |
14.54 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
263.15 |
291.93 |
322.87 |
±SD |
19.42 |
8.07 |
15.17 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
262.48 |
277.67 |
299.21 |
±SD |
13.91 |
17.65 |
19.73 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
263.41 |
274.88 |
295.79 |
±SD |
14.46 |
14.36 |
15.47 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
Table 2.2. Summary of body weight (g) record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Body Weight (g) on Days |
||
1 |
7 |
14 |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
240.31 |
250.00 |
258.68 |
±SD |
12.54 |
18.60 |
15.78 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
239.22 |
249.31 |
262.99 |
±SD |
18.91 |
23.59 |
22.23 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
241.06 |
251.51 |
259.58 |
±SD |
5.62 |
3.95 |
12.87 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
242.03 |
236.03 |
230.60 |
±SD |
8.39 |
22.43 |
32.54 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
2# |
|
#: One female found dead on Day 12
Table 3.1. Summary of percent change in body weight (%) with respect to day 1. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
Percent Change in Body Weight (%) during Days |
||
1 to 8 |
1 to 15 |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
13.19 |
24.13 |
±SD |
3.28 |
9.54 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
11.18 |
22.92 |
±SD |
4.99 |
5.94 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
5.75 |
13.94 |
±SD |
1.40 |
1.61 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
4.44 |
12.30 |
±SD |
4.83 |
0.55 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
Table 3.2. Summary of percent change in body weight (%) with respect to day 1. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
Percent Change in Body Weight (%) during Days |
||
1 to 8 |
1 to 15 |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
3.95 |
7.61 |
±SD |
2.44 |
1.42 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
4.16 |
9.95 |
±SD |
3.68 |
4.21 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
4.35 |
7.66 |
±SD |
1.35 |
4.02 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
-2.48 |
-6.61 |
±SD |
8.45 |
12.09 |
|
n |
3 |
2# |
|
#: One female found dead on Day 12
Table 4.1. Summary of average feed consumption (g/animal/day) record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Feed Consumption (g/animal/day) |
|
Week 1 |
Week 2 |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
19.5 |
21.4 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
18.8 |
21.6 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
18.6 |
20.8 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
17.1 |
20.3 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
Table 4.2. Summary of average feed consumption (g/animal/day) record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Feed Consumption (g/rat/day) |
|
Week 1 Feed Consumption |
Week 2 Feed Consumption |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
13.3 |
18.1 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
11.4 |
17.5 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
11.3 |
17.2 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
10.8 |
15.9 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
Table 5.1. Summary of haematology record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Total Leucocyte Count |
Total Erythrocyte Count |
Hemoglobin |
Haematocrit |
Mean Corpuscular Volume |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration |
Platelet Count |
(WBC) |
(RBC) |
(HGB) |
(HCT) |
(MCV) |
(MCH) |
(MCHC) |
(PLT) |
||
(103cells/µL) |
(106cells/µL) |
(g/dL) |
(%) |
(fL) |
(pg) |
(g/dL) |
(103cells/µL) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
11.92 |
7.31 |
13.53 |
41.90 |
57.30 |
18.53 |
32.37 |
784.00 |
±SD |
5.61 |
0.23 |
0.50 |
1.41 |
0.53 |
0.12 |
0.31 |
127.43 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
9.08 |
7.37 |
13.87 |
43.33 |
58.77 |
18.83 |
31.97 |
880.33 |
±SD |
1.38 |
0.55 |
1.12 |
3.19 |
0.68 |
0.25 |
0.15 |
90.52 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
10.38 |
7.61 |
14.17 |
43.30 |
56.93 |
18.60 |
32.67 |
930.33 |
±SD |
1.06 |
0.47 |
1.14 |
2.72 |
0.47 |
0.36 |
0.67 |
46.46 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
11.81 |
7.51 |
13.73 |
43.13 |
57.57 |
18.30 |
31.83 |
891.67 |
±SD |
0.90 |
0.59 |
0.72 |
1.70 |
2.48 |
0.70 |
0.57 |
135.74 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Mean Platelet Volume |
Reticulocyte Count |
Neutrophils |
Lymphocytes |
Monocytes |
Eosinophils |
Basophils |
(MPV) |
(Retic) |
Neut |
Lymph |
Mono |
Eos |
Baso |
||
(fL) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
6.40 |
2.23 |
22.80 |
73.03 |
2.63 |
0.40 |
0.20 |
±SD |
0.17 |
0.45 |
3.16 |
1.68 |
1.29 |
0.17 |
0.10 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
6.00* |
2.25 |
29.43 |
65.33 |
2.83 |
0.97 |
0.17 |
±SD |
0.17 |
0.82 |
1.35 |
2.30 |
0.97 |
0.40 |
0.06 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
5.93* |
2.35 |
23.90 |
70.60 |
3.80 |
0.43 |
0.27 |
±SD |
0.06 |
0.65 |
0.78 |
1.23 |
1.05 |
0.25 |
0.12 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
6.03* |
2.82 |
20.90 |
74.13 |
2.73 |
0.73 |
0.27 |
±SD |
0.12 |
1.02 |
6.28 |
7.40 |
0.64 |
0.31 |
0.06 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
*: Statistically significant (P<0.05)
Group, Sex & Dose weight/day) |
|
Absolute Reticulocyte Count |
Absolute Neutrophils |
Absolute Lymphocytes |
Absolute Monocytes |
Absolute Eosinophils |
Absolute Basophils |
Prothrombin Time |
Activated Prothrombin Time |
(Retic) |
Neut |
Lymph |
Mono |
Eos |
Baso |
PT |
APTT |
||
(109cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(Seconds) |
(Seconds) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
162.50 |
2.62 |
8.74 |
0.36 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
25.27 |
28.33 |
±SD |
29.88 |
0.90 |
4.27 |
0.34 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
1.29 |
9.05 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
163.17 |
2.66 |
5.94 |
0.25 |
0.09 |
0.02 |
25.20 |
25.53 |
±SD |
47.98 |
0.35 |
1.05 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
6.71 |
7.71 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
177.23 |
2.48 |
7.34 |
0.39 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
24.33 |
21.13 |
±SD |
38.93 |
0.18 |
0.86 |
0.10 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
6.97 |
2.05 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
208.23 |
2.45 |
8.78 |
0.32 |
0.08 |
0.03 |
33.07 |
27.70 |
±SD |
65.06 |
0.68 |
1.42 |
0.06 |
0.03 |
0.00 |
20.56 |
11.00 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
Table 5.2. Summary of haematology record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Total Leucocyte Count |
Total Erythrocyte Count |
Hemoglobin |
Haematocrit |
Mean Corpuscular Volume |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration |
Platelet Count |
(WBC) |
(RBC) |
(HGB) |
(HCT) |
(MCV) |
(MCH) |
(MCHC) |
(PLT) |
||
(103cells/µL) |
(106cells/µL) |
(g/dL) |
(%) |
(fL) |
(pg) |
(g/dL) |
(103cells/µL) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
9.95 |
7.30 |
13.40 |
40.87 |
56.00 |
18.33 |
32.70 |
936.33 |
±SD |
2.17 |
0.04 |
0.53 |
0.84 |
1.39 |
0.83 |
0.70 |
44.74 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
10.02 |
7.22 |
13.37 |
40.73 |
56.57 |
18.53 |
32.80 |
1044.33 |
±SD |
1.48 |
0.35 |
0.23 |
0.23 |
2.50 |
1.15 |
0.70 |
118.29 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
13.14 |
7.31 |
13.53 |
41.43 |
56.73 |
18.53 |
32.60 |
918.00 |
±SD |
1.44 |
0.19 |
0.15 |
0.25 |
1.12 |
0.32 |
0.00 |
74.75 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
14.22 |
7.53 |
13.75 |
41.70 |
55.40 |
18.25 |
33.00 |
1122.00 |
±SD |
0.83 |
0.27 |
0.64 |
0.14 |
1.84 |
0.21 |
1.56 |
25.46 |
|
n# |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
#: One female was found dead on Day 12.
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Mean Platelet Volume |
Reticulocyte Count |
Neutrophils |
Lymphocytes |
Monocytes |
Eosinophils |
Basophils |
(MPV) |
(Retic) |
Neut |
Lymph |
Mono |
Eos |
Baso |
||
(fL) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
6.07 |
2.15 |
16.90 |
78.97 |
1.97 |
0.83 |
0.23 |
±SD |
0.12 |
0.73 |
3.70 |
3.92 |
0.29 |
0.25 |
0.12 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
6.10 |
2.15 |
17.13 |
78.77 |
1.87 |
0.93 |
0.27 |
±SD |
0.10 |
0.31 |
4.42 |
5.80 |
1.24 |
0.38 |
0.06 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
6.17 |
1.97 |
15.77 |
80.30 |
1.57 |
0.83 |
0.33 |
±SD |
0.21 |
0.61 |
4.25 |
5.19 |
0.42 |
0.60 |
0.15 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
5.85 |
1.30 |
20.70 |
68.70 |
6.65 |
1.25 |
0.40 |
±SD |
0.07 |
0.55 |
11.17 |
4.38 |
5.87 |
0.07 |
0.00 |
|
n# |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
#: One female was found dead on Day 12.
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Absolute Reticulocyte Count |
Absolute Neutrophils |
Absolute Lymphocytes |
Absolute Monocytes |
Absolute Eosinophils |
Absolute Basophils |
Prothrombin Time |
Activated Prothrombin Time |
(Retic) |
Neut |
Lymph |
Mono |
Eos |
Baso |
PT |
APTT |
||
(109cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(Seconds) |
(Seconds) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
157.17 |
1.74 |
7.81 |
0.20 |
0.09 |
0.03 |
31.10 |
13.80 |
±SD |
53.90 |
0.71 |
1.41 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
14.30 |
2.96 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
155.70 |
1.68 |
7.95 |
0.18 |
0.09 |
0.02 |
19.07 |
20.07 |
±SD |
25.95 |
0.25 |
1.69 |
0.08 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
6.80 |
3.76 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
143.10 |
2.10 |
10.51 |
0.20 |
0.11 |
0.04 |
14.50 |
22.80 |
±SD |
40.56 |
0.76 |
0.75 |
0.06 |
0.07 |
0.03 |
4.20 |
5.60 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
98.65 |
2.99 |
9.75 |
0.92 |
0.18 |
0.05 |
22.10 |
15.60 |
±SD |
45.33 |
1.77 |
0.06 |
0.78 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
4.67 |
0.71 |
|
n# |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
#: One female was found dead on Day 12.
Table 6.1. Summary of clinical chemistry record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Glucose |
Creatinine |
Total Cholesterol |
Triglycerides |
Total Protein |
Albumin |
Alanine aminotransferase |
Aspartate aminotransferase |
(GLU) |
(CRE) |
(CHO) |
(TRI) |
(TPR) |
(ALB) |
(ALT) |
(AST) |
||
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
g/dL |
g/dL |
U/L |
U/L |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
126.00 |
0.48 |
49.00 |
39.67 |
6.10 |
2.83 |
41.67 |
79.67 |
±SD |
10.58 |
0.01 |
4.36 |
14.05 |
0.00 |
0.05 |
7.51 |
11.50 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
110.67 |
0.42* |
44.00 |
33.67 |
6.13 |
2.87 |
34.33 |
68.33 |
±SD |
18.72 |
0.01 |
3.00 |
6.43 |
0.06 |
0.10 |
2.52 |
3.21 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
115.33 |
0.48 |
43.00 |
42.33 |
6.23 |
2.86 |
40.00 |
75.00 |
±SD |
5.03 |
0.03 |
12.12 |
13.80 |
0.15 |
0.03 |
5.57 |
7.00 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
94.67* |
0.47 |
39.00 |
32.00 |
6.27 |
2.92 |
52.67 |
99.00 |
±SD |
6.11 |
0.02 |
1.73 |
11.79 |
0.31 |
0.18 |
12.66 |
8.89 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
*: Statistically significant (p<0.05)
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Alkaline phosphatase |
Total Bilirubin |
Calcium |
Phosphorous |
Globulin |
Albumin/Globulin ratio |
Blood Urea Nitrogen |
Sodium |
Potassium |
Chloride |
(ALP) |
(BIT) |
(CAL) |
(PHO) |
(GLO) |
(A/G Ratio) |
(BUN) |
(Na) |
(K) |
(CLO) |
||
U/L |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mmol/L |
mmol/L |
mmol/L |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
166.33 |
0.05 |
8.73 |
5.30 |
3.27 |
0.87 |
10.76 |
150.40 |
3.45 |
105.97 |
±SD |
34.08 |
0.01 |
0.06 |
0.36 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
0.82 |
1.41 |
0.20 |
0.86 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
206.33 |
0.03* |
9.27* |
5.87 |
3.26 |
0.88 |
9.75 |
150.83 |
3.75 |
105.00 |
±SD |
42.25 |
0.01 |
0.21 |
0.25 |
0.16 |
0.07 |
2.15 |
3.24 |
0.03 |
0.60 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
174.33 |
0.02* |
9.10 |
5.30 |
3.38 |
0.85 |
10.27 |
149.03 |
3.78 |
104.70 |
±SD |
4.62 |
0.00 |
0.20 |
0.40 |
0.12 |
0.03 |
0.75 |
0.15 |
0.19 |
0.82 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
136.67 |
0.04 |
8.97 |
6.30* |
3.35 |
0.87 |
10.97 |
148.80 |
3.62 |
107.00 |
±SD |
7.64 |
0.01 |
0.23 |
0.30 |
0.18 |
0.06 |
1.20 |
0.70 |
0.09 |
0.10 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
*: Statistically significant (p<0.05)
Table 6.2. Summary of clinical chemistry record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Glucose |
Creatinine |
Total Cholesterol |
Triglycerides |
Total Protein |
Albumin |
Alanine aminotransferase |
Aspartate aminotransferase |
(GLU) |
(CRE) |
(CHO) |
(TRI) |
(TPR) |
(ALB) |
(ALT) |
(AST) |
||
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
g/dL |
g/dL |
U/L |
U/L |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
119.33 |
0.51 |
45.33 |
31.67 |
6.50 |
3.06 |
34.33 |
73.00 |
±SD |
18.01 |
0.04 |
5.13 |
4.16 |
0.26 |
0.09 |
9.50 |
3.46 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
107.00 |
0.48 |
54.67 |
26.67 |
6.47 |
3.14 |
29.00 |
70.00 |
±SD |
11.53 |
0.04 |
10.21 |
8.14 |
0.06 |
0.08 |
3.61 |
9.17 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
126.00 |
0.49 |
60.67 |
26.33 |
6.30 |
2.99 |
41.67 |
78.33 |
±SD |
1.73 |
0.04 |
7.02 |
3.79 |
0.44 |
0.19 |
13.28 |
13.28 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
102.50 |
0.58 |
56.50 |
25.50 |
6.15 |
3.08 |
51.50 |
77.50 |
±SD |
19.09 |
0.09 |
10.61 |
6.36 |
0.49 |
0.28 |
16.26 |
7.78 |
|
n# |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
#: One female was found dead on Day 12.
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Alkaline phosphatase |
Total Bilirubin |
Calcium |
Phosphorous |
Globulin |
Albumin/ Globulin ratio |
Blood Urea Nitrogen |
Sodium |
Potassium |
Chloride |
(ALP) |
(BIT) |
(CAL) |
(PHO) |
(GLO) |
(A/G Ratio) |
(BUN) |
(Na) |
(K) |
(CLO) |
||
U/L |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mmol/L |
mmol/L |
mmol/L |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
109.67 |
0.04 |
9.07 |
4.60 |
3.44 |
0.89 |
8.96 |
146.43 |
3.52 |
106.20 |
±SD |
39.72 |
0.01 |
0.06 |
0.72 |
0.24 |
0.07 |
0.37 |
0.72 |
0.17 |
0.80 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
98.00 |
0.02 |
9.13 |
4.37 |
3.33 |
0.95 |
8.23 |
146.23 |
3.59 |
106.57 |
±SD |
14.93 |
0.01 |
0.21 |
0.76 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.96 |
0.50 |
0.10 |
1.72 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
110.00 |
0.02 |
9.03 |
4.73 |
3.31 |
0.90 |
11.73 |
146.17 |
3.69 |
106.27 |
±SD |
53.36 |
0.00 |
0.55 |
0.29 |
0.24 |
0.01 |
2.57 |
1.07 |
0.56 |
0.95 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
97.00 |
0.05 |
8.70 |
4.60 |
3.08 |
1.00 |
13.56 |
145.40 |
3.11 |
106.75 |
±SD |
7.07 |
0.01 |
0.71 |
0.14 |
0.22 |
0.01 |
6.30 |
2.55 |
0.45 |
2.90 |
|
n# |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
#: One female was found dead on Day 12.
Table 7.1. Summary of absolute organ weights (g) record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Epididymes |
Testes |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
PSC |
Lungs |
|
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
0.0533 |
0.3939 |
0.6615 |
1.1405 |
3.4398 |
1.2664 |
2.6892 |
2.1170 |
10.8868 |
2.4154 |
2.5611 |
±SD |
0.0033 |
0.0749 |
0.0502 |
0.0571 |
0.2415 |
0.1716 |
0.2351 |
0.1906 |
1.0098 |
0.3625 |
0.4313 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
0.0696* |
0.5771 |
0.6654 |
1.2033 |
3.3983 |
1.3397 |
3.1196 |
2.0742 |
11.5421 |
2.6900 |
2.8954 |
±SD |
0.0031 |
0.0522 |
0.1348 |
0.1277 |
0.2410 |
0.1489 |
0.2602 |
0.1081 |
1.4462 |
0.3132 |
0.5263 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
0.0659 |
0.5643 |
0.6782 |
1.1154 |
3.4666 |
1.1658 |
2.8486 |
2.1140 |
11.0042 |
2.4310 |
2.4830 |
±SD |
0.0038 |
0.0492 |
0.0340 |
0.0651 |
0.1936 |
0.0883 |
0.5473 |
0.1356 |
0.9703 |
0.1533 |
0.3730 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
0.0639 |
0.4349 |
0.6730 |
1.1609 |
3.3178 |
1.1664 |
3.3758 |
2.2839 |
14.7867* |
2.9496 |
2.6389 |
±SD |
0.0099 |
0.1499 |
0.0652 |
0.0919 |
0.2031 |
0.0807 |
0.1692 |
0.1420 |
1.2961 |
0.4687 |
0.3236 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
PSC: Prostate+Seminal vesicles with coagulating glands
*: Statistically significant (P<0.05)
Table 7.2. Summary of absolute organ weights (g) record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Uterus |
Ovaries |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
Lungs |
|
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
0.0955 |
0.6085 |
0.6788 |
0.5831 |
0.2129 |
1.0115 |
2.6268 |
2.4659 |
9.4801 |
2.6740 |
±SD |
0.0127 |
0.1084 |
0.0535 |
0.0888 |
0.0232 |
0.0626 |
0.3510 |
0.0625 |
0.9003 |
0.1106 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
0.1144 |
0.5597 |
0.7401 |
0.7950 |
0.2709 |
1.0814 |
2.5443 |
2.4417 |
10.9313 |
2.2571 |
±SD |
0.0060 |
0.1446 |
0.0827 |
0.0542 |
0.0537 |
0.1494 |
0.3340 |
0.0392 |
1.7597 |
0.2692 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
0.0950 |
0.6081 |
0.7264 |
0.6463 |
0.2147 |
1.0944 |
2.3206 |
2.3258 |
11.2076 |
2.2677 |
±SD |
0.0187 |
0.0933 |
0.1095 |
0.2188 |
0.0534 |
0.1176 |
0.0929 |
0.0931 |
1.0288 |
0.1572 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
0.1051 |
0.4002 |
0.5380 |
0.4603 |
0.2182 |
0.9071 |
2.7250 |
2.3067 |
11.3479 |
2.0137* |
±SD |
0.0072 |
0.1550 |
0.1348 |
0.0103 |
0.0501 |
0.1858 |
0.3120 |
0.1549 |
2.8030 |
0.0391 |
|
n# |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
#: One female was found dead on Day 12.
*: Statistically significant (P<0.05)
Table 8.1. Summary of fasting body weight (g) and organ weight relative to fasting body weight (%) record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
Fasting Body Weight (g) |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Epididymes |
Testes |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
PSC |
Lungs |
|
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
292.59 |
0.0183 |
0.1341 |
0.2259 |
0.3899 |
0.9181 |
0.4320 |
0.9183 |
0.7231 |
3.7174 |
0.8286 |
0.8720 |
±SD |
15.73 |
0.0017 |
0.0194 |
0.0066 |
0.0095 |
0.4490 |
0.0420 |
0.0419 |
0.0413 |
0.1948 |
0.1445 |
0.0995 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
292.55 |
0.0239* |
0.1975 |
0.2265 |
0.4105 |
0.9116 |
0.4572 |
1.0651 |
0.7110 |
3.9360 |
0.9187 |
0.9880 |
±SD |
14.23 |
0.0022 |
0.0185 |
0.0374 |
0.0245 |
0.4278 |
0.0331 |
0.0384 |
0.0663 |
0.3243 |
0.0838 |
0.1557 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
279.24 |
0.0236* |
0.2018 |
0.2431 |
0.4004 |
1.2423 |
0.4175 |
1.0152 |
0.7570 |
3.9362 |
0.8730 |
0.8952 |
±SD |
15.41 |
0.0008 |
0.0068 |
0.0122 |
0.0345 |
0.0563 |
0.0224 |
0.1488 |
0.0244 |
0.1369 |
0.0817 |
0.1822 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
273.49 |
0.0233 |
0.1584 |
0.2457 |
0.4259 |
1.2161 |
0.4262 |
1.2369* |
0.8370 |
5.4008* |
1.0791 |
0.9661 |
±SD |
11.22 |
0.0034 |
0.0508 |
0.0138 |
0.0506 |
0.1188 |
0.0141 |
0.1044 |
0.0813 |
0.2732 |
0.1731 |
0.1258 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
PSC: Prostate+Seminal vesicles with coagulating glands
*: Statistically significant (P<0.05)
Table 8.2. Summary of fasting body weight (g) and organ weight relative to fasting body weight (%) record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
Fasting Body Weight (g) |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Uterus |
Ovaries |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
Lungs |
|
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
242.57 |
0.0393 |
0.2505 |
0.2803 |
0.2432 |
0.1312 |
0.4188 |
1.0796 |
1.0200 |
3.9043 |
1.1072 |
±SD |
18.41 |
0.0024 |
0.0351 |
0.0189 |
0.0571 |
0.0629 |
0.0428 |
0.0667 |
0.0707 |
0.0782 |
0.1041 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
249.96 |
0.0461 |
0.2218 |
0.2960 |
0.3205 |
0.1707 |
0.4312 |
1.0156 |
0.9813 |
4.3557 |
0.9013 |
±SD |
19.15 |
0.0061 |
0.0428 |
0.0226 |
0.0482 |
0.1024 |
0.0278 |
0.0686 |
0.0877 |
0.4035 |
0.0501 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
243.63 |
0.0389 |
0.2507 |
0.3004 |
0.2641 |
0.0892 |
0.4502 |
0.9566 |
0.9594 |
4.6072 |
0.9363 |
±SD |
17.03 |
0.0065 |
0.0457 |
0.0617 |
0.0815 |
0.0276 |
0.0533 |
0.0940 |
0.1031 |
0.4230 |
0.1246 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
220.90 |
0.0480 |
0.1778 |
0.2418 |
0.2118 |
0.0983 |
0.4094 |
1.2393 |
1.0533 |
5.1027* |
0.9232 |
±SD |
37.19 |
0.0048 |
0.0402 |
0.0203 |
0.0403 |
0.0061 |
0.0152 |
0.0674 |
0.1072 |
0.4099 |
0.1377 |
|
n |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
#: One female was found dead on Day 12.
*: Statistically significant (P<0.05)
Table 9. Summary of gross pathology record
Organs/ Lesions |
Group |
G1 |
G2 |
G3 |
G4 |
||||
Dose (mg/kg body weight/day) |
0 |
100 |
300 |
1000 |
|||||
Sex |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
|
No. of Animals Terminally Sacrificed |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
|
No. of Animals Found Dead |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
No Abnormality Detected [External & Internal] |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
|
Wet Perineum [External] |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
Autolyzed [Internal] |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Reference
- Endpoint:
- screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 25 January 2019 – 21 June 2019
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: In-house bred animals.
- Females (if applicable) nulliparous and non-pregnant: yes
- Weight at study initiation: 377.18-381.03 g (range of average values of each group of males at first day of dosing); 271.24-272.21 g (range of average values of each group of females at first day of dosing)
- Housing: Animals were housed in a standard polypropylene cage (size: L 430 x B 285 x H 150 mm) with a stainless-steel mesh top grill having facilities for holding pelleted food and drinking water in a water bottle fitted with a stainless steel sipper tube. Clean sterilized paddy husk was provided as bedding material.
Acclimatization: maximum of 3 animals of same sex per cage.
Pre mating: 2 animals of the same sex and group per cage.
Mating: 2 animals (one male and one female) of the same group per cage.
Post mating: After confirming presence of sperm in the vaginal smear (Day 0 of pregnancy), the mated pairs were separated. Males were housed with their former cage mates while females were housed individually. Sterilized paper shreds were provided as a nesting material from gestation day 20 onwards.
Recovery animals: 3 animals of same sex per cage.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Altromin maintenance diet for rats and mice (manufactured by Altromin Spezialfutter GmbH & Co. KG) was provided ad libitum to the animals throughout the experimental period.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Water was provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Deep bore-well water passed through a Reverse Osmosis Unit was provided in plastic water bottles with stainless-steel sipper tubes.
- Acclimation period: at least 5 days. Females were screened for normal oestrous cycles (4 to 5 days) in a two weeks pre-treatment period before initiation of treatment.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19.2-23.1ºC
- Humidity (%): 47-67 %
- Air changes (per hr): 12-15
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark / 12 hrs light - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The required quantity of test item was weighed into a clean beaker and a little volume of vehicle was added into the beaker and mixed well with glass rod. The formulation was transferred into a measuring cylinder, the beaker was rinsed with some more amount of vehicle also transferred into the measuring cylinder. This procedure was repeated until the entire quantity of the test item formulation was transferred into the measuring cylinder. Finally, the volume was made up to the required quantity with vehicle to get the desired concentration for the different dose levels.
Test item formulations were prepared daily before administration.
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): The test item is not miscible with distilled water and clearly miscible with corn oil at the concentration of 100 mg/mL as per the in-house miscibility test. Hence, corn oil was selected as vehicle for test item formulation preparations. Corn oil is universally accepted and routinely used vehicle in oral toxicity studies.
- Concentration in vehicle: 10, 30 and 60 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 10 mL/kg bw
- Lot/batch no. (if required): A1712001 - Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage: 1:1
- Length of cohabitation: 2 weeks
- Proof of pregnancy: sperm in vaginal smear referred to as day 0 of pregnancy.
- After 14 days of unsuccessful pairing replacement of first male by another male with proven fertility.
- Further matings after two unsuccessful attempts: no
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged (how): individually
- Any other deviations from standard protocol: No - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- The stability of the test item in dose formulations was established in a preliminary study. The test item formulations were stable at room temperature for 6 hours at the concentrations of 0.5 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL in corn oil. However, freshly prepared test item formulations were administered to the animals.
Homogeneity and dose formulation analysis for dose concentration verification was done by a validated analytical method UV-Vis spectrophotometer (study nº BIO-ANM 1305). Sampling and analysis of formulations were performed during week 1 (13-02-2019) and week 5 (08-03-2019) of the treatment. Approximately 10 mL of samples were collected in duplicates from top, middle and bottom layers from low, mid and high dose concentrations and in duplicates from single layer from vehicle control.
Formulations were considered acceptable, as the mean results were within the range of 85 to 115% of the nominal concentration and the relative standard deviation (% RSD) was ≤10%. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Main group males: two weeks pre-mating, during mating and up to the day before sacrifice during the post-mating period (total of 36 days of treatment).
Main group females main group: two weeks pre-mating period, during mating, pregnancy (gestation) and up to lactation day 13.
Recovery animals: same period as for the main group females until the first scheduled sacrifice of dams and kept without treatment for a further 14 days observation. - Frequency of treatment:
- Once a day
- Details on study schedule:
- F1 animals were not mated.
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- G1 - Vehicle control + G1R - Vehicle Control Recovery Group
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- G2 - Low dose
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- G3 - Mid dose
- Dose / conc.:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- G4 - High dose + G4R - High dose Recovery Group
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Main Group: 12
Recovery Group: 5 - Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale:
Doses were decided based on the results of a dose range finding study in which the No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) was found to be 100 mg/kg bw/day and Low Observed Effect Level (LOEL) was found to be 300 mg/kg bw/day, as the dose of 100 mg/kg bw/day did not reveal any treatment related effects in either sex, the dose of 300 mg/kg bw/day revealed treatment related clinical signs of toxicity and reduction in body weight and feed consumption and the dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day revealed treatment related clinical signs of toxicity, mortality, reduction in body weight and feed consumption. - Positive control:
- None
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: once daily for clinical signs of toxicity and twice daily for mortality and morbidity.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: prior to the treatment on day 1 and weekly thereafter during treatment for all the animals. Signs noted were included, but not be limited to, changes in skin, fur, eyes and mucous membranes, occurrence of secretions and excretions and autonomic activity such as lacrimation, piloerection, pupil size, and unusual respiratory pattern.
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: The main group animals were weighed at receipt, on the first day of dosing, weekly thereafter and at termination. The main group females were weighed on gestation days 0, 7, 14 and 20 during pregnancy and on days 1, 4, 7 and 13 during lactation period. The recovery group animals (both males and females) were weighed at receipt, on the first day of dosing, weekly thereafter and at termination.
FOOD CONSUMPTION: yes
-feed consumption was measured for main group animals (both males and females) once a week during premating and weekly once for main group males during the post mating period. Feed consumption was not measured during the mating period for both males and females. Thereafter, feed consumption for main group females was recorded during gestation days 0 to 7, 7 to 14 and 14 to 20 and on lactation days 1 to 4, 4 to 7 and 7 to 13. Feed consumption was measured for recovery group animals (both males and females) once a week throughout the experimental period. Average feed intake per rat (g/rat/day) was calculated using the amount of feed given and left over in each cage and the number of rats surviving in each cage.
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Once before treatment for all animals, during end of the dosing period for main group males (on day 34) and during lactation period for main group females (on lactation day 13) of vehicle control and high dose main group animals and during last week (day 64) for all recovery group animals (both males and females).
- Dose groups that were examined: vehicle control and high dose main group.
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: on the day of scheduled terminal sacrifice (for males after completion of 36 days of treatment and for females on lactation day 14).
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (isoflurane)
- Animals fasted: Yes (water provided ad libitum)
- How many animals: 5 males and 5 females randomly selected from each main group and all recovery group animals.
- Parameters checked: Haemoglobin concentration (HGB), Haematocrit (HCT), Erythrocyte count (RBC), Total leukocyte count (WBC), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Platelet count (PLT), Mean platelet volume (MPV), Reticulocyte count (Retic), Absolute reticulocyte count, Differential leucocytes count (DLC), Absolute differential leucocytes count (DLC). Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) were estimated by an "OptiClot-4 coagulation analyzer".
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: on the day of scheduled terminal sacrifice (for males after completion of 36 days of treatment and for females on lactation day 14).
- Animals fasted: Yes (water provided ad libitum)
- How many animals: 5 males and 5 females randomly selected from each main group and all recovery group animals.
- Parameters checked: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Cholinesterase, Total Protein, Albumin, Total bilirubin, Glucose, Total Cholesterol, Creatinine, Urea, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Triglycerides, Phosphorous, Calcium, Globulin. Sodium (mmol/L), Potassium (mmol/L) and Chloride (mmol/L) were estimated using Prolyte Na/K/Cl analyzer (Diamond Diagnostics).
URINALYSIS: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of urine: on the day of scheduled terminal sacrifice.
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: Yes
- Animals fasted: Yes (water provided ad libitum)
- How many animals: 5 randomly selected males of each main group and all recovery animals.
- Parameters checked: Blood, Bilirubin, Urobilinogen, Ketones, Protein, Glucose, Microalbumin, Leucocytes. In addition pH, nitrite and specific gravity were also analyzed. After analysis of the above parameters, the urine was subjected for centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 3 minutes. Then the urine was subjected for microscopic examination for urine sediments.
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Towards the end of the dosing period for males (on day 36) and during lactation period for females (on lactation day 13). Towards the end of the recovery period (shortly prior to scheduled sacrifice on day 66) for the recovery group.
- Dose groups that were examined: all main and recovery groups.
- Battery of functions tested: Home Cage Observations (convulsions, tremors and palpebral closure), Handling Observations, Open Field Observations, Sensory Observations, Neuromuscular Observations, Physiological Observation (Rectal temperature), Grip strength assessment and Motor activity assessment.
OTHER:
Thyroxine Hormone (T4) Level estimation: Blood samples were collected for measurement of serum T4 levels on the following schedule:
a. Two pups per litter on lactation day 4 based on the following conditions:
- Two female pups in order to retain more male pups for nipple retention on PND 13.
- No pups were eliminated when litter size dropped below 10 pups/litter.
- Only one pup was eliminated and used for blood collection in case of only one pup was available above ten.
b. All main group females (dams) at termination (lactation day 14).
c. Two pups per litter (same sex) at termination (lactation day 13).
d. All adult main group males, at termination (after completion of 36 days of treatment). - Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
- Estrous cycles were monitored during the acclimatization to evaluate its normal oestrous cyclicity (4 to 5 days). Only females with normal oestrous cyclicity were selected for the treatment. For the main group females, the vaginal smears were monitored daily from the beginning of the treatment period until evidence of mating. Oestrous cyclicity was also monitored on the day of sacrifice for main group females.
- Sperm parameters (parental animals):
- Parameters examined in all parental male in the control and high dose groups: testis and epididymis weight. Also, a detailed qualitative examination of the testes was made, taking into account the tubular stages of the spermatogenic cycle. The examination was conducted in order to identify treatment related effects such as missing germ cell layers or types, retained spermatids, multinucleate or apoptotic germ cells and sloughing of spermatogenic cells into the lumen or any cell or stage specificity of testicular findings.
- Litter observations:
- PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1 offspring:
The number of pups born (dead and live) in a litter, sex and external observations were recorded at birth. Individual body weight of live pups on lactation day 1 (within 24 hours of parturition), 4, 7 and 13 was recorded. The anogenital distance of each pup was measured on postnatal day 4 (lactation day 4). The number of nipples/areolae in male pups was counted on postnatal day 13 (lactation day 13). Fertility index for dams and sires, pup survival index and sex ratio at birth were calculated.
Also, blood samples were collected for measurement of serum T4 levels on the following schedule:
1. Two pups per litter on lactation day 4 based on the following conditions:
- Two female pups in order to retain more male pups for nipple retention on PND 13.
- No pups were eliminated when litter size dropped below 10 pups/litter.
- Only one pup was eliminated and used for blood collection in case of only one pup was available above ten.
2. Two pups per litter (same sex) at termination (lactation day 13).
GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS:
Yes, for external and internal abnormalities.
- Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- SACRIFICE
- Male animals: All surviving animals after completion of 36 days of treatment.
- Maternal animals: All surviving animals on lactation day 14
- Recovery animals: All surviving animals after completion of 14 days observation from the first scheduled sacrifice of dams.
GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of external and internal examinations.
HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGHTS
The tissues indicated in Table 1 were prepared for microscopic examination and weighed, respectively. - Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- SACRIFICE
- The F1 offspring was sacrificed on lactation day 4 (those pups selected for blood collection) and on lactation day 13 (the rest of pups)
- These animals were subjected to postmortem examinations (macroscopic examination) as follows:
GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of external and internal examinations. - Statistics:
- After verification, the data was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software, version 22. All analysis and comparisons were evaluated at the 95% level of confidence (P<0.05). The statistical analysis was followed to the parameters as mentioned in the table 3 below.
- Reproductive indices:
- See table 2 below.
- Offspring viability indices:
- See table 2 below.
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no clinical signs of toxicity observed at groups G1/G1R and G2 animals of either sex throughout the experimental period.
The groups G3 and G4/G4R animals of either sex did not reveal any clinical signs of toxicity for the first three days of the treatment period. Thereafter, slight wet perineum was noted during several occasions in animals of either sex of these dose groups and found recovered later during the treatment period.
The detailed clinical examination revealed treatment related wet perineum and perinasal staining at groups G3 and G4/G4R during treatment period and found recovered later in the study.
These observed clinical signs at both the dose group animals of G3 and G4/G4R are considered as treatment related due to reduced mean body weight, percent change in mean body weight in either sex during these periods and also the observations are dose dependant when compared with control group. - Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence):
- There were no mortality/morbidity observed at any dose group during the experimental period.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes noted in mean body weight and percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 at group G2 when compared with vehicle control group animals of either sex during the experimental period. However, statistically significant reduction in percent change in mean body weight with respect to day 1 at group G2 animals of either sex was noted. This change is considered as incidental due to lack of consistency and no clinical signs were noted and no effects were noted in feed consumption during this period when compared with control group.
In groups G3 and G4 animals, statistically significant reduction in percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 on days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 in males and days 7 and 14 in females was noted.
In group G4R animals, statistically significant reduction in percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 on days 7, 14, 28 and 35 in males, and reduction in mean body weight on day 28 and 35 and percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 during the entire experimental period in females, was noted.
The observed changes at these dose levels [300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg] are considered as treatment related due to occurrence of treatment related clinical signs of toxicity and also the observed changes are dose dependant and consistent during the experimental period.
There were no changes observed in the gestation body weight and percent change in body weight during gestation period at G2 and G3 dose group animals. A slight reduction in mean gestation body weight was noted on GD 0, 7, 14 and 20 at group G4 animals when compared with other dose groups and vehicle control group. This observation can be considered as treatment related due to significant reduction in mean body weight at this dose group during pre-mating period and also due to occurrence of clinical signs of toxicity during treatment period.
There were no changes observed in the lactation body weight and percent change in body weight during lactation period at groups G2 and G3 when compared with control group animals. A slight reduction in mean lactation body weight was noted throughout the lactation period and the reduction is statistically significant during lactation day 1 to 4 at group G4 animals when compared with other dose groups and vehicle control group. This observation can be considered as treatment related due to significant reduction in mean body weight at this dose group during pre-mating period, gestation period and also due to occurrence of clinical signs of toxicity during treatment period. - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Statistically significant reduction in mean feed consumption was noted during pre-mating period (week 1) of main group animals in either sex at all the tested dose groups when compared with vehicle control group. This occurrence is considered as incidental at group G2 and G3 of either sex as the mean feed consumption was comparable with vehicle control group during week 2. However, the reduction at group G4 can be considered as treatment related as the reduction was continued during week 2 also and this effect is correlated with reduction in percent change in body weight at this dose level.
There were no treatment related changes observed in the mean gestation feed consumption at group G2 and G3 when compared with vehicle control group. A slight reduction in mean gestation feed consumption was noted during GD 0 to 7, 7 to 14 and 14 to 20 at group G4 when compared with other dose groups and vehicle control group. This observation can be considered as treatment related due to consistency in reduction of feed consumption at this dose group during pre-mating period and also due to occurrence of clinical signs of toxicity during treatment period.
There were no treatment related changes observed in the feed consumption during lactation period at all the tested dose groups when compared with control group animals. - Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no ocular changes observed in G1 and G4 group animals of either sex during the ophthalmological examination conducted towards end of the dosing period and no ocular changes observed in G1R and G4R group animals of either sex during the ophthalmological examination conducted at the end of recovery period.
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The following statistically significant changes were noted in haematology parameters when compared with their concurrent control groups: increase in activated prothrombin time at group G4 males; decrease in haemoglobin at group G2 females; decrease in total leucocyte count, absolute lymphocytes and activated prothrombin time at group G4R males and increase in mean platelet volume at group G4R males. These changes are considered as incidental and not treatment related, due to lack of dose dependency and similar changes were not observed in other sex.
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Statistically significant decrease in total bilirubin at group G3 males and statistically significant decrease in triglycerides at group G4R males were noted when compared with their concurrent control groups. These changes are considered as incidental and not treatment related, due to lack of dose dependency and similar changes were not observed in other sex.
- Urinalysis findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no changes observed in urinalysis parameters at any of the tested dose main group males and tested dose group recovery group animals of either sex conducted at termination.
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes noted in neurological/functional examinations like home cage, handling, open field, sensory, neuromuscular, physiological observations and assessment of grip strength and motor activity at all the tested dose group animals of either sex from both main and recovery group animals when compared with concurrent vehicle control group animals.
However, statistically significant increase in mean number of rearing during open field examination was noted at groups G2 and G4 females when compared with vehicle control group females. This change is considered as incidental but not treatment related due to lack of dose dependency and no effects were noted in other functional observation battery parameters at these dose levels. - Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No treatment related histopathological findings were noticed in this study.
Lesions considered to be spontaneous and incidental were observed in treated group and control group animals. These lesions consisted of interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate and concretions in prostate gland, and the presence of calculi in kidney.
1 female from high dose group G4 revealed mononuclear cells infiltration at sub-urothelium of kidney. This lesion was considered spontaneous because of lack of consistency.
3 males from G4 group revealed presence of concretions in prostate gland. Inflammation and concretions of the prostate gland is common background finding in rats and mice, which increases with age (Dianne C., et.al, 2012).
Females from vehicle control group and high dose group revealed presence of placental scar characterized by brown-pigmented nodules at the uterine-mesometrial boundary. The presence of discrete pigmented nodules along the uterine-mesometrial boundary was reported. Each nodule overlies a site of placental detachment at parturition, or the site of the resorption of a feto-placental unit or decidualized implantation site. These nodules were often called placental scars and may persist for many months postpartum, perhaps even the lifespan of a rodent (Janet M., 1990).
Presences of ultimobranchial cyst or ectopic thymus in thyroid were congenital lesions and it does not have toxicological significance. - Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Serum Thyroxine (T4) Levels: There were no treatment related changes in serum Thyroxine (T4) hormone levels noted at all the tested dose group males. However, statistically significant decrease in T4 levels of males at group G4 was noted when compared with vehicle control group. This change is considered as incidental and not treatment related as the observations do not occur in dose dependant manner and also the values obtained are within historical control range. As no treatment related changes were noted in males the assessment of T4 in blood samples from the dams was not performed.
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no changes (irregularities) observed in the oestrus cyclicity of females at any of the tested dose group females during pre-mating treatment, mating treatment and on lactation day 14 of dams.
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No effects were detected during examination of spermatogenesis stages in the male gonads and histopathology of interstitial testicular cell structure.
- Reproductive performance:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no changes observed in the copulatory interval and number of conceiving days at groups G2 and G3 when compared with vehicle control group. However, an increased copulatory interval was noted at group G4 when compared with vehicle control group. This change is considered as treatment related due to occurrence of treatment related clinical signs and reduced mean body weights at this dose group during the treatment period.
There were no changes observed in the gestation length, litter delivered, number of pups delivered, sex ratio, live birth index at groups G2 and G3 when compared with vehicle control group. However, a treatment related statistically significant reduction in mean gestation length at group G4 was noted when compared with vehicle control group. This observation is considered as treatment related due to observed clinical signs during the treatment period at this dose level. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: parental general (systemic) toxicity
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- reproductive performance
- Remarks on result:
- other: Increased copulatory interval and gestation length observed at high dose tested (600 mg/kg bw/day).
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: parental general toxicity and sexual function and fertility
- Remarks on result:
- other: No adverse effects were found at any dose tested.
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no changes noted in daily observation of pups at all the tested and vehicle control groups.
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality / viability:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no mortalities of pups during the 13-day lactation period.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes observed in mean pup weight of either sex during lactation period at all the tested dose groups when compared with vehicle control group. However, statistically significant increase in mean male and female pup weight on lactation day 4 at groups G2 and G4; statistically significant increase in mean female pup weight on LD 7 at group G4 were noted when compared with vehicle control. These changes are considered incidental and not treatment related as the obtained weights are within historical control data and also the changes are not dose dependant.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Sexual maturation:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no gross pathological changes noted in any of the pups sacrificed.
- Histopathological findings:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Serum Thyroxine (T4) Levels: There were no effects found in serum Thyroxine (T4) hormone levels noted at lactation day 13 pups. As no effects were noted in lactation day 13 pups the assessment of T4 in blood samples from the day 4 pups was not performed.
Anogenital Distance of Pups on Lactation Day 4: There were no treatment related changes observed in mean pup ano-genital distance ratio of either sex during measured on LD 4 at all the tested dose groups when compared with vehicle control group. However, statistically significant decrease in mean male and female mean pup ano-genital distance ratio at groups G3 and G4 was noted when compared with vehicle control. These changes cannot be considered as treatment related effects as the obtained values are within historical control range and also no treatment related effects noted in mean pup weight on the day of measurement of ano-genital distance.
Nipple Retention in Male Pups on Lactation Day 13: There were no occurrences of nipples in male pups at any of the tested doses on lactation day 13. - Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Developmental immunotoxicity:
- not examined
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Development of the offspring
- Remarks on result:
- other: No treatment related effects were observed at the highest dose tested (600 mg/kg bw/day)
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Development of the offspring
- Remarks on result:
- other: No adverse effects were observed at any dose level tested.
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Key result
- Reproductive effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- The NOAEL of the test substance for parental and reproductive toxicity in rats by oral route was determined to be 600 mg/kg bw/day since no adverse effects were observed at the highest dose tested.
- Executive summary:
A combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction /developmental toxicity screening test of the test substance Pine oil 50% by oral administration in rats was conducted according to OECD guideline 422, in accordance with GLP principles. A total of 116 (58 males + 58 females) Sprague Dawley rats were distributed to four main groups and two recovery groups to detect delayed occurrence and recovery from toxic effects. Each main group (G1, G2, G3 and G4) consisted of 12 males and 12 females and each recovery group (G1R and G4R) consisted of 5 males and 5 females. The animals in G1/G1R group were administered with vehicle (Corn oil), and the animals in G2, G3 and G4/G4R groups were administered with test item at the dose levels of 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight based on the results of a dose range finding study performed with the same species at doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw for a period of 14 days. The test item was administered to the main group males for a period of 36 days (two weeks pre-mating, during mating and up to the day before sacrifice during post-mating period), to the main group females for two weeks pre-mating, during mating, pregnancy (gestation) and up to lactation day 13 and to the recovery group animals for a period of 50 days with a 14 days recovery. The vehicle and test item formulations were administered orally by gavage at the dose volume of 10 mL/kg body weight. The stability of test item formulations in corn oil was established before initiation of the treatment. Dose formulation analysis for homogeneity and concentration verification was performed during weeks 1 and 5 of the treatment period and the results were within acceptable limits.
All the main group and recovery group animals were observed for clinical signs, mortality and morbidity, detailed clinical examination, body weight, feed consumption and ophthalmological and neurological/functional examinations. The clinical pathological (haematology, clinical chemistry and urinalysis) examinations were conducted for 5 randomly selected animals from each group per sex for main group and from all the animals for recovery group at termination. The gross pathology and organ weighing were performed on the day of termination for all the main and recovery group animals. All the main group females were observed for maternal body weight and feed consumption during gestation and lactation. The main group females were evaluated for oestrus cyclicity. Each dam was observed for mating performance, fertility performance, gestation length, litter size, number and percentage of live/dead pups, live birth index, sex ratio and observation of litter throughout the lactation period. Histopathological examination was conducted on all the tissues collected from the main group vehicle control and high dose group animals sacrificed at termination. The pups were observed once daily for clinical signs and external examinations, weighed individually on postnatal day (PND) 1, 4, 7 and 13, measured for anogenital distance on PND 4, observed for retention of any nipples/areolae in male pups on PND 13 and observed for gross pathological observations at termination. The analysis of thyroxine hormone (T4) levels in serum collected at termination was performed for main group males and PND 13 pups.
There were no clinical signs, no mortality/morbidity, no effects of test item on mean body weight, feed consumption, no changes in ophthalmological examination and neurological/functional examination, clinical pathology, organ weights and gross pathology noted at group G2 of either sex. The group G3 and G4/G4R animals of either sex revealed treatment related wet perineum and recovered later in the study. A treatment related reduction in body weight was noted at both G3 and G4/G4R groups of either sex. No treatment related changes were noted in clinical pathology and organ weights and no gross pathological changes were noted at group G3 and G4/G4R. There were no treatment related changes in oestrus cyclicity, maternal and lactation body weight and feed consumption, mating performance, fertility performance, gestation length, litter size, number and percentage of live/dead pups, live birth index, sex ratio and observation of litter at group G2 and G3. A treatment related reduction in mean body weight and feed consumption during gestation and lactation periods and increased gestation length was noted at group G4. There were no treatment related changes occurred in histopathological examination conducted for group G4 animals in either sex. There were no clinical signs and no external abnormalities noted in pups from all the tested dose groups. No treatment related changes in mean pup weight and anogenital distance noted at all the tested dose groups. The gross pathology conducted for the pups at all the tested dose groups revealed no changes. No occurrences of nipples/areolae in male pups from all the dose groups observed on PND 13.There were no treatment related changes noted in serum thyroxine hormone (T4) levels.
The No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) for parental general toxicity was determined to be 100 mg/kg bw/day based on treatment related clinical signs of toxicity and reduction in body weight found at the dose of 300 mg/kg bw/day. The No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) for parental reproduction was established at 300 mg/kg bw/day based on the increased copulatory interval and gestation length observed at the high dose tested (600 mg/kg bw/day). Finally, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for parental and reproductive toxicity was determined to be 600 mg/kg bw/day as no adverse effects were found on general toxicity, fertility or development of offspring at any dose level tested.
Table 4. Summary of vaginal smear examination for determination of oestrus cyclicity
Group & Dose |
Total No. of Females |
No. of Females with Regular Oestrus Cyclicity during Pre-mating and Mating |
No. of Females confirmed with pregnancy
|
No. of Females with Regular Oestrus Cyclicity on Lactation Day 14 |
No. of Females with Irregular Oestrus Cyclicity during Pre-mating, Mating and on Lactation day 14 |
G1 & 0 |
12 |
12 |
10 |
10 |
0 |
G2 & 100 |
12 |
12 |
11 |
11 |
0 |
G3 & 300 |
12 |
12 |
10 |
10 |
0 |
G4 & 600 |
12 |
12 |
10 |
10 |
0 |
Table 5. Summary of cohabitation record
Group & Dose |
Copulatory Interval (Days) |
|
Conceiving Days (1 to 5) |
Conceiving Days (6 to 14) |
|
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
8.17 |
n |
5 |
7 |
±SD |
6.37 |
||||
n |
12 |
% |
41.7 |
58.3 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
8.50 |
n |
4 |
8 |
±SD |
5.96 |
||||
n |
12 |
% |
33.3 |
66.7 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
8.58 |
n |
5 |
7 |
±SD |
6.14 |
||||
n |
12 |
% |
41.7 |
58.3 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
10.42 |
n |
3 |
9 |
±SD |
5.81 |
||||
n |
12 |
% |
25.0 |
75.0 |
Table 6. Summary of gestation length and delivery data record
Group & Dose |
Gestation Length (Days) |
Litter Size (No.) |
Live Pups (No.) |
Dead Pups (No.) |
Sex Ratio (M/F) at Birth |
Live Birth Index |
|||||
Total (No.) |
Male (No.) |
Female (No.) |
Total (No.) |
Male (No.) |
Female (No.) |
||||||
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
22.20 |
11.60 |
11.60 |
4.50 |
7.10 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.83 |
100.00 |
±SD |
0.42 |
3.31 |
3.31 |
2.76 |
2.64 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.91 |
0.00 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
22.73 |
10.82 |
10.82 |
6.09 |
4.73 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.55 |
100.00 |
±SD |
0.65 |
2.52 |
2.52 |
3.18 |
1.68 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.10 |
0.00 |
|
n |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
22.40 |
12.00 |
12.00 |
6.10 |
5.90 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.33 |
100.00 |
±SD |
0.52 |
2.31 |
2.31 |
2.47 |
2.33 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.06 |
0.00 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
23.40* |
10.10 |
10.10 |
5.70 |
4.40 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.47 |
100.00 |
±SD |
0.70 |
2.02 |
2.02 |
1.77 |
1.35 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.83 |
0.00 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
n: Number of dams
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 7.1. Summary of litter observation record during lactation period. LD1 to 4
Group & Dose |
No. of Live Pups At Birth |
During LD 1 to 4 |
Sex Ratio (M/F) at LD 4 |
No. of Survived Pups during LD 1 to 4 |
Pup Survival Index LD1 to 4 |
|||||||
Live Pups (No.) |
Dead Pups (No.) |
|||||||||||
Total (No.) |
Male (No.) |
Female (No.) |
Total (No.) |
Male (No.) |
Female (No.) |
|||||||
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
11.60 |
11.60 |
4.50 |
7.10 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.83 |
11.60 |
100.00 |
|
±SD |
3.31 |
3.31 |
2.76 |
2.64 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.91 |
3.31 |
0.00 |
||
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
||
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
10.82 |
10.82 |
6.09 |
4.73 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.55 |
10.82 |
100.00 |
|
±SD |
2.52 |
2.52 |
3.18 |
1.68 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.10 |
2.52 |
0.00 |
||
n |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
||
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
12.00 |
12.00 |
6.10 |
5.90 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.33 |
12.00 |
100.00 |
|
±SD |
2.31 |
2.31 |
2.47 |
2.33 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.06 |
2.31 |
0.00 |
||
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
||
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
10.10 |
10.10 |
5.70 |
4.40 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.47 |
10.10 |
100.00 |
|
±SD |
2.02 |
2.02 |
1.77 |
1.35 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.83 |
2.02 |
0.00 |
||
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
||
Table 7.2. Summary of litter observation record during lactation period. LD4 to 7
Group & Dose |
Live Pups (No.) on LD 4 |
|
Pups Sacrificed for Blood Collection on LD 4 (No.) |
|
Live Pups (No.) on LD 4 after Sacrificed for Blood Collection |
During LD 4 to 7 |
Sex Ratio (M/F) at LD 7 |
No. of Survived Pups during LD 4 to 7 |
Pup Survival Index LD 4 to 7 |
||||||||||||
Live Pups (No.) |
Dead Pups (No.) |
||||||||||||||||||||
Male (No.) |
Female (No.) |
Total (No.) |
Male (No.) |
Female (No.) |
Total (No.) |
Male (No.) |
Female (No.) |
Total (No.) |
Male (No.) |
Female (No.) |
Total (No.) |
Male (No.) |
Female (No.) |
Total (No.) |
|||||||
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
4.50 |
7.10 |
11.60 |
0.00 |
1.30 |
1.30 |
4.50 |
5.80 |
10.30 |
4.50 |
5.80 |
10.30 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.57 |
10.30 |
100.00 |
||
±SD |
2.76 |
2.64 |
3.31 |
0.00 |
0.95 |
0.95 |
2.76 |
2.39 |
2.54 |
2.76 |
2.39 |
2.54 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
2.70 |
2.54 |
0.00 |
|||
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|||
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
6.09 |
4.73 |
10.82 |
0.00 |
1.18 |
1.18 |
6.09 |
3.55 |
9.64 |
6.09 |
3.55 |
9.64 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
3.31 |
9.64 |
100.00 |
||
±SD |
3.18 |
1.68 |
2.52 |
0.00 |
0.98 |
0.98 |
3.18 |
2.16 |
1.69 |
3.18 |
2.16 |
1.69 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
3.65 |
1.69 |
0.00 |
|||
n |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
|||
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
6.10 |
5.90 |
12.00 |
0.00 |
1.50 |
1.50 |
6.10 |
4.40 |
10.50 |
6.10 |
4.40 |
10.50 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
2.47 |
10.50 |
100.00 |
||
±SD |
2.47 |
2.33 |
2.31 |
0.00 |
0.71 |
0.71 |
2.47 |
2.22 |
1.84 |
2.47 |
2.22 |
1.84 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
3.19 |
1.84 |
0.00 |
|||
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|||
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
5.70 |
4.40 |
10.10 |
0.00 |
0.80 |
0.80 |
5.70 |
3.60 |
9.30 |
5.70 |
3.60 |
9.30 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.79 |
9.30 |
100.00 |
||
±SD |
1.77 |
1.35 |
2.02 |
0.00 |
0.92 |
0.92 |
1.77 |
1.07 |
1.25 |
1.77 |
1.07 |
1.25 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.88 |
1.25 |
0.00 |
|||
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|||
Table 7.3. Summary of litter observation record during lactation period. LD7 to 13
Group & Dose |
Live Pups (No.) on LD 7 |
During LD 7 to 13 |
Sex Ratio (M/F) at LD 7 |
No. of Survived Pups during LD 7 to 13 |
Pup Survival Index LD 7 to 13 |
||||||||||
Live Pups (No.) |
Dead Pups (No.) |
||||||||||||||
Male (No.) |
Female (No.) |
Total (No.) |
Male (No.) |
Female (No.) |
Total (No.) |
Male (No.) |
Female (No.) |
Total (No.) |
|||||||
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
4.50 |
5.80 |
10.30 |
4.50 |
5.80 |
10.30 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.57 |
10.30 |
100.00 |
||
±SD |
2.76 |
2.39 |
2.54 |
2.76 |
2.39 |
2.54 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
2.70 |
2.54 |
0.00 |
|||
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|||
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
6.09 |
3.55 |
9.64 |
6.09 |
3.55 |
9.64 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
3.31 |
9.64 |
100.00 |
||
±SD |
3.18 |
2.16 |
1.69 |
3.18 |
2.16 |
1.69 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
3.65 |
1.69 |
0.00 |
|||
n |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
|||
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
6.10 |
4.40 |
10.50 |
6.10 |
4.40 |
10.50 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
2.47 |
10.50 |
100.00 |
||
±SD |
2.47 |
2.22 |
1.84 |
2.47 |
2.22 |
1.84 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
3.19 |
1.84 |
0.00 |
|||
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|||
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
5.70 |
3.60 |
9.30 |
5.70 |
3.60 |
9.30 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.79 |
9.30 |
100.00 |
||
±SD |
1.77 |
1.07 |
1.25 |
1.77 |
1.07 |
1.25 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.88 |
1.25 |
0.00 |
|||
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
9 |
|||
Table 8.1. Summary of pup observation record during lactation period. At birth
Parameter ↓ |
Group & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
|||
G1 & 0 |
G2 & 100 |
G3 & 300 |
G4 & 600 |
|
No. of Females with Live Pups at Birth |
10 |
11 |
10 |
10 |
No. of Females Confirmed as |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
Litter Size (No.) |
116 |
119 |
120 |
101 |
No. of Dead Pups |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of Cannibalized Pups |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of Live Pups at Birth |
116 |
119 |
120 |
101 |
No. of Live Pups with No Abnormality Detected (No.) |
116 |
119 |
120 |
101 |
Table 8.2. Summary of pup observation record during lactation period. LD1 to 4
Parameter ↓ |
Group & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
|||
G1 & 0 |
G2 & 100 |
G3 & 300 |
G4 & 600 |
|
No. of Females with Live Pups on LD 4 |
10 |
11 |
10 |
10 |
No. of Dead Pups during LD 1 to 4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of Cannibalised Pups during LD 1 to 4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of Live Pups during LD 1 to 4 (No.) |
116 |
119 |
120 |
101 |
No. of Live Pups with No Abnormality Detected during LD 1 to 4 |
116 |
119 |
120 |
101 |
No. of Pups Sacrificed on LD 4 for blood collection |
13 |
13 |
15 |
8 |
Table 8.3. Summary of pup observation record during lactation period. LD4 to 7
Parameter ↓ |
Group & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
|||
G1 & 0 |
G2 & 100 |
G3 & 300 |
G4 & 600 |
|
No. of Females with Live Pups on LD 7 |
10 |
11 |
10 |
10 |
No. of Dead Pups during LD 4 to 7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of Cannibalised Pups during LD 4 to 7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of Live Pups during LD 4 to 7 |
103 |
106 |
105 |
93 |
No. of Live Pups with No Abnormality Detected during LD 4 to 7 |
103 |
106 |
105 |
93 |
Table 8.4. Summary of pup observation record during lactation period. LD7 to 13
Parameter ↓ |
Group & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
|||
G1 & 0 |
G2 & 100 |
G3 & 300 |
G4 & 600 |
|
No. of Females with |
10 |
11 |
10 |
10 |
No. of Dead Pups during LD 7 to 13 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of Cannibalised Pups during LD 7 to 13 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of Live Pups during LD 7 to 13 |
103 |
106 |
105 |
93 |
No. of Live Pups with No Abnormality Detected during LD 7 to 13 |
103 |
106 |
105 |
93 |
Table 9. Summary record of mean pup weight (g) during lactation period
Group & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
|
Mean Pup Weight (g) on LD1 |
|
Mean Pup Weight (g) on |
|
Mean Pup Weight (g) on |
|
Mean Pup Weight (g) on |
||||
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
|||||
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
6.93 |
6.51 |
11.16 |
10.96 |
15.16 |
14.68 |
25.22 |
24.57 |
|||
±SD |
0.35 |
0.50 |
0.31 |
0.41 |
0.68 |
0.87 |
0.38 |
0.44 |
||||
n |
9 |
10 |
9 |
10 |
9 |
10 |
9 |
10 |
||||
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
6.98 |
6.64 |
11.74* |
11.57* |
15.44 |
14.89 |
25.11 |
24.92 |
|||
±SD |
0.35 |
0.42 |
0.40 |
0.48 |
0.45 |
0.61 |
0.24 |
0.63 |
||||
n |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
||||
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
6.87 |
6.46 |
11.64 |
11.21 |
15.42 |
14.92 |
25.30 |
24.87 |
|||
±SD |
0.23 |
0.26 |
0.35 |
0.41 |
0.35 |
0.41 |
0.27 |
0.44 |
||||
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
||||
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
6.71 |
6.37 |
11.82* |
11.49* |
15.53 |
15.43* |
25.13 |
24.71 |
|||
±SD |
0.19 |
0.26 |
0.63 |
0.48 |
0.62 |
0.54 |
0.48 |
0.92 |
||||
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
||||
n: Number of dams
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 10. Summary of mean pup anogenital distance ratio record
Group & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
AGD Ratio |
||
Mean Male AGD Ratio |
Mean Female AGD Ratio |
||
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
2.10 |
1.18 |
±SD |
0.09 |
0.06 |
|
n |
9 |
10 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
2.04 |
1.12 |
±SD |
0.07 |
0.05 |
|
n |
11 |
11 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
1.98* |
1.10* |
±SD |
0.05 |
0.04 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
1.95* |
1.10* |
±SD |
0.04 |
0.06 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
|
n: Number of dams
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 11. Summary of male pup nipple/areolae retention (no.) record
Group & Dose |
No. of Nipples/Areolae on |
|
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
0.00 |
±SD |
0.00 |
|
n |
10 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
0.00 |
±SD |
0.00 |
|
n |
11 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
0.00 |
±SD |
0.00 |
|
n |
10 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
0.00 |
±SD |
0.00 |
|
n |
10 |
n: Number of dams
Table 12. Summary of uteri observation record
Group & Dose weight) |
No. of Corpora lutea |
No. of Implantations |
Implantation Index (%) |
Pre-Implantation Loss (%) |
Post-Implantation Loss (%) |
Pre-natal Loss (No.) |
Post-natal Loss (At birth to LD 13) (%) |
Post-natal Loss (At birth to LD 13) (No.) |
No. of Early Resorptions |
No. of Late Resorptions |
|
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
11.60 |
11.60 |
100.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
±SD |
3.31 |
3.31 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
10.82 |
10.82 |
100.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
±SD |
2.52 |
2.52 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
n |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
12.00 |
12.00 |
100.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
±SD |
2.31 |
2.31 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
10.10 |
10.10 |
100.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
±SD |
2.02 |
2.02 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 019
- Report date:
- 2019
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Rectified Hydrocarbons by-products from synthetic process of Turpentine and acid, alcohols fraction
- EC Number:
- 949-141-8
- Molecular formula:
- Not available since an UVBC substance.
- IUPAC Name:
- Rectified Hydrocarbons by-products from synthetic process of Turpentine and acid, alcohols fraction
- Test material form:
- liquid
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: In-house bred animals.
- Females (if applicable) nulliparous and non-pregnant: yes
- Weight at study initiation: 377.18-381.03 g (range of average values of each group of males at first day of dosing); 271.24-272.21 g (range of average values of each group of females at first day of dosing)
- Housing: Animals were housed in a standard polypropylene cage (size: L 430 x B 285 x H 150 mm) with a stainless-steel mesh top grill having facilities for holding pelleted food and drinking water in a water bottle fitted with a stainless steel sipper tube. Clean sterilized paddy husk was provided as bedding material.
Acclimatization: maximum of 3 animals of same sex per cage.
Pre mating: 2 animals of the same sex and group per cage.
Mating: 2 animals (one male and one female) of the same group per cage.
Post mating: After confirming presence of sperm in the vaginal smear (Day 0 of pregnancy), the mated pairs were separated. Males were housed with their former cage mates while females were housed individually. Sterilized paper shreds were provided as a nesting material from gestation day 20 onwards.
Recovery animals: 3 animals of same sex per cage.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Altromin maintenance diet for rats and mice (manufactured by Altromin Spezialfutter GmbH & Co. KG) was provided ad libitum to the animals throughout the experimental period.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Water was provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Deep bore-well water passed through a Reverse Osmosis Unit was provided in plastic water bottles with stainless-steel sipper tubes.
- Acclimation period: at least 5 days. Females were screened for normal oestrous cycles (4 to 5 days) in a two weeks pre-treatment period before initiation of treatment.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19.2-23.1ºC
- Humidity (%): 47-67 %
- Air changes (per hr): 12-15
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark / 12 hrs light
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The required quantity of test item was weighed into a clean beaker and a little volume of vehicle was added into the beaker and mixed well with glass rod. The formulation was transferred into a measuring cylinder, the beaker was rinsed with some more amount of vehicle also transferred into the measuring cylinder. This procedure was repeated until the entire quantity of the test item formulation was transferred into the measuring cylinder. Finally, the volume was made up to the required quantity with vehicle to get the desired concentration for the different dose levels.
Test item formulations were prepared daily before administration.
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): The test item is not miscible with distilled water and clearly miscible with corn oil at the concentration of 100 mg/mL as per the in-house miscibility test. Hence, corn oil was selected as vehicle for test item formulation preparations. Corn oil is universally accepted and routinely used vehicle in oral toxicity studies.
- Concentration in vehicle: 10, 30 and 60 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 10 mL/kg bw
- Lot/batch no. (if required): A1712001 - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- The stability of the test item in dose formulations was established in a preliminary study. The test item formulations were stable at room temperature for 6 hours at the concentrations of 0.5 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL in corn oil. However, freshly prepared test item formulations were administered to the animals.
Homogeneity and dose formulation analysis for dose concentration verification was done by a validated analytical method UV-Vis spectrophotometer (study nº BIO-ANM 1305). Sampling and analysis of formulations were performed during week 1 (13-02-2019) and week 5 (08-03-2019) of the treatment. Approximately 10 mL of samples were collected in duplicates from top, middle and bottom layers from low, mid and high dose concentrations and in duplicates from single layer from vehicle control. Formulations were considered acceptable, as the mean results were within the range of 85 to 115% of the nominal concentration and the relative standard deviation (% RSD) was ≤10%. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Main group males: two weeks pre-mating, during mating and up to the day before sacrifice during the post-mating period (total of 36 days of treatment).
Main group females main group: two weeks pre-mating period, during mating, pregnancy (gestation) and up to lactation day 13.
Recovery animals: same period as for the main group females until the first scheduled sacrifice of dams and kept without treatment for a further 14 days observation. - Frequency of treatment:
- Once a day
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- G1 - Vehicle control + G1R - Vehicle Control Recovery Group
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- G2 - Low dose
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- G3 - Mid dose
- Dose / conc.:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- G4 - High dose + G4R - High dose Recovery Group
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Main Group: 12
Recovery Group: 5 - Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale:
Doses were decided based on the results of a dose range finding study in which the No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) was found to be 100 mg/kg bw/day and Low Observed Effect Level (LOEL) was found to be 300 mg/kg bw/day, as the dose of 100 mg/kg bw/day did not reveal any treatment related effects in either sex, the dose of 300 mg/kg bw/day revealed treatment related clinical signs of toxicity and reduction in body weight and feed consumption and the dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day revealed treatment related clinical signs of toxicity, mortality, reduction in body weight and feed consumption. - Positive control:
- None
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: once daily for clinical signs of toxicity and twice daily for mortality and morbidity.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: prior to the treatment on day 1 and weekly thereafter during treatment for all the animals. Signs noted were included, but not be limited to, changes in skin, fur, eyes and mucous membranes, occurrence of secretions and excretions and autonomic activity such as lacrimation, piloerection, pupil size, and unusual respiratory pattern.
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: The main group animals were weighed at receipt, on the first day of dosing, weekly thereafter and at termination. The main group females were weighed on gestation days 0, 7, 14 and 20 during pregnancy and on days 1, 4, 7 and 13 during lactation period. The recovery group animals (both males and females) were weighed at receipt, on the first day of dosing, weekly thereafter and at termination.
FOOD CONSUMPTION: yes
-feed consumption was measured for main group animals (both males and females) once a week during premating and weekly once for main group males during the post mating period. Feed consumption was not measured during the mating period for both males and females. Thereafter, feed consumption for main group females was recorded during gestation days 0 to 7, 7 to 14 and 14 to 20 and on lactation days 1 to 4, 4 to 7 and 7 to 13. Feed consumption was measured for recovery group animals (both males and females) once a week throughout the experimental period. Average feed intake per rat (g/rat/day) was calculated using the amount of feed given and left over in each cage and the number of rats surviving in each cage.
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Once before treatment for all animals, during end of the dosing period for main group males (on day 34) and during lactation period for main group females (on lactation day 13) of vehicle control and high dose main group animals and during last week (day 64) for all recovery group animals (both males and females).
- Dose groups that were examined: vehicle control and high dose main group.
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: on the day of scheduled terminal sacrifice (for males after completion of 36 days of treatment and for females on lactation day 14).
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (isoflurane)
- Animals fasted: Yes (water provided ad libitum)
- How many animals: 5 males and 5 females randomly selected from each main group and all recovery group animals.
- Parameters checked: Haemoglobin concentration (HGB), Haematocrit (HCT), Erythrocyte count (RBC), Total leukocyte count (WBC), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Platelet count (PLT), Mean platelet volume (MPV), Reticulocyte count (Retic), Absolute reticulocyte count, Differential leucocytes count (DLC), Absolute differential leucocytes count (DLC). Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) were estimated by an "OptiClot-4 coagulation analyzer".
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: on the day of scheduled terminal sacrifice (for males after completion of 36 days of treatment and for females on lactation day 14).
- Animals fasted: Yes (water provided ad libitum)
- How many animals: 5 males and 5 females randomly selected from each main group and all recovery group animals.
- Parameters checked: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Cholinesterase, Total Protein, Albumin, Total bilirubin, Glucose, Total Cholesterol, Creatinine, Urea, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Triglycerides, Phosphorous, Calcium, Globulin. Sodium (mmol/L), Potassium (mmol/L) and Chloride (mmol/L) were estimated using Prolyte Na/K/Cl analyzer (Diamond Diagnostics).
URINALYSIS: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of urine: on the day of scheduled terminal sacrifice.
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: Yes
- Animals fasted: Yes (water provided ad libitum)
- How many animals: 5 randomly selected males of each main group and all recovery animals.
- Parameters checked: Blood, Bilirubin, Urobilinogen, Ketones, Protein, Glucose, Microalbumin, Leucocytes. In addition pH, nitrite and specific gravity were also analyzed. After analysis of the above parameters, the urine was subjected for centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 3 minutes. Then the urine was subjected for microscopic examination for urine sediments.
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Towards the end of the dosing period for males (on day 36) and during lactation period for females (on lactation day 13). Towards the end of the recovery period (shortly prior to scheduled sacrifice on day 66) for the recovery group.
- Dose groups that were examined: all main and recovery groups.
- Battery of functions tested: Home Cage Observations (convulsions, tremors and palpebral closure), Handling Observations, Open Field Observations, Sensory Observations, Neuromuscular Observations, Physiological Observation (Rectal temperature), Grip strength assessment and Motor activity assessment.
OTHER:
Oestrous Cyclicity: Estrous cycles were monitored during the acclimatization to evaluate its normal oestrous cyclicity (4 to 5 days). Only females with normal oestrous cyclicity were selected for the treatment. For the main group females, the vaginal smears were monitored daily from the beginning of the treatment period until evidence of mating. Oestrous cyclicity was also monitored on the day of sacrifice for main group females.
Litter Observation: The number of pups born (dead and live) in a litter, sex and external observations were recorded at birth. Individual body weight of live pups on lactation day 1 (within 24 hours of parturition), 4, 7 and 13 was recorded. The anogenital distance of each pup was measured on postnatal day 4 (lactation day 4). The number of nipples/areolae in male pups was counted on postnatal day 13 (lactation day 13). Fertility index for dams and sires, pup survival index and sex ratio at birth were calculated.
Thyroxine Hormone (T4) Level estimation: Blood samples were collected for measurement of serum T4 levels on the following schedule:
a. Two pups per litter on lactation day 4 based on the following conditions:
- Two female pups in order to retain more male pups for nipple retention on PND 13.
- No pups were eliminated when litter size dropped below 10 pups/litter.
- Only one pup was eliminated and used for blood collection in case of only one pup was available above ten.
b. All main group females (dams) at termination (lactation day 14).
c. Two pups per litter (same sex) at termination (lactation day 13).
d. All adult main group males, at termination (after completion of 36 days of treatment). - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes (see table 1)
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (see table 1) - Other examinations:
- Indices calculation (see table 2)
- Statistics:
- After verification, the data was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software, version 22. All analysis and comparisons were evaluated at the 95% level of confidence (P<0.05). The statistical analysis was followed to the parameters as mentioned in the table 3 below.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no clinical signs of toxicity observed at groups G1/G1R and G2 animals of either sex throughout the experimental period.
The groups G3 and G4/G4R animals of either sex did not reveal any clinical signs of toxicity for the first three days of the treatment period. Thereafter, slight wet perineum was noted during several occasions in animals of either sex of these dose groups and found recovered later during the treatment period.
The detailed clinical examination revealed treatment related wet perineum and perinasal staining at groups G3 and G4/G4R during treatment period and found recovered later in the study.
These observed clinical signs at both the dose group animals of G3 and G4/G4R are considered as treatment related due to reduced mean body weight, percent change in mean body weight in either sex during these periods and also the observations are dose dependant when compared with control group. - Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence):
- There were no mortality/morbidity observed at any dose group during the experimental period.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes noted in mean body weight and percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 at group G2 when compared with vehicle control group animals of either sex during the experimental period. However, statistically significant reduction in percent change in mean body weight with respect to day 1 at group G2 animals of either sex was noted. This change is considered as incidental due to lack of consistency and no clinical signs were noted and no effects were noted in feed consumption during this period when compared with control group.
In groups G3 and G4 animals, statistically significant reduction in percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 on days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 in males and days 7 and 14 in females was noted.
In group G4R animals, statistically significant reduction in percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 on days 7, 14, 28 and 35 in males, and reduction in mean body weight on day 28 and 35 and percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 during the entire experimental period in females, was noted.
The observed changes at these dose levels [300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg] are considered as treatment related due to occurrence of treatment related clinical signs of toxicity and also the observed changes are dose dependant and consistent during the experimental period.
There were no changes observed in the gestation body weight and percent change in body weight during gestation period at G2 and G3 dose group animals. A slight reduction in mean gestation body weight was noted on GD 0, 7, 14 and 20 at group G4 animals when compared with other dose groups and vehicle control group. This observation can be considered as treatment related due to significant reduction in mean body weight at this dose group during pre-mating period and also due to occurrence of clinical signs of toxicity during treatment period.
There were no changes observed in the lactation body weight and percent change in body weight during lactation period at groups G2 and G3 when compared with control group animals. A slight reduction in mean lactation body weight was noted throughout the lactation period and the reduction is statistically significant during lactation day 1 to 4 at group G4 animals when compared with other dose groups and vehicle control group. This observation can be considered as treatment related due to significant reduction in mean body weight at this dose group during pre-mating period, gestation period and also due to occurrence of clinical signs of toxicity during treatment period. - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Statistically significant reduction in mean feed consumption was noted during pre-mating period (week 1) of main group animals in either sex at all the tested dose groups when compared with vehicle control group. This occurrence is considered as incidental at group G2 and G3 of either sex as the mean feed consumption was comparable with vehicle control group during week 2. However, the reduction at group G4 can be considered as treatment related as the reduction was continued during week 2 also and this effect is correlated with reduction in percent change in body weight at this dose level.
There were no treatment related changes observed in the mean gestation feed consumption at group G2 and G3 when compared with vehicle control group. A slight reduction in mean gestation feed consumption was noted during GD 0 to 7, 7 to 14 and 14 to 20 at group G4 when compared with other dose groups and vehicle control group. This observation can be considered as treatment related due to consistency in reduction of feed consumption at this dose group during pre-mating period and also due to occurrence of clinical signs of toxicity during treatment period.
There were no treatment related changes observed in the feed consumption during lactation period at all the tested dose groups when compared with control group animals. - Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no ocular changes observed in G1 and G4 group animals of either sex during the ophthalmological examination conducted towards end of the dosing period and no ocular changes observed in G1R and G4R group animals of either sex during the ophthalmological examination conducted at the end of recovery period.
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The following statistically significant changes were noted in haematology parameters when compared with their concurrent control groups: increase in activated prothrombin time at group G4 males; decrease in haemoglobin at group G2 females; decrease in total leucocyte count, absolute lymphocytes and activated prothrombin time at group G4R males and increase in mean platelet volume at group G4R males. These changes are considered as incidental and not treatment related, due to lack of dose dependency and similar changes were not observed in other sex.
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Statistically significant decrease in total bilirubin at group G3 males and statistically significant decrease in triglycerides at group G4R males were noted when compared with their concurrent control groups. These changes are considered as incidental and not treatment related, due to lack of dose dependency and similar changes were not observed in other sex.
- Urinalysis findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no changes observed in urinalysis parameters at any of the tested dose main group males and tested dose group recovery group animals of either sex conducted at termination.
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes noted in neurological/functional examinations like home cage, handling, open field, sensory, neuromuscular, physiological observations and assessment of grip strength and motor activity at all the tested dose group animals of either sex from both main and recovery group animals when compared with concurrent vehicle control group animals.
However, statistically significant increase in mean number of rearing during open field examination was noted at groups G2 and G4 females when compared with vehicle control group females. This change is considered as incidental but not treatment related due to lack of dose dependency and no effects were noted in other functional observation battery parameters at these dose levels. - Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes observed in the absolute and relative organ weights at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex in both main and recovery group animals.
However, statistically significant increase in absolute and relative liver weight at group G4, statistically significant decrease in absolute seminal vesicles with coagulating glands at group G3 males; statistically significant decrease in absolute heart weight at group G4R females were noted when compared with concurrent vehicle control group. These changes are considered as incidental and not treatment related as the observations do not occur in dose dependant manner, are not found in both sexes and also no gross or histopathological changes were noted in these organs at this dose level. - Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no gross pathological changes observed during necropsy at any of the main and recovery group animals of either sex. Also, there were no gross pathological changes noted in any of the pups sacrificed.
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No treatment related histopathological findings were noticed in this study.
Lesions considered to be spontaneous and incidental were observed in treated group and control group animals. These lesions consisted of interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate and concretions in prostate gland, and the presence of calculi in kidney.
1 female from high dose group G4 revealed mononuclear cells infiltration at sub-urothelium of kidney. This lesion was considered spontaneous because of lack of consistency.
3 males from G4 group revealed presence of concretions in prostate gland. Inflammation and concretions of the prostate gland is common background finding in rats and mice, which increases with age (Dianne C., et.al, 2012).
Females from vehicle control group and high dose group revealed presence of placental scar characterized by brown-pigmented nodules at the uterine-mesometrial boundary. The presence of discrete pigmented nodules along the uterine-mesometrial boundary was reported. Each nodule overlies a site of placental detachment at parturition, or the site of the resorption of a feto-placental unit or decidualized implantation site. These nodules were often called placental scars and may persist for many months postpartum, perhaps even the lifespan of a rodent (Janet M., 1990).
Presences of ultimobranchial cyst or ectopic thymus in thyroid were congenital lesions and it does not have toxicological significance. - Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Oestrus cycle: There were no changes (irregularities) observed in the oestrus cyclicity of females at any of the tested dose group females during pre-mating treatment, mating treatment and on lactation day 14 of dams.
Litter observations: There were no treatment related changes observed in litter observation parameters at all the tested dose groups when compared with vehicle control group animals.
Serum Thyroxine (T4) Levels: There were no treatment related changes in serum Thyroxine (T4) hormone levels noted at all the tested dose group males and lactation day 13 pups. However, statistically significant decrease in T4 levels of males at group G4 was noted when compared with vehicle control group. This change is considered as incidental and not treatment related as the observations do not occur in dose dependant manner and also the values obtained are within historical control range. As no treatment related changes were noted in males and lactation day 13 pups the assessment of T4 in blood samples from the dams and day 4 pups was not performed.
Effect levels
open allclose all
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEL
- Effect level:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- clinical signs
- food consumption and compound intake
- Remarks on result:
- other: Effects observed at the dose tested of 300 mg/kg bw/day.
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- clinical signs
- food consumption and compound intake
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- gross pathology
- histopathology: non-neoplastic
- Remarks on result:
- other: No adverse effects were found at any dose tested.
Target system / organ toxicity
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
Any other information on results incl. tables
- No of animals showing external pathology
- No of animals showing visceral pathology
Table 4.1. Summary of clinical signs of toxicity, detailed clinical examination and mortality record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
No. of Animals |
Clinical Signs of Toxicity/ |
Mortality (No. of Mortality / No. of Animals dosed) |
G1, M & 0 |
12 |
N (12) |
0/12 |
G2, M & 100 |
12 |
N (12) |
0/12 |
G3, M & 300 |
12 |
N (8); 110 (3); 82 (1) |
0/12 |
G4, M & 600 |
12 |
N (6); 110 (6) |
0/12 |
M: Male; N: Normal; 110: Wet perineum; 82: Perinasal staining
Table 4.2. Summary of clinical signs of toxicity, detailed clinical examination and mortality record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
No. of Animals |
Clinical Signs of Toxicity/ |
Mortality (No. of Mortality / No. of Animals dosed) |
G1, F & 0 |
12 |
N (12) |
0/12 |
G2, F & 100 |
12 |
N (12) |
0/12 |
G3, F & 300 |
12 |
N (8); 110 (4) |
0/12 |
G4, F & 600 |
12 |
N (5); 110 (7) |
0/12 |
F: Female; N: Normal; 110: Wet perineum
Table 4.3. Summary of clinical signs of toxicity, detailed clinical examination and mortality record. Recovery groups
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
No. of Animals |
Clinical Signs of Toxicity/ |
Mortality (No. of Mortality / No. of Animals dosed) |
G1R, M & 0 |
5 |
N (5) |
0/5 |
G4R, M & 600 |
5 |
N (3); 110 (2) |
0/5 |
G1R, F & 0 |
5 |
N (5) |
0/5 |
G4R, F & 600 |
5 |
N (3); 110 (2) |
0/5 |
M: Male; F: Female; R: Recovery; N: Normal; 110: Wet perineum
Table 5.1. Summary of body weight (g) record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Body Weight (g) on Day |
||||||
1 |
7 |
14 |
21 |
28 |
35 |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
381.03 |
389.68 |
399.42 |
410.44 |
421.01 |
430.64 |
±SD |
35.22 |
36.88 |
38.54 |
39.75 |
41.60 |
40.79 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
377.18 |
382.56 |
390.29 |
401.50 |
409.69 |
420.12 |
±SD |
34.26 |
34.69 |
35.09 |
34.76 |
33.37 |
33.81 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
378.65 |
383.40 |
390.25 |
397.82 |
405.35 |
416.56 |
±SD |
33.89 |
34.48 |
36.34 |
36.53 |
37.42 |
37.36 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
379.39 |
378.29 |
380.29 |
386.13 |
392.89 |
403.02 |
±SD |
32.03 |
31.84 |
31.22 |
33.21 |
34.10 |
34.33 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
Table 5.2. Summary of body weight (g) record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Body Weight (g) on Days |
|||||
1 |
7 |
14 |
21# |
28# |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
271.32 |
277.65 |
284.52 |
294.48 |
303.51 |
±SD |
14.70 |
15.30 |
15.77 |
18.17 |
19.76 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
6 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
271.24 |
276.96 |
278.30 |
283.87 |
296.55 |
±SD |
15.07 |
15.77 |
15.75 |
17.32 |
9.49 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
7 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
272.21 |
271.34 |
273.93 |
267.49 |
274.21 |
±SD |
16.11 |
16.02 |
15.95 |
18.29 |
20.14 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
4 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
271.70 |
272.07 |
270.96 |
266.87 |
265.26 |
±SD |
15.28 |
15.58 |
16.05 |
12.03 |
10.62 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
7 |
5 |
|
#: The data of Day 21 and 28 body weight was not subjected to statistical analysis due to uneven number of variables
Table 5.3. Summary of body weight (g) record. Recovery groups
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Body Weight (g) on Day |
||||||||||
1 |
7 |
14 |
21 |
28 |
35 |
42 |
49 |
56 |
63 |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
375.04 |
387.85 |
396.37 |
407.72 |
419.05 |
427.32 |
438.02 |
449.49 |
455.22 |
462.27 |
±SD |
27.86 |
27.90 |
26.43 |
26.46 |
28.44 |
26.52 |
33.26 |
37.89 |
37.83 |
36.57 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
375.02 |
376.48 |
378.88 |
391.20 |
397.15 |
407.68 |
420.85 |
436.91 |
441.32 |
450.62 |
±SD |
24.55 |
29.70 |
32.63 |
35.14 |
34.76 |
32.71 |
40.13 |
47.18 |
46.16 |
42.45 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
270.17 |
276.46 |
283.02 |
289.28 |
295.46 |
300.34 |
302.72 |
305.75 |
311.49 |
319.96 |
±SD |
11.70 |
11.50 |
11.66 |
11.90 |
9.99 |
7.71 |
7.29 |
6.66 |
8.64 |
6.48 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
269.74 |
270.61 |
275.06 |
277.47 |
277.96* |
283.45* |
288.21 |
290.14 |
294.73 |
301.14 |
±SD |
11.53 |
12.03 |
10.63 |
13.27 |
11.26 |
10.17 |
12.72 |
17.39 |
16.26 |
17.58 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group
Table 6.1. Summary of percent change in body weight (%) with respect to day 1. Males
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Percent Change in Body Weight (%) during Day |
|||||
1 to 7 |
1 to 14 |
1 to 21 |
1 to 28 |
1 to 35 |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
2.26 |
4.79 |
7.68 |
10.44 |
13.01 |
±SD |
1.06 |
1.27 |
1.82 |
2.40 |
2.46 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
1.43 |
3.49* |
6.50 |
8.72 |
11.50 |
±SD |
0.52 |
1.00 |
1.30 |
1.98 |
2.31 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
1.25* |
3.03* |
5.04* |
7.02* |
10.01* |
±SD |
0.45 |
0.65 |
1.14 |
1.20 |
1.43 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
-0.28* |
0.27* |
1.81* |
3.59* |
6.28* |
±SD |
1.22 |
1.66 |
3.00 |
3.20 |
3.38 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 6.2. Summary of percent change in body weight (%) with respect to day 1. Females
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Percent Change in Body Weight (%) during Day |
||||
1 to 7 |
1 to 14 |
1 to 21# |
1 to 28# |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
2.33 |
4.86 |
6.94 |
9.92 |
±SD |
0.58 |
1.05 |
1.30 |
1.82 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
5 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
2.11 |
2.61* |
4.48 |
5.99 |
±SD |
0.72 |
1.48 |
0.73 |
0.73 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
7 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
-0.31* |
0.66* |
2.23 |
3.66 |
±SD |
1.34 |
1.97 |
2.51 |
2.67 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
5 |
4 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
0.15* |
-0.27* |
0.62 |
0.14 |
±SD |
1.88 |
1.68 |
2.07 |
2.44 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
7 |
5 |
|
#: The data of Day 21 and 28 body weight was not subjected to statistical analysis due to uneven number of variables
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 6.3. Summary of percent change in body weight (%) with respect to day 1. Recovery groups
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Percent Change in Body Weight (%) during Day |
|||||||||
1 to 7 |
1 to 14 |
1 to 21 |
1 to 28 |
1 to 35 |
1 to 42 |
1 to 49 |
1 to 56 |
1 to 63 |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
3.44 |
5.74 |
8.78 |
11.79 |
14.03 |
16.79 |
19.80 |
21.35 |
23.26 |
±SD |
1.59 |
1.48 |
1.80 |
2.36 |
2.12 |
1.55 |
2.75 |
3.02 |
3.02 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
0.32* |
0.98* |
4.23 |
5.84* |
8.68* |
12.11 |
16.33 |
17.52 |
20.06 |
±SD |
2.01 |
4.14 |
4.47 |
4.67 |
4.04 |
5.42 |
7.07 |
6.87 |
6.06 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
2.33 |
4.77 |
7.09 |
9.41 |
11.25 |
12.13 |
13.28 |
15.40 |
18.55 |
±SD |
0.94 |
1.21 |
1.95 |
2.32 |
2.66 |
2.82 |
3.68 |
4.29 |
4.06 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
0.32* |
2.00* |
2.86* |
3.08* |
5.14* |
6.87* |
7.53* |
9.24* |
11.61* |
±SD |
1.19 |
1.69 |
2.15 |
2.83 |
3.00 |
2.95 |
3.70 |
3.18 |
3.50 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 7.1. Summary of average feed consumption (g/animal/day) record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
Feed Consumption (g/animal/day) |
||
Week 1 (Day 1 to 7) |
Week 2 (Day 7 to 14) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
19.41 |
22.53 |
±SD |
1.01 |
2.12 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
17.96* |
23.03 |
±SD |
0.73 |
1.78 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
19.36 |
22.14 |
±SD |
0.50 |
1.24 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
17.97* |
20.47 |
±SD |
0.28 |
1.15 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
|
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 7.2. Summary of average feed consumption (g/animal/day) record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
Feed Consumption (g/animal/day) |
||
Week 1 (Day 1 to 7) |
Week 2 (Day 7 to 14) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
15.79 |
16.65 |
±SD |
0.32 |
0.74 |
|
n |
6 |
6 |
|
G1, F & 100 |
Mean |
14.14* |
16.81 |
±SD |
0.37 |
1.83 |
|
n |
6 |
6 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
13.77* |
16.00 |
±SD |
0.38 |
0.80 |
|
n |
6 |
6 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
13.64* |
15.77 |
±SD |
0.34 |
1.12 |
|
n |
6 |
6 |
|
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 7.3. Summary of average feed consumption (g/animal/day) record. Recovery groups
Group, Sex & Dose |
Feed Consumption (g/animal/day) |
||||||||||
Week 1 (Day 1 to 7) |
Week 2 (Day 7 to 14) |
Week 3 (Day 14 to 21) |
Week 4 (Day 21 to 28) |
Week 5 (Day 28 to 35) |
Week 6 (Day 35 to 42) |
Week 7 (Day 42 to 49) |
Week 8 (Day 49 to 56) |
Week 9 (Day 56 to 63) |
Week 10 (Day 63 to 67) |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
19.00 |
20.97 |
21.80 |
22.95 |
23.37 |
23.78 |
24.10 |
24.64 |
25.32 |
24.10 |
±SD |
0.63 |
2.36 |
1.32 |
0.49 |
0.55 |
0.28 |
0.14 |
0.13 |
0.46 |
0.14 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
18.68 |
20.75 |
20.91 |
21.28 |
22.72 |
23.35 |
23.63 |
24.08 |
24.74 |
23.63 |
±SD |
1.66 |
1.55 |
1.48 |
1.82 |
0.65 |
0.39 |
0.28 |
0.12 |
0.23 |
0.28 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
15.05 |
16.48 |
16.81 |
17.43 |
17.88 |
18.69 |
20.42 |
21.49 |
22.43 |
20.42 |
±SD |
1.66 |
0.07 |
0.08 |
0.32 |
0.30 |
0.65 |
0.17 |
0.13 |
0.46 |
0.17 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
14.34 |
16.10 |
16.46 |
16.76 |
17.43 |
18.15 |
19.88 |
20.73 |
22.07 |
19.88 |
±SD |
0.09 |
0.42 |
0.39 |
0.27 |
0.05 |
0.30 |
0.08 |
0.37 |
0.24 |
0.08 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
Table 8.1. Neurological/functional observation battery record. Open field and sensory observations. Males
Day 36 |
||||||
Parameters↓ |
Group & Sex |
G1 & M |
G2 & M |
G3 & M |
G4 & M |
|
Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
0 |
100 |
300 |
600 |
||
Number of Randomly selected Animals |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
||
Open field Observation |
||||||
Mobility |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Gait |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Arousal |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
||
Number of Rearing |
Mean |
3.8 |
3.4 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
|
±SD |
0.8 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
0.7 |
||
Numbers of Urination |
Mean |
2.8 |
2.4 |
1.6 |
2.8 |
|
±SD |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
||
Number of Defecation |
Mean |
2.8 |
2.2 |
2.4 |
3.2 |
|
±SD |
1.3 |
1.3 |
0.5 |
1.3 |
||
Clonic involuntary movement |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Tonic involuntary movement |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Stereotype Behaviour |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Excessive Grooming |
Mean |
2.8 |
2.4 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
|
±SD |
0.8 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
||
Sensory Observations |
||||||
Approach Response |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Auditory Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Touch Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Pupil Reflex |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Tail Pinch Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Righting Reflex |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Physiological observation |
||||||
Body temperature (°F) |
Mean |
98.6 |
98.8 |
98.4 |
98.2 |
|
±SD |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
||
Table 8.2. Neurological/functional observation battery record. Open field and sensory observations. Females
Lactation Day 13 |
||||||
Parameters↓ |
Group & Sex |
G1 & F |
G2 & F |
G3 & F |
G4 & F |
|
Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
0 |
100 |
300 |
600 |
||
Number of Randomly selected Animals |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
||
Open field Observation |
||||||
Mobility |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Gait |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Arousal |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
||
Number of Rearing |
Mean |
2.4 |
3.6* |
2.8 |
3.6* |
|
±SD |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
||
Numbers of Urination |
Mean |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.4 |
3.6 |
|
±SD |
0.5 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
||
Number of Defecation |
Mean |
3.4 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
3.2 |
|
±SD |
0.9 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
||
Clonic involuntary movement |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Tonic involuntary movement |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Stereotype Behaviour |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Excessive Grooming |
Mean |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
3.4 |
|
±SD |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
||
Sensory Observations |
||||||
Approach Response |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Auditory Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Touch Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Pupil Reflex |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Tail Pinch Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Righting Reflex |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Physiological observation |
||||||
Body temperature (°F) |
Mean |
98.7 |
98.9 |
98.5 |
99.0 |
|
±SD |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.7 |
0.3 |
||
Table 8.3. Neurological/functional observation battery record. Open field and sensory observations. Recovery groups
Day 66 |
||||||
Parameters↓ |
Group & Sex |
G1R & M |
G4R & M |
G1R & F |
G4R & F |
|
Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
0 |
600 |
0 |
600 |
||
Number of Animals |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
||
Open field Observation |
||||||
Mobility |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Gait |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Arousal |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
||
Number of Rearing |
Mean |
3.0 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
|
±SD |
0.7 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
||
Numbers of Urination |
Mean |
3.0 |
2.6 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
|
±SD |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
||
Number of Defecation |
Mean |
2.8 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
|
±SD |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
||
Clonic involuntary movement |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Tonic involuntary movement |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Stereotype Behaviour |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Excessive Grooming |
Mean |
2.8 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
|
±SD |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
||
Sensory Observations |
||||||
Approach Response |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Auditory Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Touch Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Pupil Reflex |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Tail Pinch Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Righting Reflex |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Physiological observation |
||||||
Body temperature (°F) |
Mean |
98.9 |
98.5 |
98.8 |
98.6 |
|
±SD |
0.5 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
1.0 |
||
Open field Observation: a. Mobility - 1=Normal, b. Gait - 1=Normal, c. Arousal - 3=Normal, g. Stereotypies - repetitive circling - 1= Absent, 2=Present, Sensory Observations:
a. Startle Response - 2=Normal, b. Touch Response - 2=Normal, c. Pupil Response 2=Normal, d. Response to Nociceptive stimuli - 2=Normal, e. Righting Reflex - 1=Present, 2=Slow, 3=Absent
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 9.1. Summary of haematology record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Total Leucocyte Count |
Total Erythrocyte Count |
Hemoglobin |
Haematocrit |
Mean Corpuscular Volume |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration |
Platelet Count |
Mean Platelet Volume |
Reticulocyte Count |
|
(WBC) |
(RBC) |
(HGB) |
(HCT) |
(MCV) |
(MCH) |
(MCHC) |
(PLT) |
(MPV) |
(Retic) |
||
(103cells/µL) |
(106cells/µL) |
(g/dL) |
(%) |
(fL) |
(pg) |
(g/dL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(fL) |
(%) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
7.90 |
8.04 |
13.38 |
43.22 |
53.86 |
16.66 |
30.94 |
831.00 |
5.76 |
1.55 |
±SD |
1.57 |
0.58 |
0.86 |
2.27 |
1.14 |
0.41 |
0.70 |
95.01 |
0.30 |
0.13 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
7.20 |
7.53 |
12.44 |
41.10 |
54.64 |
16.52 |
30.26 |
797.00 |
5.90 |
1.68 |
±SD |
0.60 |
0.57 |
1.05 |
2.52 |
1.71 |
0.68 |
1.77 |
94.89 |
0.29 |
0.52 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
7.11 |
7.71 |
13.18 |
42.26 |
54.80 |
17.10 |
31.18 |
783.20 |
5.92 |
1.44 |
±SD |
0.90 |
0.26 |
0.59 |
0.94 |
1.99 |
0.92 |
0.72 |
65.48 |
0.26 |
0.74 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
8.58 |
7.74 |
12.92 |
42.88 |
55.56 |
16.66 |
30.08 |
830.80 |
6.00 |
2.33 |
±SD |
1.14 |
0.71 |
1.55 |
3.16 |
2.35 |
0.67 |
2.27 |
152.49 |
0.25 |
1.60 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Neutrophils |
Lymphocytes |
Monocytes |
Eosinophils |
Basophils |
|
(Neut) |
(Lymph) |
(Mono) |
(Eos) |
(Baso) |
||
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
24.34 |
70.60 |
2.86 |
1.80 |
0.20 |
±SD |
6.17 |
6.81 |
0.98 |
0.66 |
0.10 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
27.48 |
66.72 |
3.66 |
1.68 |
0.22 |
±SD |
2.57 |
2.34 |
2.08 |
0.25 |
0.11 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
27.00 |
66.68 |
3.72 |
2.14 |
0.22 |
±SD |
5.31 |
4.48 |
0.74 |
1.03 |
0.08 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
23.38 |
71.96 |
2.98 |
1.32 |
0.24 |
±SD |
3.67 |
5.22 |
1.84 |
0.36 |
0.09 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
|
Absolute Reticulocyte Count |
Absolute Neutrophils |
Absolute Lymphocytes |
Absolute Monocytes |
Absolute Eosinophils |
Absolute Basophils |
Prothrombin Time |
Activated Prothrombin Time |
(Retic) |
(Neut) |
(Lymph) |
(Mono) |
(Eos) |
(Baso) |
(PT) |
(APTT) |
||
(109cells/L) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(Seconds) |
(Seconds) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
124.26 |
1.91 |
5.59 |
0.22 |
0.15 |
0.01 |
26.70 |
13.36 |
±SD |
3.05 |
0.51 |
1.37 |
0.08 |
0.07 |
0.01 |
0.97 |
2.24 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
124.68 |
1.99 |
4.79 |
0.27 |
0.12 |
0.02 |
28.30 |
16.16 |
±SD |
29.57 |
0.33 |
0.23 |
0.15 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
2.31 |
2.22 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
111.26 |
1.94 |
4.72 |
0.27 |
0.15 |
0.02 |
26.20 |
17.40 |
±SD |
56.81 |
0.53 |
0.54 |
0.07 |
0.05 |
0.01 |
1.29 |
4.09 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
176.02 |
2.03 |
6.14 |
0.26 |
0.12 |
0.02 |
25.68 |
17.90* |
±SD |
109.06 |
0.54 |
0.59 |
0.20 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
1.38 |
1.42 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 9.2. Summary of haematology record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Total Leucocyte Count |
Total Erythrocyte Count |
Hemoglobin |
Haematocrit |
Mean Corpuscular Volume |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration |
Platelet Count |
Mean Platelet Volume |
Reticulocyte Count |
|
(WBC) |
(RBC) |
(HGB) |
(HCT) |
(MCV) |
(MCH) |
(MCHC) |
(PLT) |
(MPV) |
(Retic) |
||
(103cells/µL) |
(106cells/µL) |
(g/dL) |
(%) |
(fL) |
(pg) |
(g/dL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(fL) |
(%) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
12.44 |
7.68 |
14.78 |
44.32 |
57.78 |
19.26 |
33.34 |
604.20 |
7.40 |
1.76 |
±SD |
3.97 |
0.57 |
0.86 |
3.30 |
1.85 |
0.67 |
0.62 |
247.85 |
0.76 |
1.01 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
9.89 |
6.89 |
13.36* |
40.82 |
59.28 |
19.46 |
32.78 |
671.40 |
7.16 |
2.07 |
±SD |
2.84 |
0.51 |
0.57 |
2.29 |
1.13 |
0.73 |
0.62 |
197.31 |
0.66 |
0.82 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
10.38 |
7.70 |
14.74 |
45.38 |
59.00 |
19.14 |
32.48 |
610.40 |
7.50 |
2.18 |
±SD |
2.05 |
0.29 |
0.44 |
1.37 |
1.07 |
0.44 |
0.87 |
232.46 |
1.07 |
1.12 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
9.17 |
7.22 |
14.14 |
43.16 |
59.86 |
19.62 |
32.78 |
801.40 |
7.06 |
1.92 |
±SD |
2.17 |
0.65 |
1.05 |
3.08 |
2.55 |
0.76 |
0.69 |
145.93 |
0.58 |
0.98 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Neutrophils |
Lymphocytes |
Monocytes |
Eosinophils |
Basophils |
|
(Neut) |
(Lymph) |
(Mono) |
(Eos) |
(Baso) |
||
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
27.94 |
66.88 |
2.96 |
1.78 |
0.24 |
±SD |
7.71 |
7.63 |
1.43 |
0.82 |
0.05 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
31.52 |
63.44 |
2.52 |
2.16 |
0.20 |
±SD |
12.12 |
12.91 |
1.47 |
0.62 |
0.07 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
24.40 |
71.14 |
1.62 |
2.38 |
0.26 |
±SD |
5.35 |
6.68 |
1.06 |
1.07 |
0.09 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
22.38 |
71.52 |
3.92 |
1.80 |
0.24 |
±SD |
6.45 |
7.33 |
2.34 |
0.37 |
0.05 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Absolute Reticulocyte Count |
Absolute Neutrophils |
Absolute Lymphocytes |
Absolute Monocytes |
Absolute Eosinophils |
Absolute Basophils |
Prothrombin Time |
Activated Prothrombin Time |
|
(Retic) |
(Neut) |
(Lymph) |
(Mono) |
(Eos) |
(Baso) |
(PT) |
(APTT) |
||
(109cells/L) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(Seconds) |
(Seconds) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
131.92 |
3.47 |
8.33 |
0.38 |
0.21 |
0.04 |
23.02 |
14.64 |
±SD |
69.35 |
1.62 |
2.65 |
0.24 |
0.10 |
0.01 |
4.81 |
2.57 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
140.98 |
3.11 |
6.28 |
0.25 |
0.22 |
0.02 |
21.80 |
16.98 |
±SD |
50.35 |
1.37 |
2.14 |
0.15 |
0.11 |
0.01 |
3.93 |
4.20 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
167.44 |
2.62 |
7.28 |
0.18 |
0.26 |
0.03 |
21.94 |
15.46 |
±SD |
86.60 |
1.04 |
0.76 |
0.16 |
0.16 |
0.02 |
3.01 |
3.26 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
134.16 |
2.16 |
6.46 |
0.35 |
0.17 |
0.02 |
25.00 |
19.90 |
±SD |
51.84 |
1.21 |
0.99 |
0.21 |
0.06 |
0.00 |
8.24 |
9.87 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 9.3. Summary of haematology record. Recovery groups
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Total Leucocyte Count |
Total Erythrocyte Count |
Hemoglobin |
Haematocrit |
Mean Corpuscular Volume |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration |
Platelet Count |
Mean Platelet Volume |
Reticulocyte Count |
|
(WBC) |
(RBC) |
(HGB) |
(HCT) |
(MCV) |
(MCH) |
(MCHC) |
(PLT) |
(MPV) |
(Retic) |
||
(103cells/µL) |
(106cells/µL) |
(g/dL) |
(%) |
(fL) |
(pg) |
(g/dL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(fL) |
(%) |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
8.71 |
8.19 |
14.48 |
42.66 |
52.14 |
17.70 |
33.96 |
962.60 |
6.92 |
1.47 |
±SD |
0.61 |
0.43 |
0.41 |
1.58 |
1.65 |
0.49 |
0.44 |
140.30 |
0.15 |
0.23 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
7.51* |
8.07 |
14.68 |
42.50 |
52.66 |
18.18 |
34.50 |
794.00 |
7.58* |
1.31 |
±SD |
0.59 |
0.34 |
0.46 |
1.31 |
0.96 |
0.52 |
0.46 |
85.12 |
0.44 |
0.16 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
5.93 |
7.34 |
13.78 |
40.00 |
54.58 |
18.76 |
34.38 |
867.60 |
7.26 |
1.51 |
±SD |
1.05 |
0.25 |
0.36 |
0.78 |
1.38 |
0.22 |
0.58 |
150.83 |
0.32 |
0.34 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
5.10 |
7.47 |
14.12 |
40.42 |
54.12 |
18.94 |
35.02 |
844.80 |
7.56 |
1.55 |
±SD |
1.74 |
0.39 |
0.44 |
2.18 |
1.48 |
0.96 |
1.63 |
153.15 |
0.41 |
0.28 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Neutrophils |
Lymphocytes |
Monocytes |
Eosinophils |
Basophils |
|
(Neut) |
(Lymph) |
(Mono) |
(Eos) |
(Baso) |
||
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
20.92 |
74.34 |
2.96 |
1.32 |
0.20 |
±SD |
2.23 |
3.30 |
1.56 |
0.52 |
0.00 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
26.32 |
69.66 |
2.14 |
1.48 |
0.22 |
±SD |
7.17 |
7.97 |
1.15 |
0.40 |
0.11 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
24.28 |
70.96 |
2.46 |
1.80 |
0.22 |
±SD |
7.22 |
8.79 |
1.24 |
0.78 |
0.13 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
24.40 |
70.32 |
2.26 |
2.72 |
0.16 |
±SD |
5.54 |
6.18 |
0.30 |
0.89 |
0.09 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Absolute Reticulocyte Count |
Absolute Neutrophils |
Absolute Lymphocytes |
Absolute Monocytes |
Absolute Eosinophils |
Absolute Basophils |
Prothrombin Time |
Activated Prothrombin Time |
|
(Retic) |
(Neut) |
(Lymph) |
(Mono) |
(Eos) |
(Baso) |
(PT) |
(APTT) |
||
(109cells/L) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(Seconds) |
(Seconds) |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
120.24 |
1.82 |
6.48 |
0.26 |
0.11 |
0.02 |
25.14 |
21.48 |
±SD |
16.86 |
0.20 |
0.61 |
0.14 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
3.32 |
4.44 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
105.48 |
1.97 |
5.24* |
0.16 |
0.11 |
0.02 |
22.26 |
14.92* |
±SD |
13.61 |
0.55 |
0.76 |
0.08 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
2.59 |
3.67 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
110.42 |
1.38 |
4.27 |
0.14 |
0.10 |
0.01 |
26.70 |
20.06 |
±SD |
23.36 |
0.19 |
1.19 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
2.11 |
4.15 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
114.88 |
1.24 |
3.60 |
0.11 |
0.13 |
0.01 |
27.28 |
17.46 |
±SD |
16.01 |
0.54 |
1.35 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
5.16 |
2.20 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 10.1. Summary of clinical chemistry record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Glucose |
Urea |
Creatinine |
Total Cholesterol |
Triglycerides |
Total Protein |
Albumin |
Alanine aminotransferase |
Aspartate aminotransferase |
|
(GLU) |
(CRE) |
(CHO) |
(TRI) |
(TPR) |
(ALB) |
(ALT) |
(AST) |
|||
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(U/L) |
(U/L) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
77.60 |
31.70 |
0.47 |
44.40 |
39.40 |
6.12 |
3.04 |
43.40 |
109.00 |
±SD |
8.32 |
1.02 |
0.17 |
10.16 |
10.74 |
0.22 |
0.13 |
12.70 |
40.98 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
81.60 |
30.26 |
0.51 |
45.80 |
48.60 |
5.88 |
3.04 |
51.40 |
116.80 |
±SD |
12.97 |
5.31 |
0.02 |
4.92 |
13.09 |
0.22 |
0.11 |
7.60 |
27.60 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
83.40 |
37.84 |
0.53 |
53.80 |
33.60 |
6.78 |
3.06 |
45.40 |
111.00 |
±SD |
11.28 |
6.95 |
0.05 |
24.47 |
7.27 |
1.31 |
0.19 |
7.16 |
10.98 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
97.60 |
31.84 |
0.56 |
42.00 |
27.20 |
5.78 |
2.75 |
43.60 |
101.00 |
±SD |
28.01 |
3.36 |
0.06 |
5.70 |
6.14 |
0.46 |
0.35 |
4.88 |
13.51 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Alkaline phosphatase |
Total Bilirubin |
Calcium |
Phosphorous |
Globulin |
Blood Urea Nitrogen |
Sodium |
Potassium |
Chloride |
|
(ALP) |
(BIT) |
(CAL) |
(PHO) |
(GLO) |
(BUN) |
(Na) |
(K) |
(CLO) |
||
(U/L) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mmol/L) |
(mmol/L) |
(mmol/L) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
116.20 |
0.05 |
9.36 |
5.12 |
3.08 |
14.79 |
150.98 |
3.96 |
112.58 |
±SD |
34.17 |
0.01 |
0.23 |
0.57 |
0.10 |
0.47 |
1.72 |
0.51 |
1.46 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
101.60 |
0.03 |
9.46 |
5.36 |
2.84 |
14.12 |
149.48 |
4.15 |
112.34 |
±SD |
21.15 |
0.02 |
0.38 |
0.36 |
0.12 |
2.48 |
1.70 |
0.63 |
1.84 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
141.20 |
0.03* |
9.76 |
5.30 |
3.72 |
17.66 |
148.70 |
3.87 |
110.82 |
±SD |
60.95 |
0.01 |
0.59 |
1.41 |
1.41 |
3.25 |
4.53 |
0.47 |
1.51 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
91.20 |
0.03 |
9.48 |
6.54 |
3.03 |
14.86 |
151.38 |
4.46 |
112.28 |
±SD |
23.76 |
0.02 |
0.35 |
0.76 |
0.48 |
1.57 |
2.14 |
0.36 |
3.23 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 10.2. Summary of clinical chemistry record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Glucose |
Urea |
Creatinine |
Total Cholesterol |
Triglycerides |
Total Protein |
Albumin |
Alanine aminotransferase |
Aspartate aminotransferase |
|
(GLU) |
(CRE) |
(CHO) |
(TRI) |
(TPR) |
(ALB) |
(ALT) |
(AST) |
|||
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(U/L) |
(U/L) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
80.60 |
48.44 |
0.48 |
67.60 |
106.40 |
6.68 |
3.03 |
110.80 |
143.40 |
±SD |
18.90 |
5.74 |
0.06 |
11.70 |
47.83 |
0.36 |
0.24 |
23.34 |
43.36 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
76.80 |
45.38 |
0.45 |
67.80 |
292.80 |
6.26 |
2.81 |
112.80 |
143.00 |
±SD |
24.14 |
8.53 |
0.07 |
10.33 |
238.17 |
0.42 |
0.24 |
22.44 |
69.42 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
87.80 |
50.10 |
0.42 |
72.80 |
151.00 |
6.88 |
3.12 |
96.20 |
89.00 |
±SD |
13.81 |
16.09 |
0.06 |
10.21 |
56.63 |
0.26 |
0.29 |
14.50 |
30.51 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
85.80 |
47.94 |
0.51 |
77.00 |
76.80 |
7.20 |
3.37 |
90.20 |
105.40 |
±SD |
24.79 |
13.82 |
0.07 |
15.87 |
45.38 |
0.68 |
0.35 |
33.87 |
36.62 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Alkaline phosphatase |
Total Bilirubin |
Calcium |
Phosphorous |
Globulin |
Blood Urea Nitrogen |
Sodium |
Potassium |
Chloride |
|
(ALP) |
(BIT) |
(CAL) |
(PHO) |
(GLO) |
(BUN) |
(Na) |
(K) |
(CLO) |
||
(U/L) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mmol/L) |
(mmol/L) |
(mmol/L) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
170.40 |
0.02 |
10.28 |
9.25 |
3.65 |
22.60 |
154.46 |
3.90 |
122.36 |
±SD |
64.28 |
0.00 |
0.75 |
1.40 |
0.24 |
2.68 |
16.36 |
0.98 |
15.63 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
240.60 |
0.02 |
10.00 |
6.54 |
3.45 |
21.18 |
157.82 |
3.58 |
121.80 |
±SD |
93.37 |
0.00 |
1.08 |
2.93 |
0.27 |
3.98 |
17.56 |
0.17 |
14.22 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
296.80 |
0.02 |
10.30 |
6.58 |
3.76 |
23.38 |
140.22 |
3.78 |
107.34 |
±SD |
141.57 |
0.00 |
1.06 |
2.78 |
0.10 |
7.51 |
1.08 |
0.30 |
5.50 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
183.80 |
0.03 |
10.52 |
6.62 |
3.83 |
22.37 |
150.82 |
3.68 |
111.00 |
±SD |
85.44 |
0.02 |
0.98 |
2.75 |
0.55 |
6.45 |
6.51 |
0.62 |
7.02 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Table 10.3. Summary of clinical chemistry record. Recovery groups
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Glucose |
Urea |
Creatinine |
Total Cholesterol |
Triglycerides |
Total Protein |
Albumin |
Alanine aminotransferase |
Aspartate aminotransferase |
|
(GLU) |
(CRE) |
(CHO) |
(TRI) |
(TPR) |
(ALB) |
(ALT) |
(AST) |
|||
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(U/L) |
(U/L) |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
118.20 |
26.78 |
0.62 |
51.00 |
52.20 |
6.64 |
3.12 |
51.00 |
42.00 |
±SD |
28.34 |
6.15 |
0.05 |
8.46 |
15.07 |
0.43 |
0.20 |
7.68 |
7.52 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
103.60 |
30.60 |
0.60 |
45.00 |
33.60* |
6.72 |
3.10 |
49.60 |
49.80 |
±SD |
8.17 |
4.38 |
0.06 |
10.77 |
7.09 |
0.45 |
0.22 |
12.74 |
13.31 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
107.80 |
29.74 |
0.66 |
59.80 |
48.40 |
7.00 |
3.36 |
40.20 |
42.20 |
±SD |
17.54 |
4.93 |
0.03 |
13.77 |
19.09 |
0.19 |
0.09 |
7.40 |
4.38 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
102.60 |
28.54 |
0.64 |
51.20 |
28.60 |
6.78 |
3.20 |
44.20 |
43.40 |
±SD |
13.39 |
4.21 |
0.05 |
11.23 |
7.86 |
0.43 |
0.22 |
3.11 |
3.91 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Alkaline phosphatase |
Total Bilirubin |
Calcium |
Phosphorous |
Globulin |
Blood Urea Nitrogen |
Sodium |
Potassium |
Chloride |
|
(ALP) |
(BIT) |
(CAL) |
(PHO) |
(GLO) |
(BUN) |
(Na) |
(K) |
(CLO) |
||
(U/L) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mmol/L) |
(mmol/L) |
(mmol/L) |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
116.40 |
0.02 |
9.84 |
7.56 |
3.52 |
12.50 |
147.54 |
3.06 |
111.76 |
±SD |
29.87 |
0.00 |
0.36 |
0.64 |
0.25 |
2.87 |
3.55 |
0.15 |
1.55 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
93.40 |
0.02 |
10.12 |
7.30 |
3.62 |
14.28 |
151.54 |
3.01 |
111.42 |
±SD |
34.30 |
0.00 |
0.33 |
0.28 |
0.30 |
2.04 |
1.64 |
0.10 |
1.33 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
49.80 |
0.02 |
9.90 |
7.48 |
3.64 |
13.88 |
152.42 |
3.11 |
112.38 |
±SD |
14.58 |
0.00 |
0.14 |
0.13 |
0.25 |
2.30 |
0.72 |
0.30 |
1.28 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
61.80 |
0.02 |
9.82 |
7.22 |
3.58 |
13.32 |
151.46 |
3.15 |
112.10 |
±SD |
23.57 |
0.00 |
0.25 |
0.37 |
0.30 |
1.96 |
1.18 |
0.27 |
0.80 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Table 11. Summary of vaginal smear examination for determination of oestrus cyclicity
Group & Dose |
Total No. of Females |
No. of Females with Regular Oestrus Cyclicity during Pre-mating and Mating |
No. of Females confirmed with pregnancy
|
No. of Females with Regular Oestrus Cyclicity on Lactation Day 14 |
No. of Females with Irregular Oestrus Cyclicity during Pre-mating, Mating and on Lactation day 14 |
G1 & 0 |
12 |
12 |
10 |
10 |
0 |
G2 & 100 |
12 |
12 |
11 |
11 |
0 |
G3 & 300 |
12 |
12 |
10 |
10 |
0 |
G4 & 600 |
12 |
12 |
10 |
10 |
0 |
Table 12. Summary record of gestation body weight (g)
Group & Dose |
Body weight (g) on Gestation Days |
||||
0 |
7 |
14 |
20 |
||
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
293.54 |
312.05 |
346.33 |
411.36 |
±SD |
18.46 |
20.26 |
19.17 |
18.87 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
285.12 |
300.22 |
338.92 |
404.73 |
±SD |
18.74 |
20.01 |
18.03 |
20.92 |
|
n |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
280.85 |
300.22 |
336.08 |
406.54 |
±SD |
15.00 |
15.55 |
15.71 |
26.97 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
276.42 |
294.72 |
327.07 |
389.37 |
±SD |
16.05 |
12.25 |
15.04 |
14.98 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
n: Number of dams (the data of non-pregnant animals is excluded for mean calculations)
Table 13. Summary record of percent change in body weight (%) during gestation period
Group & Dose |
Change in body weight (%) during Gestation |
|||
0 to 7 |
7 to 14 |
14 to 20 |
||
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
6.30 |
11.13 |
18.93 |
±SD |
1.87 |
4.58 |
5.33 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
5.30 |
13.02 |
19.45 |
±SD |
1.74 |
3.22 |
2.49 |
|
n |
11 |
11 |
11 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
6.91 |
11.98 |
20.96 |
±SD |
0.80 |
1.64 |
5.69 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
6.72 |
10.99 |
19.20 |
±SD |
2.27 |
2.64 |
5.69 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
n: Number of dams (the data of non-pregnant animals is excluded for mean calculations)
Table 14. Summary of lactation body weight (g) record
Group, Sex & Dose |
Body weight (g) on Lactation Days |
||||
1 |
4 |
7 |
13 |
||
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
327.10 |
330.97 |
334.42 |
348.86 |
±SD |
16.26 |
16.38 |
15.95 |
16.17 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
322.50 |
326.63 |
331.30 |
348.67 |
±SD |
18.78 |
18.07 |
17.20 |
15.61 |
|
n |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
310.79 |
315.83 |
320.05 |
337.45 |
±SD |
18.55 |
17.65 |
18.21 |
18.54 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
311.35 |
314.75 |
318.00 |
336.09 |
±SD |
18.53 |
18.37 |
18.57 |
19.69 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
n: Number of dams
Table 15. Summary of percent change in body weight (%) during lactation
Group & Dose |
Change in body weight (%) during Lactation Day (LD) |
|||
1 to 4 |
4 to 7 |
7 to 13 |
||
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
1.18 |
1.05 |
4.35 |
±SD |
0.45 |
0.55 |
2.19 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
1.30 |
1.45 |
5.29 |
±SD |
0.66 |
0.59 |
1.70 |
|
n |
11 |
11 |
11 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
1.65 |
1.33 |
5.46 |
±SD |
0.99 |
0.72 |
1.59 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
1.10* |
1.03 |
5.70 |
±SD |
0.35 |
0.47 |
2.20 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
n: Number of dams
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 16.1. Summary of absolute organ weights (g) record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Testes |
Epididymes |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
Prostate |
Seminal vesicles with coagulating glands |
Thyroid along with parathyroid# |
|
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
0.0778 |
0.3166 |
0.8525 |
3.5521 |
1.5253 |
1.4954 |
3.2095 |
2.1084 |
12.2106 |
1.5663 |
1.7826 |
0.0284 |
±SD |
0.0230 |
0.0685 |
0.0981 |
0.3053 |
0.2003 |
0.2606 |
0.5003 |
0.1619 |
1.6959 |
0.2473 |
0.3736 |
0.0062 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
0.0908 |
0.3110 |
0.8461 |
3.5704 |
1.5355 |
1.4677 |
3.2837 |
2.0750 |
12.9020 |
1.7886 |
1.5368 |
0.0291 |
±SD |
0.0067 |
0.0833 |
0.1153 |
0.3160 |
0.1338 |
0.0619 |
0.4710 |
0.3149 |
0.9458 |
0.3161 |
0.2519 |
0.0054 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
0.0718 |
0.4086 |
0.7552 |
3.4894 |
1.4944 |
1.4913 |
3.4137 |
2.2140 |
12.8520 |
1.7174 |
1.3662* |
0.0271 |
±SD |
0.0118 |
0.1711 |
0.1110 |
0.2024 |
0.1371 |
0.2276 |
0.3343 |
0.0545 |
1.3223 |
0.3604 |
0.4805 |
0.0055 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
0.0831 |
0.2943 |
0.8536 |
3.5823 |
1.4279 |
1.4830 |
3.5043 |
2.1889 |
15.3838* |
1.6183 |
1.5367 |
0.0270 |
±SD |
0.0158 |
0.0744 |
0.2004 |
0.3689 |
0.1220 |
0.1331 |
0.3005 |
0.1384 |
1.7056 |
0.3435 |
0.5163 |
0.0051 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
0.0773 |
0.3618 |
0.7242 |
3.6039 |
1.6468 |
1.9188 |
3.5834 |
2.2569 |
13.2972 |
1.7121 |
1.8645 |
0.0261 |
±SD |
0.0092 |
0.0263 |
0.0591 |
0.3635 |
0.0920 |
0.2272 |
0.4585 |
0.0468 |
1.4254 |
0.1573 |
0.0884 |
0.0063 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
0.0789 |
0.3709 |
0.7171 |
3.6500 |
1.6955 |
1.7452 |
3.3656 |
2.2167 |
12.9538 |
1.6941 |
1.8200 |
0.0260 |
±SD |
0.0065 |
0.0291 |
0.0499 |
0.2753 |
0.1809 |
0.2607 |
0.0824 |
0.0687 |
1.0505 |
0.2033 |
0.2601 |
0.0061 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
#: Weighed post fixation
*: Statistically significant than the control group (p<0.05)
Table 16.2. Summary of absolute organ weights (g) record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
Thyroid along with parathyroid# |
|
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
0.1048 |
0.2882 |
0.6049 |
1.2601 |
2.5891 |
2.0211 |
14.5537 |
0.0349 |
±SD |
0.0236 |
0.0253 |
0.0295 |
0.0594 |
0.3982 |
0.0756 |
1.2896 |
0.0031 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
0.1010 |
0.3114 |
0.6619 |
1.3266 |
2.7373 |
2.0318 |
15.2112 |
0.0352 |
±SD |
0.0207 |
0.0316 |
0.0991 |
0.0908 |
0.4297 |
0.0535 |
0.6016 |
0.0031 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
0.0879 |
0.2689 |
0.6149 |
1.3114 |
2.5901 |
2.0801 |
15.7306 |
0.0350 |
±SD |
0.0104 |
0.0410 |
0.1610 |
0.1273 |
0.4058 |
0.1362 |
1.0902 |
0.0040 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
0.0834 |
0.3016 |
0.6075 |
1.3731 |
2.4364 |
2.0034 |
15.5934 |
0.0350 |
±SD |
0.0139 |
0.0282 |
0.0727 |
0.1828 |
0.3454 |
0.2747 |
0.8368 |
0.0018 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
0.0985 |
0.3394 |
0.6029 |
1.1973 |
2.7865 |
2.4941 |
9.4607 |
0.0277 |
±SD |
0.0077 |
0.0363 |
0.0939 |
0.0312 |
0.0626 |
0.1286 |
0.5923 |
0.0008 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
0.0967 |
0.3621 |
0.6393 |
1.1068* |
2.8554 |
2.4116 |
9.2773 |
0.0273 |
±SD |
0.0068 |
0.0448 |
0.0296 |
0.0372 |
0.2076 |
0.0840 |
0.3590 |
0.0047 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
#: Weighed post fixation
*: Statistically significant than the control group (p<0.05)
Table 17.1. Summary of terminal body weight (g) and organ weight (%) relative to terminal body weight record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Fasting Body Weight (g) |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Testes |
Epididymes |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
Prostate |
Seminal vesicles with coagulating glands |
Thyroid along with parathyroid |
|
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
416.86 |
0.0199 |
0.0804 |
0.2185 |
0.8611 |
0.3676 |
0.3762 |
0.8114 |
0.5349 |
3.0979 |
0.3771 |
0.4286 |
0.0069 |
±SD |
44.25 |
0.0062 |
0.0170 |
0.0422 |
0.1152 |
0.0474 |
0.0280 |
0.0895 |
0.0299 |
0.4111 |
0.0559 |
0.0834 |
0.0016 |
|
n |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
410.05 |
0.0228 |
0.0770 |
0.2118 |
0.8756 |
0.3767 |
0.3696 |
0.8248 |
0.5228 |
3.2457 |
0.4377 |
0.3737 |
0.0072 |
±SD |
34.57 |
0.0014 |
0.0154 |
0.0203 |
0.0980 |
0.0423 |
0.0264 |
0.1062 |
0.0845 |
0.2526 |
0.0783 |
0.0444 |
0.0017 |
|
n |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
404.28 |
0.0180 |
0.1010 |
0.1882 |
0.8730 |
0.3725 |
0.3697 |
0.8498 |
0.5523 |
3.1965 |
0.4278 |
0.3395 |
0.0067 |
±SD |
43.34 |
0.0035 |
0.0402 |
0.0253 |
0.1111 |
0.0445 |
0.0333 |
0.0672 |
0.0248 |
0.2120 |
0.0867 |
0.1157 |
0.0014 |
|
n |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
395.73 |
0.0208 |
0.0739 |
0.2141 |
0.9181 |
0.3649 |
0.3641 |
0.8614 |
0.5383 |
3.7942* |
0.4115 |
0.3907 |
0.0069 |
±SD |
39.18 |
0.0061 |
0.0263 |
0.0753 |
0.1657 |
0.0561 |
0.0300 |
0.0834 |
0.0455 |
0.5655 |
0.0858 |
0.1405 |
0.0013 |
|
n |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
457.78 |
0.0169 |
0.0792 |
0.1583 |
0.7890 |
0.3607 |
0.4224 |
0.7818 |
0.4951 |
2.9004 |
0.3762 |
0.4093 |
0.0057 |
±SD |
32.41 |
0.0015 |
0.0055 |
0.0091 |
0.0796 |
0.0244 |
0.0746 |
0.0774 |
0.0387 |
0.1774 |
0.0492 |
0.0395 |
0.0016 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
446.24 |
0.0178 |
0.0835 |
0.1621 |
0.8226 |
0.3812 |
0.3916 |
0.7600 |
0.5008 |
2.9084 |
0.3805 |
0.4147 |
0.0058 |
±SD |
43.73 |
0.0022 |
0.0077 |
0.0215 |
0.0841 |
0.0388 |
0.0467 |
0.0763 |
0.0534 |
0.1148 |
0.0403 |
0.0937 |
0.0012 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
*: Statistically significant than the control group (p<0.05)
Table 17.2. Summary of terminal body weight (g) and organ weight (%) relative to terminal body weight record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Fasting Body Weight (g) |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
Thyroid along with parathyroid |
|
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
335.46 |
0.0323 |
0.0890 |
0.1870 |
0.3894 |
0.7987 |
0.6248 |
4.4983 |
0.0103 |
±SD |
17.75 |
0.0072 |
0.0080 |
0.0128 |
0.0225 |
0.1160 |
0.0376 |
0.4458 |
0.0007 |
|
n |
10 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
10 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
335.68 |
0.0300 |
0.0927 |
0.1971 |
0.3952 |
0.8142 |
0.6053 |
4.5315 |
0.0105 |
±SD |
14.74 |
0.0056 |
0.0086 |
0.0294 |
0.0293 |
0.1169 |
0.0242 |
0.2128 |
0.0011 |
|
n |
11 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
11 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
321.23 |
0.0274 |
0.0843 |
0.1906 |
0.4083 |
0.8052 |
0.6491 |
4.8949 |
0.0111 |
±SD |
19.34 |
0.0032 |
0.0171 |
0.0441 |
0.0370 |
0.1097 |
0.0618 |
0.2250 |
0.0016 |
|
n |
10 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
10 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
322.66 |
0.0261 |
0.0950 |
0.1913 |
0.4327 |
0.7671 |
0.6322 |
4.8979 |
0.0109 |
±SD |
19.22 |
0.0047 |
0.0157 |
0.0346 |
0.0869 |
0.1540 |
0.1329 |
0.5877 |
0.0010 |
|
n |
10 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
10 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
309.32 |
0.0318 |
0.1101 |
0.1955 |
0.3875 |
0.9013 |
0.8070 |
3.0633 |
0.0090 |
±SD |
9.19 |
0.0020 |
0.0149 |
0.0342 |
0.0188 |
0.0268 |
0.0491 |
0.2507 |
0.0005 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
291.01 |
0.0333 |
0.1249 |
0.2202 |
0.3805 |
0.9828 |
0.8303 |
3.1921 |
0.0094 |
±SD |
13.04 |
0.0029 |
0.0185 |
0.0167 |
0.0061 |
0.0846 |
0.0516 |
0.1624 |
0.0015 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Table 18. Summary of serum thyroxine (T4) hormone levels (ng/ml) record - adult males
Group, Sex & Dose |
Serum T4 Levels (ng/mL) |
|
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
68.214 |
±SD |
1.654 |
|
n |
12 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
66.284 |
±SD |
3.473 |
|
n |
12 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
64.914* |
±SD |
2.161 |
|
n |
12 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
65.095 |
±SD |
3.031 |
|
n |
12 |
*: Statistically significant than the control group (p<0.05)
Table 19. Summary of serum thyroxine (T4) hormone levels (ng/ml) record - lactation day 13 pups
Group & Dose |
Serum T4 Levels (ng/mL) |
|
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
70.035 |
±SD |
5.040 |
|
n |
10 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
70.175 |
±SD |
7.644 |
|
n |
11 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
68.226 |
±SD |
4.748 |
|
n |
10 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
70.150 |
±SD |
5.715 |
|
n |
10 |
n: Number of dams (pooled sample from two pups were selected for analysis from each dam)
Table 20. Summary of gross pathology findings: sire and dam
Parameters |
Sex |
Male |
Female |
||||||||||
Group |
G1 |
G1R |
G2 |
G3 |
G4 |
G4R |
G1 |
G1R |
G2 |
G3 |
G4 |
G4R |
|
Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
0 |
0 |
100 |
300 |
600 |
600 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
300 |
600 |
600 |
|
No of rats |
12 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
12 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
|
No. of dead animals during treatment period or recovery period |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
No. of moribund sacrificed animals |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
No. of terminally sacrificed |
12 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
12 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
|
No of showing gross pathology |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
||
Table 21. Summary of gross pathology findings :pups
Group |
G1 |
G2 |
G3 |
G4 |
||||
Dose (mg/kg body weight/day) |
0 |
100 |
300 |
600 |
||||
Sex |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
No. of dead pups |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of showing gross pathology v No. of pups showing external pathology |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
v No. of pups showing visceral pathology |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of pups sacrificed on lactation day 4 |
0 |
13 |
0 |
11 |
0 |
15 |
0 |
8 |
No. of showing gross pathology v No. of pups showing external pathology |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
v No. of pups showing visceral pathology |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of pups sacrificed on lactation day 13 |
45 |
60 |
67 |
31 |
61 |
46 |
57 |
37 |
No. of showing gross pathology v No. of pups showing external pathology |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
v No. of pups showing visceral pathology |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Table 22. Summary of histopathology findings
Sex |
Male |
Female |
|||
Group |
G1 |
G4 |
G1 |
G4 |
|
Dosage (mg/kg/day) |
0 |
600 |
0 |
600 |
|
ORGAN |
SEVERITY |
|
|
|
|
KIDNEYS |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
Basophilic tubules; unilateral |
Minimal |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Sub-urothelium ; Mononuclear cells infiltrate; unilateral |
Slight |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
THYROID |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
Ultimobranchial cyst |
Not graded |
2 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
Ectopic Tissue: Thymus |
Not graded |
0 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
PROSTATE GLAND |
12 |
12 |
X |
X |
|
Interstitium, Mononuclear cells infiltrate |
Minimal |
2 |
1 |
X |
X |
Slight |
0 |
1 |
X |
X |
|
Concretions |
Minimal |
0 |
2 |
X |
X |
Slight |
0 |
1 |
X |
X |
|
UTERUS |
X |
X |
5 |
5 |
|
Placental scar |
Not graded |
X |
X |
5 |
5 |
Note: The numeral indicates number of animal/ tissues; X: Organs not subjected for histopathological examination due to sex difference.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Based on the findings of this study, the NOAEL of the test substance after a repeated oral exposure of 36 days in males and approximately 63 days in females was determined to be 600 mg/kg bw/day.
- Executive summary:
A combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction /developmental toxicity screening test of the test substance Pine oil 50% by oral administration in rats was conducted according to OECD guideline 422, in accordance with GLP principles. A total of 116 (58 males + 58 females) Sprague Dawley rats were distributed to four main groups and two recovery groups to detect delayed occurrence and recovery from toxic effects. Each main group (G1, G2, G3 and G4) consisted of 12 males and 12 females and each recovery group (G1R and G4R) consisted of 5 males and 5 females. The animals in G1/G1R group were administered with vehicle (Corn oil), and the animals in G2, G3 and G4/G4R groups were administered with test item at the dose levels of 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight based on the results of a dose range finding study performed with the same species at doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw for a period of 14 days. The test item was administered to the main group males for a period of 36 days (two weeks pre-mating, during mating and up to the day before sacrifice during post-mating period), to the main group females for two weeks pre-mating, during mating, pregnancy (gestation) and up to lactation day 13 and to the recovery group animals for a period of 50 days with a 14 days recovery. The vehicle and test item formulations were administered orally by gavage at the dose volume of 10 mL/kg body weight. The stability of test item formulations in corn oil was established before initiation of the treatment. Dose formulation analysis for homogeneity and concentration verification was performed during weeks 1 and 5 of the treatment period and the results were within acceptable limits.
All the main group and recovery group animals were observed for clinical signs, mortality and morbidity, detailed clinical examination, body weight, feed consumption and ophthalmological and neurological/functional examinations. The clinical pathological (haematology, clinical chemistry and urinalysis) examinations were conducted for 5 randomly selected animals from each group per sex for main group and from all the animals for recovery group at termination. The gross pathology and organ weighing were performed on the day of termination for all the main and recovery group animals. All the main group females were observed for maternal body weight and feed consumption during gestation and lactation. The main group females were evaluated for oestrus cyclicity. Each dam was observed for mating performance, fertility performance, gestation length, litter size, number and percentage of live/dead pups, live birth index, sex ratio and observation of litter throughout the lactation period. Histopathological examination was conducted on all the tissues collected from the main group vehicle control and high dose group animals sacrificed at termination. The pups were observed once daily for clinical signs and external examinations, weighed individually on postnatal day (PND) 1, 4, 7 and 13, measured for anogenital distance on PND 4, observed for retention of any nipples/areolae in male pups on PND 13 and observed for gross pathological observations at termination. The analysis of thyroxine hormone (T4) levels in serum collected at termination was performed for main group males and PND 13 pups.
There were no clinical signs, no mortality/morbidity, no effects of test item on mean body weight, feed consumption, no changes in ophthalmological examination and neurological/functional examination, clinical pathology, organ weights and gross pathology noted at group G2 of either sex. The group G3 and G4/G4R animals of either sex revealed treatment related wet perineum and recovered later in the study. A treatment related reduction in body weight was noted at both G3 and G4/G4R groups of either sex. No treatment related changes were noted in clinical pathology and organ weights and no gross pathological changes were noted at group G3 and G4/G4R. There were no treatment related changes in oestrus cyclicity, maternal and lactation body weight and feed consumption, mating performance, fertility performance, gestation length, litter size, number and percentage of live/dead pups, live birth index, sex ratio and observation of litter at group G2 and G3. A treatment related reduction in mean body weight and feed consumption during gestation and lactation periods and increased gestation length was noted at group G4. There were no treatment related changes occurred in histopathological examination conducted for group G4 animals in either sex. There were no treatment related changes noted in serum thyroxine hormone (T4) levels.
It can be concluded that the No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) is 100 mg/kg bw/day based on treatment related clinical signs of toxicity and reduction in body weight found at the dose of 300 mg/kg bw/day, and the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) is 600 mg/kg bw/day as no adverse effects were found at any dose level tested.
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