Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
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EC number: 949-141-8 | CAS number: -
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Key study: Test method OECD 422. GLP study. The NOAEL of the test substance Pine oil 50% after a repeated oral exposure of 36 days in males and approximately 63 days in females was determined to be 600 mg/kg bw/day since no adverse effects were observed at the highest dose tested.
Key study: Test method OECD 408. GLP study. In a 90-day repeated dose toxicity study conducted in Sprague Dawley Rats, the NOAEL of the test substance Pine oil 50% for both sexes was determined to be 300 mg/kg bw/day.
Supporting study: Dose range finding study according to test method OECD 407. The NOEL of the test substance Pine oil 50% after an oral exposure of 14 days was determined to be 100 mg/kg bw/day in male and female rats.
Supporting studies on some components of the test substance: Repeated dose toxicity studies are available on the components terpineol, d-limonene, cineole and camphene by oral route, and alpha pinene and analogue cumene by inhalation route. The absence of any d-limonene-induced renal lesions in the study with dogs provides evidence that hydrocarbon induced nephropathy in the male rat is species- and sex-specific. Therefore, the male rat response to terpineol, d-limonene, alpha pinene, camphene, cineole or analogue cumene may not be appropriate for assessing the potential risk of a similar nephrotoxic response in any other species, including humans. According to CLP annex I 3.9.2.8.1. (e), substance-induced species-specific mechanisms of toxicity, i.e. demonstrated with reasonable certainty to be not relevant for human health, shall not justify classification. Based on this reasoning the more representative study was selected to be the 180-d toxicity study by oral route in dogs (Webb, 1990). The LOAEL was established at 1000 mg/kg bw/d. When administered orally by gavage for at least 6 months, d-limonene induces some toxicological effects at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. At this dose level, following 90 days of exposure, d-limonene induces decreased bodyweight gain and clinical signs in mice. 180 days of exposure to d-limonene at this dose level decreased bodyweight gain and increased relative and absolute kidney weights of dogs (with protein casts in the renal tubules of females).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Repeated dose toxicity: via oral route - systemic effects
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 16 November 2018 – 05 December 2018
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 407 (Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (The study period was only 14 days as it was conducted as a dose range finding study for a subsequent more extensive toxicity study)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: In-house bred animals.
- Females (if applicable) nulliparous and non-pregnant: yes
- Weight at study initiation: 258.22-263.41 g (range of average values of each group of males); 239.22-242.03 g (range of average values of each group of females)
- Housing: Maximum of 3 animals were housed in a standard polypropylene cage (size: L 430 x B 285 x H 150 mm) with a stainless-steel mesh top grill having facilities for holding pelleted food and drinking water in a water bottle fitted with a stainless steel sipper tube. Clean sterilized paddy husk was provided as bedding material.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Altromin maintenance diet for rats and mice (manufactured by Altromin Spezialfutter GmbH & Co. KG) was provided ad libitum to the animals throughout the experimental period.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Water was provided ad libitum throughout the acclimatization and experimental period. Deep bore-well water passed through a Reverse Osmosis Unit was provided in plastic water bottles with stainless-steel sipper tubes.
- Acclimation period: at least 5 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19.2-23.5ºC
- Humidity (%): 42-68 %
- Air changes (per hr): 12-15
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark / 12 hrs light - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
Required quantity of test item was weighed as per the dose. The weighed test item was mixed well using glass rod by adding a small quantity of vehicle and then transferred to a measuring cylinder. Again, a small quantity of vehicle was added and transferred to the measuring cylinder. The procedure was repeated until the complete transfer of the test item into the measuring cylinder. The final volume was made up with vehicle to get the desired concentration as per the dose requirement.
The freshly prepared test item formulation was used for administration.
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): The test item is not miscible with distilled water and clearly miscible with corn oil at the concentration of 100 mg/mL as per the in-house miscibility test. Hence, corn oil was selected as vehicle for test item formulation preparations. Corn oil is universally accepted and routinely used vehicle in oral toxicity studies.
- Concentration in vehicle: 10, 30 and 100 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 10 mL/kg bw
- Lot/batch no. (if required): A1712001 - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- no
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- The stability and homogeneity of the test item in dose formulations was not established under this dose range finding study. However, freshly prepared test item formulations were administered to the animals.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 14 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once a day
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 3
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale:
Doses were decided based on the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (7510P), Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Pine oil (case 3113), where the LOAEL for Pine oil 80% was established in 600mg/kg/day and NOAEL was 50 mg/kg/day. - Positive control:
- None
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: once daily for clinical signs of toxicity and twice daily for mortality and morbidity.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: prior to the treatment on day 1 and weekly thereafter during treatment for all the animals. Signs noted were included, but not be limited to, changes in skin, fur, eyes and mucous membranes, occurrence of secretions and excretions and autonomic activity such as lacrimation, piloerection, pupil size, and unusual respiratory pattern.
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Individual animal body weight was recorded on the day of randomization, on day of treatment (Day 1) prior to treatment and weekly thereafter.
FOOD CONSUMPTION: yes
-feed consumption was measured at weekly intervals. Average feed intake per rat (g/rat/day) was calculated using the amount of feed given and left over in each cage and the number of rats surviving in each cage.
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: once during acclimatization (Pre-treatment) and at week 2 of treatment.
- Dose groups that were examined: all animals
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: On the day of necropsy (day 15)
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (isoflurane)
- Animals fasted: Yes (water provided ad libitum)
- How many animals: all surviving animals
- Parameters checked: Haemoglobin concentration (HGB), Haematocrit (HCT), Erythrocyte count (RBC), Total leukocyte count (WBC), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Platelet count (PLT), Mean platelet volume (MPV), Reticulocyte count (Retic), Absolute reticulocyte count, Differential leucocytes count (DLC), Absolute differential leucocytes count (DLC). Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) were estimated by coagulation analyzer.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: on the day of necropsy (day 15)
- Animals fasted: Yes (water provided ad libitum)
- How many animals: all surviving animals
- Parameters checked: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Cholinesterase, Total Protein, Albumin, Total bilirubin, Glucose, Total Cholesterol, Creatinine, Urea, Triglycerides, Phosphorous, Calcium, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Globulin, Albumin/Globulin ratio. Sodium (mmol/L), Potassium (mmol/L) and Chloride (mmol/L) were estimated using Prolyte Na/K/Cl analyzer (Diamond Diagnostics).
URINALYSIS: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of urine: on the day of necropsy (day 15)
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: Yes
- Animals fasted: Yes
- Parameters checked: Blood, Bilirubin, Urobilinogen, Ketones, Protein, Glucose, Leucocytes. In addition pH, nitrite and specific gravity were also analyzed. After analysis of the above parameters, the urine was subjected for centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 3 minutes. Then the urine was subjected for microscopic examination for urine sediments. - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
All the surviving animals and animals found dead were subjected to necropsy and detailed gross pathological examination of external surfaces, external orifices, abdominal, thoracic and cranial cavities, as well as organs and tissues of each animal with special emphasis on reproductive organs.
The following organs from all animals at the scheduled sacrifices were weighed wet as soon as possible to avoid drying: Kidneys, Adrenals, Spleen, Heart, Liver, Thymus, Brain, Lungs Testes/Ovaries, Epididymides/Uterus, Prostate along with seminal vesicles with coagulating gland. Relative organ weights were calculated against fasting body weight.
-HISTOPATHOLOGY: No - Statistics:
- After verification, the data was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software, version 22. Body weight, percent change in body weight with respect to day 1, hematological, clinical chemistry estimations, urinalysis parameters (whichever applicable), absolute and relative organ weights were subjected to statistical analysis. One way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post test was done for different treatment groups comparing with the control group data. All analysis and comparisons were evaluated at the 95% level of confidence (P<0.05).
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no clinical signs of toxicity at vehicle control group and low dose group.
The mid dose group males did not reveal any clinical signs of toxicity till treatment day 3. However, one male was found with slight wet perineum on day 4, with slight wet perineum, slight nasal discharge and slight piloerection on day 5 and found recovered on day 6. The same male revealed slight nasal discharge from day 11 to 13 and slight wet perineum on day 13 which was found to be normal on day 14. Two males from mid dose group revealed slight nasal discharge from day 11 to 13 and found recovered on day 14. All the mid dose group females did not reveal any clinical signs of toxicity during the experimental period, except one female was found with slight wet perineum on day 4, recovered on day 5.
The high dose group males did not reveal any clinical signs of toxicity till day 3, one male found with slight salivation on day 5, found recovered on day 7, another male was found with slight wet perineum on days 4 and 5, found recovered on day 6. All the three males were found with slight nasal discharge from day 10 to 14 along with lethargy on day 14. All the high dose group females did not reveal any clinical signs of toxicity till day 2, all the three females were found with slight wet perineum from day 3 to 5 and recovered on day 6. Two females from this dose level revealed slight chromodacryorrhea and slight wet perineum during day 10 to 14. One female found with slight to moderate wet perineum, moderate piloerection and slight nasal discharge on days 10 and 11, found dead on day 12.
The detailed clinical examination of all the low and mid dose group animals of either sex did not reveal any treatment related changes during week 1 and 2. The detailed clinical examination of all the high dose group animals of either sex did not reveal any treatment related changes during week 1. However, all the three males and two survived females were found with rough hair coat, slight nasal discharge with reduced activities on day 15 (week 2). - Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- No mortality observed at vehicle control, low dose and mid dose groups. In the high dose group one female was found dead on day 12.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no statistically significant changes in mean body weight and percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex. However, reduction in mean body weight and percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 at mid and high dose group males and reduction in mean body weight and percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 at high dose group females were noted when compared with concurrent control group animals. These changes are considered as treatment related due to occurences of clinical signs of toxicity at both the mid and high dose groups animals, reduction in feed consumption and occurrence of motality at high dose group.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no statistically significant changes in mean feed consumption at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex. However, a slight reduction in mean feed consumption during week 1 at high dose group males, during week 2 at mid and high dose group males; a slight reduction during week 1 and 2 at high dose group females was noted when compared with concurrent control group animals. These changes are considered as treatment related due to occurences of clinical signs of toxicity at both the mid and high dose groups animals, reduction in mean body weight and occurrence of motality at high dose group.
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no ocular changes observed during the opthalmoscopic examination carried out during week 2 (Day 14) for all control and treated dose group animals of either sex.
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes observed in haematology at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex. However, a statistical significant increase in mean platelet volume at all the tested dose group males was noted when compared with vehicle control group males. This observed change is considered as incidental and not treatment related because of the lack of dose dependency and/or due to random biological variation.
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes observed in clinical chemistry at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex. However, in males, a statistical significant decrease in total bilirubin (low and mid dose groups), decrease in glucose (high dose group), decrease in creatinine and calcium levels (low dose group) and increase in phosphorous (high dose group) were noted when compared with control group animals. These observed changes are considered as incidental and not treatment related due to lack of dose dependency and/or due to random biological variation and also no significant changes noted in clinical chemistry parameters at any of the tested dose group females.
- Urinalysis findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes observed in the urinalysis parameters at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex.
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes observed in the absolute and relative organ weights at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex. However, statistical significant increase in absolute and relative adrenals weight at low and mid dose group males, increase in absolute and relative liver weight at high dose group males, increase in relative liver weight at high dose group females, decrease in absolute lungs weight at high dose group females and increase in relative kidneys weight at high dose group males were noted when compared with concurrent control group animals.
These observed changes are considered as incidental and not treatment related due to lack of dose dependency and no gross pathological changes noted in these organs during necropsy. - Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment gross pathological changes observed at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex during gross pathological examination. However, external gross pathological finding like, wet perineum was observed in one male at high dose group and one female which was found dead on day 12.
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEL
- Effect level:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- clinical signs
- food consumption and compound intake
- Remarks on result:
- other: Effects observed at the dose tested of 300 mg/kg bw/day.
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- clinical signs
- food consumption and compound intake
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Based on the findings of this study, the NOEL of the test substance after an oral exposure of 14 days was determined to be 100 mg/kg bw/day in male and female rats.
- Executive summary:
A dose range finding study was performed for the test substance pine oil 50% in accordance with OECD guideline 407 in order to evaluate its toxic potential after repeated exposure and select the appropriate doses for a subsequent toxicity study. The test item was diluted in corn oil (vehicle) and added to Sprague-Dawley rats (3 per sex per dose) at doses of 0 (vehicle only), 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for a period of 14 days. The vehicle and test item formulations were administered orally (gavage) at a dose volume of 10 mL/kg body weight. Freshly prepared test item formulations were administered to the animals as soon as possible after preparation.
All the dose group animals were observed for clinical signs of toxicity once daily, mortality and morbidity twice daily, detailed clinical examination, body weight and feed consumption weekly. Ophthalmological examination was carried out during week 2 (day 14) for all the survived animals from all the dose groups of either sex. Clinical pathology (haematology, clinical chemistry analysis and urinalysis) and gross pathological examination was carried out for all survived animals on the day of necropsy.
The low dose group did not reveal any clinical signs of toxicity and no mortality or morbidity was observed throughout the experimental period. The mid dose and high dose groups revealed treatment related clinical signs of toxicity like wet perineum, nasal discharge and lethargy and one female from high dose group was found dead on day 12 of treatment period. The detailed clinical examination carried out on during week 2 revealed treatment related changes like rough hair coat, nasal discharge and reduced activities in high dose group animals.
There were no treatment related changes noted in body weight, percent change in body weight, feed consumption, ophthalmoscopic examination, clinical pathology and gross pathological examination at low dose group animals of either sex. The mid and high dose group animals revealed treatment related reduction in body weight, percent change in body weight and feed consumption. There were no treatment related changes noted in ophthalmoscopic examination, clinical pathology and gross pathological examination at mid and high dose group animals. Some statistically significant effects were found on haematology, clinical chemistry parameters and absolute and relative organ weights in the low, mid or high dose groups, although they were considered as incidental and not treatment related because of the lack of dose dependency, due to random biological variation and/or no gross pathological changes noted in the affected organs during necropsy.
Based on these results, it can be concluded that the No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) is 100 mg/kg bw/day and Low Observed Effect Level (LOEL) is 300 mg/kg bw/day, as the dose of 100 mg/kg bw/day did not reveal any treatment related effects in either sex, the dose of 300 mg/kg bw/day revealed treatment related clinical signs of toxicity and reduction in body weight and feed consumption and the dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day revealed treatment related clinical signs of toxicity, mortality, reduction in body weight and feed consumption.
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 25 January 2019 – 21 June 2019
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: In-house bred animals.
- Females (if applicable) nulliparous and non-pregnant: yes
- Weight at study initiation: 377.18-381.03 g (range of average values of each group of males at first day of dosing); 271.24-272.21 g (range of average values of each group of females at first day of dosing)
- Housing: Animals were housed in a standard polypropylene cage (size: L 430 x B 285 x H 150 mm) with a stainless-steel mesh top grill having facilities for holding pelleted food and drinking water in a water bottle fitted with a stainless steel sipper tube. Clean sterilized paddy husk was provided as bedding material.
Acclimatization: maximum of 3 animals of same sex per cage.
Pre mating: 2 animals of the same sex and group per cage.
Mating: 2 animals (one male and one female) of the same group per cage.
Post mating: After confirming presence of sperm in the vaginal smear (Day 0 of pregnancy), the mated pairs were separated. Males were housed with their former cage mates while females were housed individually. Sterilized paper shreds were provided as a nesting material from gestation day 20 onwards.
Recovery animals: 3 animals of same sex per cage.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Altromin maintenance diet for rats and mice (manufactured by Altromin Spezialfutter GmbH & Co. KG) was provided ad libitum to the animals throughout the experimental period.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Water was provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Deep bore-well water passed through a Reverse Osmosis Unit was provided in plastic water bottles with stainless-steel sipper tubes.
- Acclimation period: at least 5 days. Females were screened for normal oestrous cycles (4 to 5 days) in a two weeks pre-treatment period before initiation of treatment.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19.2-23.1ºC
- Humidity (%): 47-67 %
- Air changes (per hr): 12-15
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark / 12 hrs light - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The required quantity of test item was weighed into a clean beaker and a little volume of vehicle was added into the beaker and mixed well with glass rod. The formulation was transferred into a measuring cylinder, the beaker was rinsed with some more amount of vehicle also transferred into the measuring cylinder. This procedure was repeated until the entire quantity of the test item formulation was transferred into the measuring cylinder. Finally, the volume was made up to the required quantity with vehicle to get the desired concentration for the different dose levels.
Test item formulations were prepared daily before administration.
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): The test item is not miscible with distilled water and clearly miscible with corn oil at the concentration of 100 mg/mL as per the in-house miscibility test. Hence, corn oil was selected as vehicle for test item formulation preparations. Corn oil is universally accepted and routinely used vehicle in oral toxicity studies.
- Concentration in vehicle: 10, 30 and 60 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 10 mL/kg bw
- Lot/batch no. (if required): A1712001 - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- The stability of the test item in dose formulations was established in a preliminary study. The test item formulations were stable at room temperature for 6 hours at the concentrations of 0.5 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL in corn oil. However, freshly prepared test item formulations were administered to the animals.
Homogeneity and dose formulation analysis for dose concentration verification was done by a validated analytical method UV-Vis spectrophotometer (study nº BIO-ANM 1305). Sampling and analysis of formulations were performed during week 1 (13-02-2019) and week 5 (08-03-2019) of the treatment. Approximately 10 mL of samples were collected in duplicates from top, middle and bottom layers from low, mid and high dose concentrations and in duplicates from single layer from vehicle control. Formulations were considered acceptable, as the mean results were within the range of 85 to 115% of the nominal concentration and the relative standard deviation (% RSD) was ≤10%. - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Main group males: two weeks pre-mating, during mating and up to the day before sacrifice during the post-mating period (total of 36 days of treatment).
Main group females main group: two weeks pre-mating period, during mating, pregnancy (gestation) and up to lactation day 13.
Recovery animals: same period as for the main group females until the first scheduled sacrifice of dams and kept without treatment for a further 14 days observation. - Frequency of treatment:
- Once a day
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- G1 - Vehicle control + G1R - Vehicle Control Recovery Group
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- G2 - Low dose
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- G3 - Mid dose
- Dose / conc.:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Remarks:
- G4 - High dose + G4R - High dose Recovery Group
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Main Group: 12
Recovery Group: 5 - Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale:
Doses were decided based on the results of a dose range finding study in which the No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) was found to be 100 mg/kg bw/day and Low Observed Effect Level (LOEL) was found to be 300 mg/kg bw/day, as the dose of 100 mg/kg bw/day did not reveal any treatment related effects in either sex, the dose of 300 mg/kg bw/day revealed treatment related clinical signs of toxicity and reduction in body weight and feed consumption and the dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day revealed treatment related clinical signs of toxicity, mortality, reduction in body weight and feed consumption. - Positive control:
- None
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: once daily for clinical signs of toxicity and twice daily for mortality and morbidity.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: prior to the treatment on day 1 and weekly thereafter during treatment for all the animals. Signs noted were included, but not be limited to, changes in skin, fur, eyes and mucous membranes, occurrence of secretions and excretions and autonomic activity such as lacrimation, piloerection, pupil size, and unusual respiratory pattern.
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: The main group animals were weighed at receipt, on the first day of dosing, weekly thereafter and at termination. The main group females were weighed on gestation days 0, 7, 14 and 20 during pregnancy and on days 1, 4, 7 and 13 during lactation period. The recovery group animals (both males and females) were weighed at receipt, on the first day of dosing, weekly thereafter and at termination.
FOOD CONSUMPTION: yes
-feed consumption was measured for main group animals (both males and females) once a week during premating and weekly once for main group males during the post mating period. Feed consumption was not measured during the mating period for both males and females. Thereafter, feed consumption for main group females was recorded during gestation days 0 to 7, 7 to 14 and 14 to 20 and on lactation days 1 to 4, 4 to 7 and 7 to 13. Feed consumption was measured for recovery group animals (both males and females) once a week throughout the experimental period. Average feed intake per rat (g/rat/day) was calculated using the amount of feed given and left over in each cage and the number of rats surviving in each cage.
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Once before treatment for all animals, during end of the dosing period for main group males (on day 34) and during lactation period for main group females (on lactation day 13) of vehicle control and high dose main group animals and during last week (day 64) for all recovery group animals (both males and females).
- Dose groups that were examined: vehicle control and high dose main group.
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: on the day of scheduled terminal sacrifice (for males after completion of 36 days of treatment and for females on lactation day 14).
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (isoflurane)
- Animals fasted: Yes (water provided ad libitum)
- How many animals: 5 males and 5 females randomly selected from each main group and all recovery group animals.
- Parameters checked: Haemoglobin concentration (HGB), Haematocrit (HCT), Erythrocyte count (RBC), Total leukocyte count (WBC), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Platelet count (PLT), Mean platelet volume (MPV), Reticulocyte count (Retic), Absolute reticulocyte count, Differential leucocytes count (DLC), Absolute differential leucocytes count (DLC). Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) were estimated by an "OptiClot-4 coagulation analyzer".
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: on the day of scheduled terminal sacrifice (for males after completion of 36 days of treatment and for females on lactation day 14).
- Animals fasted: Yes (water provided ad libitum)
- How many animals: 5 males and 5 females randomly selected from each main group and all recovery group animals.
- Parameters checked: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Cholinesterase, Total Protein, Albumin, Total bilirubin, Glucose, Total Cholesterol, Creatinine, Urea, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Triglycerides, Phosphorous, Calcium, Globulin. Sodium (mmol/L), Potassium (mmol/L) and Chloride (mmol/L) were estimated using Prolyte Na/K/Cl analyzer (Diamond Diagnostics).
URINALYSIS: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of urine: on the day of scheduled terminal sacrifice.
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: Yes
- Animals fasted: Yes (water provided ad libitum)
- How many animals: 5 randomly selected males of each main group and all recovery animals.
- Parameters checked: Blood, Bilirubin, Urobilinogen, Ketones, Protein, Glucose, Microalbumin, Leucocytes. In addition pH, nitrite and specific gravity were also analyzed. After analysis of the above parameters, the urine was subjected for centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 3 minutes. Then the urine was subjected for microscopic examination for urine sediments.
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Towards the end of the dosing period for males (on day 36) and during lactation period for females (on lactation day 13). Towards the end of the recovery period (shortly prior to scheduled sacrifice on day 66) for the recovery group.
- Dose groups that were examined: all main and recovery groups.
- Battery of functions tested: Home Cage Observations (convulsions, tremors and palpebral closure), Handling Observations, Open Field Observations, Sensory Observations, Neuromuscular Observations, Physiological Observation (Rectal temperature), Grip strength assessment and Motor activity assessment.
OTHER:
Oestrous Cyclicity: Estrous cycles were monitored during the acclimatization to evaluate its normal oestrous cyclicity (4 to 5 days). Only females with normal oestrous cyclicity were selected for the treatment. For the main group females, the vaginal smears were monitored daily from the beginning of the treatment period until evidence of mating. Oestrous cyclicity was also monitored on the day of sacrifice for main group females.
Litter Observation: The number of pups born (dead and live) in a litter, sex and external observations were recorded at birth. Individual body weight of live pups on lactation day 1 (within 24 hours of parturition), 4, 7 and 13 was recorded. The anogenital distance of each pup was measured on postnatal day 4 (lactation day 4). The number of nipples/areolae in male pups was counted on postnatal day 13 (lactation day 13). Fertility index for dams and sires, pup survival index and sex ratio at birth were calculated.
Thyroxine Hormone (T4) Level estimation: Blood samples were collected for measurement of serum T4 levels on the following schedule:
a. Two pups per litter on lactation day 4 based on the following conditions:
- Two female pups in order to retain more male pups for nipple retention on PND 13.
- No pups were eliminated when litter size dropped below 10 pups/litter.
- Only one pup was eliminated and used for blood collection in case of only one pup was available above ten.
b. All main group females (dams) at termination (lactation day 14).
c. Two pups per litter (same sex) at termination (lactation day 13).
d. All adult main group males, at termination (after completion of 36 days of treatment). - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes (see table 1)
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes (see table 1) - Other examinations:
- Indices calculation (see table 2)
- Statistics:
- After verification, the data was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software, version 22. All analysis and comparisons were evaluated at the 95% level of confidence (P<0.05). The statistical analysis was followed to the parameters as mentioned in the table 3 below.
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no clinical signs of toxicity observed at groups G1/G1R and G2 animals of either sex throughout the experimental period.
The groups G3 and G4/G4R animals of either sex did not reveal any clinical signs of toxicity for the first three days of the treatment period. Thereafter, slight wet perineum was noted during several occasions in animals of either sex of these dose groups and found recovered later during the treatment period.
The detailed clinical examination revealed treatment related wet perineum and perinasal staining at groups G3 and G4/G4R during treatment period and found recovered later in the study.
These observed clinical signs at both the dose group animals of G3 and G4/G4R are considered as treatment related due to reduced mean body weight, percent change in mean body weight in either sex during these periods and also the observations are dose dependant when compared with control group. - Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence):
- There were no mortality/morbidity observed at any dose group during the experimental period.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes noted in mean body weight and percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 at group G2 when compared with vehicle control group animals of either sex during the experimental period. However, statistically significant reduction in percent change in mean body weight with respect to day 1 at group G2 animals of either sex was noted. This change is considered as incidental due to lack of consistency and no clinical signs were noted and no effects were noted in feed consumption during this period when compared with control group.
In groups G3 and G4 animals, statistically significant reduction in percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 on days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 in males and days 7 and 14 in females was noted.
In group G4R animals, statistically significant reduction in percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 on days 7, 14, 28 and 35 in males, and reduction in mean body weight on day 28 and 35 and percent change in body weight with respect to day 1 during the entire experimental period in females, was noted.
The observed changes at these dose levels [300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg] are considered as treatment related due to occurrence of treatment related clinical signs of toxicity and also the observed changes are dose dependant and consistent during the experimental period.
There were no changes observed in the gestation body weight and percent change in body weight during gestation period at G2 and G3 dose group animals. A slight reduction in mean gestation body weight was noted on GD 0, 7, 14 and 20 at group G4 animals when compared with other dose groups and vehicle control group. This observation can be considered as treatment related due to significant reduction in mean body weight at this dose group during pre-mating period and also due to occurrence of clinical signs of toxicity during treatment period.
There were no changes observed in the lactation body weight and percent change in body weight during lactation period at groups G2 and G3 when compared with control group animals. A slight reduction in mean lactation body weight was noted throughout the lactation period and the reduction is statistically significant during lactation day 1 to 4 at group G4 animals when compared with other dose groups and vehicle control group. This observation can be considered as treatment related due to significant reduction in mean body weight at this dose group during pre-mating period, gestation period and also due to occurrence of clinical signs of toxicity during treatment period. - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Statistically significant reduction in mean feed consumption was noted during pre-mating period (week 1) of main group animals in either sex at all the tested dose groups when compared with vehicle control group. This occurrence is considered as incidental at group G2 and G3 of either sex as the mean feed consumption was comparable with vehicle control group during week 2. However, the reduction at group G4 can be considered as treatment related as the reduction was continued during week 2 also and this effect is correlated with reduction in percent change in body weight at this dose level.
There were no treatment related changes observed in the mean gestation feed consumption at group G2 and G3 when compared with vehicle control group. A slight reduction in mean gestation feed consumption was noted during GD 0 to 7, 7 to 14 and 14 to 20 at group G4 when compared with other dose groups and vehicle control group. This observation can be considered as treatment related due to consistency in reduction of feed consumption at this dose group during pre-mating period and also due to occurrence of clinical signs of toxicity during treatment period.
There were no treatment related changes observed in the feed consumption during lactation period at all the tested dose groups when compared with control group animals. - Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no ocular changes observed in G1 and G4 group animals of either sex during the ophthalmological examination conducted towards end of the dosing period and no ocular changes observed in G1R and G4R group animals of either sex during the ophthalmological examination conducted at the end of recovery period.
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The following statistically significant changes were noted in haematology parameters when compared with their concurrent control groups: increase in activated prothrombin time at group G4 males; decrease in haemoglobin at group G2 females; decrease in total leucocyte count, absolute lymphocytes and activated prothrombin time at group G4R males and increase in mean platelet volume at group G4R males. These changes are considered as incidental and not treatment related, due to lack of dose dependency and similar changes were not observed in other sex.
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Statistically significant decrease in total bilirubin at group G3 males and statistically significant decrease in triglycerides at group G4R males were noted when compared with their concurrent control groups. These changes are considered as incidental and not treatment related, due to lack of dose dependency and similar changes were not observed in other sex.
- Urinalysis findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no changes observed in urinalysis parameters at any of the tested dose main group males and tested dose group recovery group animals of either sex conducted at termination.
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes noted in neurological/functional examinations like home cage, handling, open field, sensory, neuromuscular, physiological observations and assessment of grip strength and motor activity at all the tested dose group animals of either sex from both main and recovery group animals when compared with concurrent vehicle control group animals.
However, statistically significant increase in mean number of rearing during open field examination was noted at groups G2 and G4 females when compared with vehicle control group females. This change is considered as incidental but not treatment related due to lack of dose dependency and no effects were noted in other functional observation battery parameters at these dose levels. - Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no treatment related changes observed in the absolute and relative organ weights at any of the tested dose group animals of either sex in both main and recovery group animals.
However, statistically significant increase in absolute and relative liver weight at group G4, statistically significant decrease in absolute seminal vesicles with coagulating glands at group G3 males; statistically significant decrease in absolute heart weight at group G4R females were noted when compared with concurrent vehicle control group. These changes are considered as incidental and not treatment related as the observations do not occur in dose dependant manner, are not found in both sexes and also no gross or histopathological changes were noted in these organs at this dose level. - Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There were no gross pathological changes observed during necropsy at any of the main and recovery group animals of either sex. Also, there were no gross pathological changes noted in any of the pups sacrificed.
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No treatment related histopathological findings were noticed in this study.
Lesions considered to be spontaneous and incidental were observed in treated group and control group animals. These lesions consisted of interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate and concretions in prostate gland, and the presence of calculi in kidney.
1 female from high dose group G4 revealed mononuclear cells infiltration at sub-urothelium of kidney. This lesion was considered spontaneous because of lack of consistency.
3 males from G4 group revealed presence of concretions in prostate gland. Inflammation and concretions of the prostate gland is common background finding in rats and mice, which increases with age (Dianne C., et.al, 2012).
Females from vehicle control group and high dose group revealed presence of placental scar characterized by brown-pigmented nodules at the uterine-mesometrial boundary. The presence of discrete pigmented nodules along the uterine-mesometrial boundary was reported. Each nodule overlies a site of placental detachment at parturition, or the site of the resorption of a feto-placental unit or decidualized implantation site. These nodules were often called placental scars and may persist for many months postpartum, perhaps even the lifespan of a rodent (Janet M., 1990).
Presences of ultimobranchial cyst or ectopic thymus in thyroid were congenital lesions and it does not have toxicological significance. - Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Oestrus cycle: There were no changes (irregularities) observed in the oestrus cyclicity of females at any of the tested dose group females during pre-mating treatment, mating treatment and on lactation day 14 of dams.
Litter observations: There were no treatment related changes observed in litter observation parameters at all the tested dose groups when compared with vehicle control group animals.
Serum Thyroxine (T4) Levels: There were no treatment related changes in serum Thyroxine (T4) hormone levels noted at all the tested dose group males and lactation day 13 pups. However, statistically significant decrease in T4 levels of males at group G4 was noted when compared with vehicle control group. This change is considered as incidental and not treatment related as the observations do not occur in dose dependant manner and also the values obtained are within historical control range. As no treatment related changes were noted in males and lactation day 13 pups the assessment of T4 in blood samples from the dams and day 4 pups was not performed. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEL
- Effect level:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- clinical signs
- food consumption and compound intake
- Remarks on result:
- other: Effects observed at the dose tested of 300 mg/kg bw/day.
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- clinical signs
- food consumption and compound intake
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- gross pathology
- histopathology: non-neoplastic
- Remarks on result:
- other: No adverse effects were found at any dose tested.
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- No of animals showing external pathology
- No of animals showing visceral pathology
- Conclusions:
- Based on the findings of this study, the NOAEL of the test substance after a repeated oral exposure of 36 days in males and approximately 63 days in females was determined to be 600 mg/kg bw/day.
- Executive summary:
A combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction /developmental toxicity screening test of the test substance Pine oil 50% by oral administration in rats was conducted according to OECD guideline 422, in accordance with GLP principles. A total of 116 (58 males + 58 females) Sprague Dawley rats were distributed to four main groups and two recovery groups to detect delayed occurrence and recovery from toxic effects. Each main group (G1, G2, G3 and G4) consisted of 12 males and 12 females and each recovery group (G1R and G4R) consisted of 5 males and 5 females. The animals in G1/G1R group were administered with vehicle (Corn oil), and the animals in G2, G3 and G4/G4R groups were administered with test item at the dose levels of 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight based on the results of a dose range finding study performed with the same species at doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw for a period of 14 days. The test item was administered to the main group males for a period of 36 days (two weeks pre-mating, during mating and up to the day before sacrifice during post-mating period), to the main group females for two weeks pre-mating, during mating, pregnancy (gestation) and up to lactation day 13 and to the recovery group animals for a period of 50 days with a 14 days recovery. The vehicle and test item formulations were administered orally by gavage at the dose volume of 10 mL/kg body weight. The stability of test item formulations in corn oil was established before initiation of the treatment. Dose formulation analysis for homogeneity and concentration verification was performed during weeks 1 and 5 of the treatment period and the results were within acceptable limits.
All the main group and recovery group animals were observed for clinical signs, mortality and morbidity, detailed clinical examination, body weight, feed consumption and ophthalmological and neurological/functional examinations. The clinical pathological (haematology, clinical chemistry and urinalysis) examinations were conducted for 5 randomly selected animals from each group per sex for main group and from all the animals for recovery group at termination. The gross pathology and organ weighing were performed on the day of termination for all the main and recovery group animals. All the main group females were observed for maternal body weight and feed consumption during gestation and lactation. The main group females were evaluated for oestrus cyclicity. Each dam was observed for mating performance, fertility performance, gestation length, litter size, number and percentage of live/dead pups, live birth index, sex ratio and observation of litter throughout the lactation period. Histopathological examination was conducted on all the tissues collected from the main group vehicle control and high dose group animals sacrificed at termination. The pups were observed once daily for clinical signs and external examinations, weighed individually on postnatal day (PND) 1, 4, 7 and 13, measured for anogenital distance on PND 4, observed for retention of any nipples/areolae in male pups on PND 13 and observed for gross pathological observations at termination. The analysis of thyroxine hormone (T4) levels in serum collected at termination was performed for main group males and PND 13 pups.
There were no clinical signs, no mortality/morbidity, no effects of test item on mean body weight, feed consumption, no changes in ophthalmological examination and neurological/functional examination, clinical pathology, organ weights and gross pathology noted at group G2 of either sex. The group G3 and G4/G4R animals of either sex revealed treatment related wet perineum and recovered later in the study. A treatment related reduction in body weight was noted at both G3 and G4/G4R groups of either sex. No treatment related changes were noted in clinical pathology and organ weights and no gross pathological changes were noted at group G3 and G4/G4R. There were no treatment related changes in oestrus cyclicity, maternal and lactation body weight and feed consumption, mating performance, fertility performance, gestation length, litter size, number and percentage of live/dead pups, live birth index, sex ratio and observation of litter at group G2 and G3. A treatment related reduction in mean body weight and feed consumption during gestation and lactation periods and increased gestation length was noted at group G4. There were no treatment related changes occurred in histopathological examination conducted for group G4 animals in either sex. There were no treatment related changes noted in serum thyroxine hormone (T4) levels.
It can be concluded that the No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) is 100 mg/kg bw/day based on treatment related clinical signs of toxicity and reduction in body weight found at the dose of 300 mg/kg bw/day, and the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) is 600 mg/kg bw/day as no adverse effects were found at any dose level tested.
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- significant methodological deficiencies
- Remarks:
- The study does not meet the main criteria of the specific testing guideline (duration, number of tested animals, haematology, clinical biochemistry, gross necropsy, etc.)
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- In this study, the effect of camphene on serum lipids and apolipoproteins (apoproteins) was investigated in male Wistar rats in order to obtain more information on the physiological role of essential oils. Camphene was mixed with the powdered commercial rat ration at the level of 1%. A control group received the commercial rat ration alone. Three or four rats were used. The rats were fasted overnight prior to blood sampling from the abdominal aorta. Serum lipids and apoproteins were determined.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Kyudo Co., Kumamoto
- Weight at study initiation: 248 ± 4.1 g
- Housing: The animals were kept in an air conditioned room
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum; NMF, Oriental Yeast Co, Tokyo.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark / 12 hrs light - Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
DIET PREPARATION
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): Camphene was mixed with the powdered commercial rat ration. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 14 Days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
- Dose / conc.:
- 500 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Basis: 1 % of camphene mixed in diet
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 3-4 male rats per group
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Not specified
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Not specified
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: at beginning and at the end of study
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No
HAEMATOLOGY: No
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: At the end of study.
- Animals fasted: Yes. The rats were fasted overnight prior to blood sampling.
- How many animals: 3-4
- Parameters examined: Serum lipids (cholesterol and triacylglycerol) and apoproteins (Apo A-I)
OTHER: RELATIVE LIVER WEIGHT
- Time schedule for collection of blood: At the end of study. - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: No
HISTOPATHOLOGY: No - Statistics:
- Student's t test.
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No significant differences were observed in body weight gain between treated and control animals.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No significant differences were observed in food consumption between treated and control animals.
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No significant differences in cholesterol, triacylglycerol and Apolipoprotein Apo A-I were observed between treated and control animals.
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Liver weight per 100 g of body weight tended to increase by the supplementary essential oils. No significant increase was recorded for the test item.
- Gross pathological findings:
- not examined
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- not examined
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- >= 500 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- clinical biochemistry
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- After 14 days of oral exposure, the NOAEL of camphene was equal or greater than 500 mg/kg bw/day for male rats.
- Executive summary:
The effect of camphene on serum lipids and apolipoproteins (apoproteins) was investigated in male Wistar rats in order to obtain more information on the physiological role of essential oils. Camphene was mixed with the powdered commercial rat ration at the level of 1% (ca. 500 mg/kg bw/day). It was daily administered for 14 days. A control group received the commercial rat ration without test substance. Three or four rats were used. The rats were fasted overnight prior to blood sampling from the abdominal aorta. Serum lipids and apoproteins were determined. No significant differences were observed in body weight gain and/or food consumption between treated and control animals. Liver weight per 100 g of body weight tended to increase by the supplementary essential oils but not significantly. No significant differences in cholesterol, triacylglycerol and Apolipoprotein Apo A-I were observed between treated and control animals. Thus, the NOAEL of camphene was equal or greater than 500 mg/kg bw/day for male rats.
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- documentation insufficient for assessment
- Remarks:
- Study designed to evaluate effects of substance on kidneys of rats; dosing 5 days/week instead of 7 days/week; haematological and clinical biochemical test not followed; only liver and kidneys were weighed and processed for histological examinations.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test: Subacute toxicity study (1 or 4 weeks). Study designed to evaluate effects of substance on kidneys of rats; dosing 5 days/week instead of 7 days/week; haematological and clinical biochemical test not followed; only liver and kidneys were weighed and processed for histological examinations.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Fischer 344
- Sex:
- male
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 5 or 26 days (5 days/week)
- Frequency of treatment:
- 5 days/week
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 75 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 150 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Five males
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- - All animals were weighed daily and feed consumption was noted weekly.
- On Days 6 and 27, approximately 24 hours after the 5th and 20th doses, respectively, animals from the appropriate groups were weighed, anaesthetized by ethyl ether inhalation, and killed by exsanguinations from the posterior vena cava. The liver and kidneys were removed and weighed. - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes
-Transverse sections were fixed and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin and stained with haematoxylin/eosin. Additional kidney sections were treated with Mallory’s Heidenhain stain.
-Tissues from right kidney of three control and three d-limonene-treated (150 mg/kg bw/day) animals killed on Day 6 were processed for two-dimensional gel electrophoretic evaluation. - Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- daily in-life observation did not reveal any grossly evident indication of dose-related toxicity.
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Weight gains values for treatment groups were, at both time points, similar to those of the vehicle control groups.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Feed consumption values for treatment groups were, at both time points, similar to those of the vehicle control groups.
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not specified
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Relative liver and kidney weights in 300 mg/kg bw/day group were significantly higher than the control in animals killed on Days 6 and 27.
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Examination of animals at necropsy did not reveal any grossly evident indication of dose-related toxicity.
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Dose-related hyaline droplet formation associated with renal accumulation of α2μ-globulin was observed in all rats killed on Day 6.
Chronic nephrosis, characterised by granular casts in the outer zone of the medulla and multiple cortical changes, was observed in the kidneys of rats killed on Day 27. - Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: nephrotoxicity and accumulation of hyaline droplets (male rat specific)
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable
- Remarks:
- no NOAEL identified
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- As nephrotoxicity and accumulation of hyaline droplets containing α2µ-globulin were observed in male rats (mechanism known to be not relevant for humans) at all dose levels, no NOAEL could be identified in this study., but mechanisms and specificity of toxicity of d-limonene on kidney of male rats and its non relevance for humans are well known.
- Executive summary:
In a subacute toxicity study, d-limonene was administered through gavage to groups of 5 male Fisher-344 rats/dose mixed in corn oil at dose levels of 0, 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg bw/day for 1 or 4 weeks (5 days/week). Animals were weighed daily and feed consumption was recorded weekly. On Days 6 and 27, approximately 24 hours after the 5th and 20th doses, respectively, animals from the appropriate groups were subjected to gross necropsy during which weights of liver and kidneys were recorded and transverse sections were processed for histological examination. Tissues from right kidney of animals killed on Day 6 were processed for two-dimensional gel electrophoretic evaluation. Neither daily in-life observation nor examination of animals at necropsy revealed any grossly evident indication of dose-related toxicity. Weight gains and feed consumption values for treatment groups were similar to those of the vehicle control groups. Relative liver and kidney weights in 300 mg/kg bw/day group were significantly higher than the control in animals killed on Days 6 and 27. Dose-related hyaline droplet formation associated with renal accumulation of α2µ-globulin was observed in all rats killed on Day 6. Chronic nephrosis, characterised by granular casts in the outer zone of the medulla and multiple cortical changes, was observed in the kidneys of rats killed on Day 27. As nephrotoxicity and accumulation of hyaline droplets containing α2µ-globulin were observed in male rats at all dose levels, no NOAEL could be identified in this study. However, mechanisms and specificity of toxicity of d-limonene on kidney of male rats and its non relevance for humans are well known.
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- no data
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- documentation insufficient for assessment
- Remarks:
- Test method and results not sufficiently detailed. Study designed for the assessment of kidney effects of d-limonene
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test: 91-day subchronic toxicity study: d-limonene (0, 150, 300, 600, 1200 and 2400 mg/kg bw/day) was administered orally (gavage) to rats for 91 days and kidney sections of the surviving male rats were processed for histological examination.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- male/female
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 91 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once daily
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 150 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 2 400 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- - At 0 and 1200 mg/kg bw/day: 10 males and 5 females
- At 150-600 mg/kg bw/day: 10 males
- At 2400 mg/kg bw/day: 5 males and 1 female - Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- - Mortality and body-weight data, in-life clinical observations and renal histopathological data were derived from the Prechronic Test Phase Review and Addendum supplied by the NCI.
- Sacrifice and pathology:
- - Histopathology: Kidney sections (5 µm) of male rats were processed, stained with haematoxylin and eosin and scanned for lesion count, hyaline droplets and other more subtle alterations.
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Absolute mean bodyweight gain at 600, 1200 and 2400 mg/kg bw/day decreased by 12, 19 and 46%, respectively, relative to controls.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not specified
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not specified
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not specified
- Gross pathological findings:
- not specified
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Dose-related increase in the severity of chronic nephrosis and granular cast formation were observed in male rats at concentrations ranging from 150 to 1200 mg/kg bw/day. At 2400 mg/kg bw/day, the severity of chronic nephrosis was similar to that at 150 mg/kg bw/day and formation of granular cast was observed in 1/10 male.
- Chronic nephrosis was characterised by cytoplasmic basophilia of PCT epithelial cells, tubular hyperplasia or atrophy, fibrosis of Bowman’s capsule and an interstitial fibrolymphocytic response.
- Chronic nephrosis was much more severe in the kidneys of all the male rats treated with d-limonene than in the controls.
- No lesions were observed in kidneys of female rats. - Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Basis for effect level:
- other: chronic nephrosis and granular cast formation were observed at all dose levels
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable
- Remarks:
- no NOAEL identified
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- As chronic nephrosis and granular casts formation were observed in male rats (mechanism known to be not relevant for humans) at all dose levels, no NOAEL could be identified in this study, but mechanisms and specificity of toxicity of d-limonene on kidney of male rats and its non relevance for humans are well known.
- Executive summary:
In a subchronic toxicity study, d-limonene was administered through gavage to groups of male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 150, 300, 600, 1200 and 2400 mg/kg bw/day for 91 days. Surviving animals from the appropriate groups were subjected to gross necropsy and transverse sections of right and left kidneys were processed for histological examination. Absolute mean bodyweight gain at 600, 1200 and 2400 mg/kg bw/day decreased by 12, 19 and 46%, respectively, relative to controls. Dose-related increase in the severity of chronic nephrosis and granular cast formation were observed in male rats at concentrations ranging from 150 to 1200 mg/kg bw/day. At 2400 mg/kg bw/day, the severity of chronic nephrosis was similar to that at 150 mg/kg bw/day and formation of granular cast was observed in 1/10 male. Treatment-related lesions were not observed in kidneys of female rats. As chronic nephrosis and granular casts formation were observed in male rats at all dose levels, no NOAEL could be identified in this study. However, mechanisms and specificity of toxicity of d-limonene on kidney of male rats and its non relevance for humans are well known.
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- September 1979 - October 1979
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- GLP study performed similarly to OECD Guideline 407 but with deviations: study performed only for 16 days; dosing 5 days/week instead of 7 days/week; food consumption, haematological and clinical biochemical test not followed
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 407 (Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- study performed only for 16 days; dosing 5 days/week instead of 7 days/week; food consumption, haematological and clinical biochemical test not followed
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- B6C3F1
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories (Portage, USA)
- Age at study initiation: 6-8 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: Males: 24.4-26.2 g; females: 19.6-21.9 g
- Housing: Housed in groups of five in polycarbonate cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina Lab Blox (Chesapeake Feed Co., Beltsville, USA), ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Automatic watering system (Edstrom Industries, Waterford, USA), ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 13 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°F): 64-76 °F
- Humidity (%): 80-90%
- Air changes (per hour): 12-15/hour
- Photoperiod (hours dark / hours light): 12 hours dark / 12 hours light - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: Appropriate amount of test substance was weighed and mixed with corn oil by shaking in a volumetric flask.
VEHICLE
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 10 mL/kg bw - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Not applicable
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 12 doses over 16 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once per day; 5 days/week
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 413 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 825 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 650 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 3 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 6 600 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Five
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): Random
- Positive control:
- No
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Twice daily
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Initially and once per week thereafter - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes; necropsy performed on all animals
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes; performed on six mice from survivors of highest dose groups - Other examinations:
- No
- Statistics:
- No data
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - No compound-related clinical signs were observed in mice that received 1650 mg/kg bw/day and lived to the end of the studies.
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- - All but one of 20 mice that received 3300 or 6600 mg/kg bw/day died within 3 days.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - Vehicle control mice gained little or no weight.
- Slight bodyweight loss was observed in all treated groups, but without any clear dose-response relationship. - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - No treatment-related histopathologic lesions were observed.
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- not specified
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 650 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: mortality at 3300 and 6600 mg/kg bw/day
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 3 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- mortality
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, the NOAEL in mice was considered to be 1650 mg/kg bw/day, based on mortality rates. The LOAEL for male and female mice were considered to be 3300 mg/kg bw/day, based on increased mortality rates.
- Executive summary:
In a 16-day subacute toxicity study performed similarly to OECD Guideline 407 and in compliance with GLP, d-limonene was administered through gavage to groups of five B6C3F1 mice/sex/dose mixed in corn oil at dose levels of 0, 413, 825, 1650, 3300 and 6600 mg/kg bw/day for 16 days (5 days/week). Animals were observed twice daily for clinical signs of toxicity and bodyweights were recorded weekly. Necropsy performed on all animals and histological examinations were performed on six mice from survivors of highest dose groups. All but one of 20 mice that received 3300 or 6600 mg/kg bw/day died within 3 days. Vehicle control mice gained little or no weight. Slight and not treatment- related bodyweight loss was observed in all treated groups. No compound-related clinical signs were observed in mice that received 1650 mg/kg bw/day and lived to the end of the studies. No treatment-related histopathologic lesions were observed. Under the test conditions, the NOAEL in mice was considered to be 1650 mg/kg bw/day, based on mortality rates. The LOAEL for male and female mice were considered to be 3300 mg/kg bw/day, based on increased mortality rates.
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- September 1979 - October 1979
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- GLP study performed similarly to OECD Guideline 407 but with deviations: study performed only for 16 days; dosing 5 days/week instead of 7 days/week; food consumption, haematological and clinical biochemical test not followed
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 407 (Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- study performed only for 16 days; dosing 5 days/week instead of 7 days/week; food consumption, haematological and clinical biochemical test not followed
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: F344/N
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories (Portage, USA)
- Age at study initiation: 6-7 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: Males: 109-117 g; females: 97-103 g
- Housing: Housed in groups of five in polycarbonate cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina Lab Blox (Chesapeake Feed Co., Beltsville, USA), ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Automatic watering system (Edstrom Industries, Waterford, USA), ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 12 or 13 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°F): 64-76 °F
- Humidity (%): 80-90%
- Air changes (per hour): 12-15/hour
- Photoperiod (hours dark / hours light): 12 hours dark / 12 hours light - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: Appropriate amount of test substance was weighed and mixed with corn oil by shaking in a volumetric flask.
VEHICLE
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 10 mL/kg bw - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Not applicable
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 12 doses over 16 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once per day; 5 days/week
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 413 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 825 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 650 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 3 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 6 600 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Five
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): Random
- Positive control:
- No
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Twice daily
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Initially and once per week thereafter - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes; necropsy performed on all animals
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes; performed on seven rats from survivors of highest dose groups - Other examinations:
- No
- Statistics:
- No data
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - No treatment-related clinical signs were observed in rats that received doses of 1650 mg/kg bw/day or lower.
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- - All rats in 6600 mg/kg bw/day group and 5/5 males and 3/5 females in 3300 mg/kg bw/day group died within the first 2 days.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - Final mean body weight of male rats that received 1650 mg/kg bw/day was 10% lower than that of the vehicle controls.
- Final mean body weight of female rats that received 3300 mg/kg bw/day was 8% lower than that of the vehicle controls. - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- not specified
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 825 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: mortality at 3300 and 6600 mg/kg bw/day; decreased bodyweight gain at 1650 mg/kg bw/day
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 650 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- mortality
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 650 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: mortalities at 3300 and 6600 mg/kg bw/day; decreased bodyweight gain at 3300 mg/kg bw/day
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 3 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- mortality
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, the NOAEL for male and female rats were considered to be 825 and 1650 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. The LOAEL for male and female rats were considered to be 1650 and 3300 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, based on decreased bodyweight gains.
- Executive summary:
In a 16-day subacute toxicity study performed similarly to OECD Guideline 407 and in compliance with GLP, d-limonene was administered through gavage to groups of 5 F344/N rats/sex/dose mixed in corn oil at dose levels of 0, 413, 825, 1650, 3300 and 6600 mg/kg bw/day for 16 days (5 days/week). Animals were observed twice daily for clinical signs of toxicity and bodyweights were recorded weekly. Necropsy performed on all animals and histological examinations were performed on seven rats from survivors of highest dose groups. All rats that received 6600 mg/kg bw/day and 5/5 males and 3/5 females that received 3300 mg/kg bw/day d-limonene died within the first 2 days. The final mean body weight of male rats that received 1650 mg/kg bw/day was 10% lower than that of the vehicle controls. The final mean body weight of female rats that received 3300 mg/kg bw/day was 8% lower than that of the vehicle controls. No treatment-related clinical signs were observed in rats that received doses of 1650 mg/kg bw/day or lower. No treatment-related lesions were observed. Under the test conditions, the NOAEL for male and female rats were considered to be 825 and 1650 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. The LOAEL for male and female rats were considered to be 1650 and 3300 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, based on decreased bodyweight gains.
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- January 1980 - April 1980
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- GLP study performed similarly to OECD Guideline 408 but with deviations: dosing 5 days/week instead of 7 days/week; food consumption, haematological and clinical biochemical test not followed
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 408 (Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- dosing 5 days/week instead of 7 days/week; food consumption, haematological and clinical biochemical test not followed
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- B6C3F1
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories (Portage, USA)
- Age at study initiation: 7-9 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: Males: 23.8-29.5 g; females: 20.2-21.5 g
- Housing: Housed in groups of five in polycarbonate cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina Lab Blox (Chesapeake Feed Co., Beltsville, USA) or NIH 07 Rat and Mouse Ration (Zeigler Bros., Inc., Gardners, PA, USA), ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Automatic watering system (Edstrom Industries, Waterford, USA), ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 18 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°F): 60-82 °F
- Humidity (%): 35-80%
- Air changes (per hour): 12-15/hour
- Photoperiod (hours dark / hours light): 12 hours dark / 12 hours light - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: Appropriate amount of test substance was weighed and mixed with corn oil by shaking in a volumetric flask.
VEHICLE
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 10 mL/kg bw - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- - Apparatus: Periodic analysis for d-limonene in dose preparations was determined by extraction with methanol followed by gas chromatographic analysis of the extract with a 6-foot 3% OV-17 glass column, a nitrogen carrier at a flow rate of 30 mL/min, and a flame ionization detector.
- Sampling frequency: Once
- Results: 101-109% of the target concentrations - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 13 weeks
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once per day; 5 days/week
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 125 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 250 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 500 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: Doses were selected based on the mortalities observed at 3300 and 6600 mg/kg bw/day during a 16 day subacute toxicity study.
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): Random - Positive control:
- No
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Twice daily
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Initially and once per week thereafter - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes; necropsy performed on all animals
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes; performed on all vehicle control and high dose animals. Tissues examined include: adrenal glands, brain, colon, esophagus, eyes (if grossly abnormal), femur or sternebrae or vertebrae including marrow, gallbladder, gross lesions and tissue masses with regional lymph nodes, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs and mainstem bronchi, mammary gland, mandibular or mesenteric lymph nodes, pancreas, parathyroids, pituitary gland, prostate/testes or ovaries/uterus, salivary glands, small intestine, spinal cord (if neurologic signs present), spleen, stomach, thymus, thyroid gland, trachea and urinary bladder. - Other examinations:
- No
- Statistics:
- No data
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - Rough hair coats and decreased activity were observed at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw/day.
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- - 1/10 male and 2/10 females died at 2000 mg/kg bw/day
- 1/10 female died at 500 mg/kg bw/day
- Several animals in other groups died as a result of gavage error. - Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - Final mean bodyweights of mice that received 1000 or 2000 mg/kg bw/day were 10% lower than that of the vehicle controls for males and 2% lower for females.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - An alveolar cell adenoma was observed in the lung of 1/10 females that received 2000 mg/kg bw/day.
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not specified
- Other effects:
- not specified
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 500 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: mortality at 2000 mg/kg bw/day; decreased bodyweight gain and occurence of clinical signs of toxicity (rough hair coats and decreased activity) at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw/day
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- clinical signs
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, the NOAEL was considered to be 500 mg/kg bw/day. The LOAEL was considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day for both female and male mice, based on observation of clinical signs in both sexes and decreased bodyweights in males.
- Executive summary:
In a 13-week subchronic toxicity study performed similarly to OECD Guideline 408 and in compliance with GLP, d-limonene was administered through gavage to groups of 10 B6C3F1 mice/sex/dose mixed in corn oil at dose levels of 0, 125, 250, 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg bw/day for 13 weeks (5 days/week). Animals were observed twice daily for clinical signs of toxicity and bodyweights were recorded weekly. Necropsy performed on all animals and microscopic examination of specified tissues was performed for all control and high dose animals scheduled to be killed at the end of the treatment period. One of 10 males and 2/10 females that received 2000 mg/kg bw/day and 1/10 females that received 500 mg/kg bw/day died before the end of the studies. Several animals in other groups died as a result of gavage error. Clinical signs of rough hair coats and decreased activity were observed at the two highest doses. Final mean bodyweights of mice that received 1000 or 2000 mg/kg bw/day were 10% lower than that of the vehicle controls for males and 2% lower for females. An alveolar cell adenoma was observed in the lung of 1/10 females that received 2000 mg/kg bw/day. Under the test conditions, the NOAEL was considered to be 500 mg/kg bw/day. The LOAEL was considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day for both female and male mice, based on observation of clinical signs in both sexes and decreased bodyweights in males.
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- January 1980 - April 1980
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- GLP study performed similarly to OECD Guideline 408 but with deviations: dosing 5 days/week instead of 7 days/week; food consumption, haematological and clinical biochemical test not followed.
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 408 (Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- dosing 5 days/week instead of 7 days/week; food consumption, haematological and clinical biochemical test not followed
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: F344/N
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories (Portage, USA)
- Age at study initiation: 7-8 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: Males: 136-153 g; females: 101-120 g
- Housing: Housed in groups of five in polycarbonate cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina Lab Blox (Chesapeake Feed Co., Beltsville, USA) or NIH 07 Rat and Mouse Ration (Zeigler Bros., Inc., Gardners, PA, USA), ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Automatic watering system (Edstrom Industries, Waterford, USA), ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 18 or 19 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°F): 60-82 °F
- Humidity (%): 35-80%
- Air changes (per hour): 12-15/hour
- Photoperiod (hours dark / hours light): 12 hours dark / 12 hours light - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: Appropriate amount of test substance was weighed and mixed with corn oil by shaking in a volumetric flask.
VEHICLE
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 5 mL/kg bw - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- - Apparatus: Periodic analysis for d-limonene in dose preparations was determined by extraction with methanol followed by gas chromatographic analysis of the extract with a 6-foot 3% OV-17 glass column, a nitrogen carrier at a flow rate of 30 mL/min, and a flame ionization detector.
- Sampling frequency: Once
- Results: 101-109% of the target concentrations - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 13 weeks
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once per day; 5 days/week
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 150 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 200 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Dose / conc.:
- 2 400 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: Doses were selected based on the mortalities observed at 3300 and 6600 mg/kg bw/day during a 16 day subacute toxicity study.
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): Random - Positive control:
- No
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Twice daily
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Initially and once per week thereafter - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes; necropsy performed on all animals
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes; performed on all vehicle control and high dose animals and all female rats in the 1200 mg/kg bw/day group. Tissues examined include: adrenal glands, brain, colon, esophagus, eyes (if grossly abnormal), femur or sternebrae or vertebrae including marrow, gross lesions and tissue masses with regional lymph nodes, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs and mainstem bronchi, mammary gland, mandibular or mesenteric lymph nodes, pancreas, parathyroids, pituitary gland, prostate/testes or ovaries/uterus, salivary glands, small intestine, spinal cord (if neurologic signs present), spleen, stomach, thymus, thyroid gland, trachea, and urinary bladder. Kidneys examined for all male rats. - Other examinations:
- No
- Statistics:
- No data
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - Rough hair coats, lethargy and excessive lacrimation were observed for rats that received 1200 or 2400 mg/kg bw/day.
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- - 5/10 males and 9/10 females at 2400 mg/kg bw/day died during week 1.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - Final mean body weights of male rats in 600, 1200 or 2400 mg/kg bw/day groups were 6, 12 or 23% lower than that of the vehicle controls.
- Final body weight of the female rat that received 2400 mg/kg bw/day and lived to end of the study was 11% lower than the mean of the vehicle controls. - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- - Nephropathy was identified in all groups of male rats, and there was a dose-related increased severity of the lesion in dosed groups.
- Nephropathy was characterized by degeneration of epithelium in the convoluted tubules, granular casts within tubular lumens, primarily in the outer stripe of the outer medulla, and regeneration of the tubular epithelium.
- Hyaline droplets (protein reabsorption droplets) were observed in the epithelium of proximal convoluted tubules in all groups of male rats, including vehicle controls. - Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- not specified
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: male-rat specific nephrotoxicity at all dose levels (considered as not relevant for humans)
- Remarks on result:
- other: no NOAEL identified
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: decrease of bodyweight gains at 1200 and 2400 mg/kg bw/day;
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 200 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: mortality at 2400 mg/kg bw/day; occurrence of clinical signs of toxicity (rough hair coats, lethargy and excessive lacrimation) at 1200 and 2400 mg/kg bw/day
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 200 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- clinical signs
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, the NOAEL for male and female rats was considered to be 600 mg/kg bw/day. The LOAEL for female and male rats were considered to be 1200 and 150 mg/kg bw/day, based on observation of clinical signs and nephropathy, respectively. As nephrotoxicity and accumulation of hyaline droplets were observed in male rats at all dose levels, no NOAEL for male rats could be identified in this study.
- Executive summary:
In a 13-week subchronic toxicity study performed similarly to OECD Guideline 408 and in compliance with GLP, d-limonene was administered through gavage to groups of 10 F344/N rats/sex/dose mixed in corn oil at dose levels of 0, 150, 300, 600, 1200 and 2400 mg/kg bw/day for 13 weeks (5 days/week). Animals were observed twice daily for clinical signs of toxicity and bodyweights were recorded weekly. Necropsy performed on all animals and microscopic examination of specified tissues was performed for all control and high dose animals scheduled to be killed at the end of the treatment period. Five of 10 males and 9/10 female rats that received 2400 mg/kg bw/day died during week 1. Final mean body weights of male rats in 600, 1200 or 2400 mg/kg bw/day groups were 6, 12 or 23% lower than that of the vehicle controls. Final body weight of the female rat that received 2400 mg/kg bw/day and lived to end of the study was 11% lower than the mean of the vehicle controls. Rough hair coats, lethargy and excessive lacrimation were observed at 1200 or 2400 mg/kg bw/day. No treatment-related histopathologic lesions were observed in female rats. Nephropathy was identified in all groups of male rats, and there was a dose-related increased severity of the lesion in dosed groups. Nephropathy was characterized by degeneration of epithelium in the convoluted tubules, granular casts within tubular lumens, primarily in the outer stripe of the outer medulla, and regeneration of the tubular epithelium. Hyaline droplets (protein reabsorption droplets) were observed in the epithelium of proximal convoluted tubules in all groups of male rats, including vehicle controls. This mechanism of nephrocarcinogenicity has been proven as being male-rat specific and not relevant for humans.
Under the test conditions, the NOAEL for female rats was considered to be 600 mg/kg bw/day. When considering the non relevance of the nephrotoxic effects for humans, the NOAEL for male rats would be 600 mg/kg bw/day, based on decrease of bodyweight gains at 1200 and 2400 mg/kg bw/day. The LOAEL for female and male rats were considered to be 1200 and 150 mg/kg bw/day, based on observation of clinical signs and nephropathy, respectively. As nephrotoxicity and accumulation of hyaline droplets were observed in male rats at all dose levels, no NOAEL for male rats had primarily been identified in this study.
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- no data
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- documentation insufficient for assessment
- Remarks:
- Well-conducted study but reported in Japanese language
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test:
A combination of rules from OECD Guidelines 409 and 452 were followed (by anticipation as thoses guidelines did not exist when the study was conducted).
- Short description of test conditions: d-limonene was administered by gavage to dogs for 6 months. This duration was chosen as usual when developing new medicinal products (d-limonene was explored in this study as a possible gallstone solubiliser). - GLP compliance:
- no
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- dog
- Strain:
- other: Japanese beagle
- Sex:
- male/female
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on oral exposure:
- no data
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 6 months
- Frequency of treatment:
- once a day
- Dose / conc.:
- 0.4 other: mL/kg-bw/day
- Remarks:
- Equivalent to 340 mg/kg-bw/day
- Dose / conc.:
- 1.2 other: mL/kg-bw/day
- Remarks:
- Equivalent to 1000 mg/kg-bw/day
- Dose / conc.:
- 3.6 other: mL/kg-bw/day
- Remarks:
- Equivalent to 3000 mg/kg-bw/day
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 3/sex/dose
- Control animals:
- yes
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE: yes
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes / No / Not specified
- Time schedule for examinations:
- Dose groups that were examined:
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
URINALYSIS: Yes
- Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes - Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Frequent vomiting and nausea were caused, which appeared to depend on the dose used.
- Mortality:
- not specified
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- All males in the high dose group, all females in the intermediate group and 2/3 females in the high dose group lost weight over the 6 month-study. Not dose-related in females.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Not affected by treatment except in the intermediate dose group females. Not dose-related.
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Total cholesterol and glucose decrease in blood in the high dose group. The initial cholesterol level was recovered at the end of the 6-month treatment period in both sexes (when the level had increased in other control and treated groups).
- Urinalysis findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The relative to body weight kidney and liver weights were slightly higher in the high dose group males than in other groups.
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- At 1.2 and 3.6 mL/kg bw/day, protein casts were observed in the renal tubule of most animals. No remarkable treatment-related change was observed in other organs.
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Decreased body weight and protein casts observed in the renal tubule at 3000 mg/lg bw/d.
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 3 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Decreased body weight and protein casts observed in the renal tubule at 3000 mg/lg bw/d.
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 340 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Decreased body weight and protein casts observed in the renal tubule at 1000 mg/lg bw/d.
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Decreased body weight and protein casts observed in the renal tubule at 1000 mg/lg bw/d.
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The NOAEL in this study is 1.2 mL/kg bw/day (equivalent to 1000 mg/kg bw/day) in males and 0.4 mL/kg bw/day (equivalent to 340 mg/kg bw/day) in females on the basis of decreased body weight and protein casts observed in the renal tubule at the next dose level. Food consumption was also decreased in the intermediate dose females.
- Executive summary:
Three dogs per sex and per dose group were administered d-limonene by gavage once per day for 6 months at the dose level of 0, 0.4, 1.2 or 3.6 mL/kg bw/day. All 6 animals (males and females) from the high dose group except one female and all females in the intermediate dose group lost weight between the first and the last day of study. Food consumption only decreased in the intermediate dose group females. Urinalysis and hematology were not affected by treatment. The glucose and total cholesterol levels in blood decreased in the high dose group males and females when compared to the pre-treatment levels; the total cholesterol level recovered the pre-test level by the end of the 6 -month treatment period. The relative to body weight kidney and liver weights were slightly higher in the high dose group males than in other groups. A dose-related increased incidence of protein casts were observed in the renal tubule: all males in the high dose group and all females in the intermediate and high dose groups showed this effect.
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1989
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Remarks:
- Study designed to evaluate effects of substance on kidneys of rats: dosing 5 days/week instead of 7 days/week; haematological and clinical biochemical test not followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test: Study designed to evaluate effects of substance on kidneys of rats: dosing 5 days/week instead of 7 days/week; haematological and clinical biochemical test not followed
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Additional information: D-limonene used for preliminary acute study:
Radiolabelled d-limonene [9-14C]
- Source: Wizard Laboratories (Davies, CA, USA)
- Radiochemical purity (if radiolabelling): 99% (GC)
- Specific activity (if radiolabelling): 8.7 mCi/mmol - Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Fischer 344
- Sex:
- male
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 13 weeks
- Frequency of treatment:
- 5 days/week
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 2 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 5 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 10 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 30 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 75 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- - At 0, 10 and 75 mg/kg bw/day: 5 or 10 males
- At 2, 5 and 30 mg/kg bw/day: 10 males - Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- Preliminary acute toxicity study:
- D-limonene (200 mg/kg bw; 200 µCi/kg bw in corn oil) was administered to a group of male
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 1.1. Summary of clinical signs of toxicity, detailed clinical examination and mortality record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
No. of Animals |
Clinical Signs of Toxicity |
Mortality (No. of incidence/ No. of Animals) |
G1, M & 0 |
3 |
N (3) |
0/3 |
G2, M & 100 |
3 |
N (3) |
0/3 |
G3, M & 300 |
3 |
73+(3), 110+(1), 117+(1) |
0/3 |
G4, M & 1000 |
3 |
73+(3), 110+(1), 25 (1), 1 (1) |
0/3 |
N: Normal; M: Male
1: Lethargy; 117: Piloerection; 110: Slight wet perineum; 73: Slight nasal discharge; 25: Aggression; +: Slight
Table 1.2. Summary of clinical signs of toxicity, detailed clinical examination and mortality record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
No. of Animals |
Clinical Signs of Toxicity/Detailed Clinical Examination |
Mortality (No. of incidence/ No. of animals) |
G1, F & 0 |
3 |
N (3) |
0/3 |
G2, F & 100 |
3 |
N (3) |
0/3 |
G3, F & 300 |
3 |
N (2), 110+(1) |
0/3 |
G4, F & 1000 |
3 |
73+(2), 110+(3), 82+(2) |
1/3 |
N: Normal; F: Female
110: Slight wet perineum; 73: Slight nasal discharge; 82: chromodacryorrhea; +: Slight
Table 2.1. Summary of body weight (g) record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Body Weight (g) on Days |
||
1 |
7 |
14 |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
258.22 |
291.74 |
319.06 |
±SD |
25.75 |
21.45 |
14.54 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
263.15 |
291.93 |
322.87 |
±SD |
19.42 |
8.07 |
15.17 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
262.48 |
277.67 |
299.21 |
±SD |
13.91 |
17.65 |
19.73 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
263.41 |
274.88 |
295.79 |
±SD |
14.46 |
14.36 |
15.47 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
Table 2.2. Summary of body weight (g) record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Body Weight (g) on Days |
||
1 |
7 |
14 |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
240.31 |
250.00 |
258.68 |
±SD |
12.54 |
18.60 |
15.78 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
239.22 |
249.31 |
262.99 |
±SD |
18.91 |
23.59 |
22.23 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
241.06 |
251.51 |
259.58 |
±SD |
5.62 |
3.95 |
12.87 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
242.03 |
236.03 |
230.60 |
±SD |
8.39 |
22.43 |
32.54 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
2# |
|
#: One female found dead on Day 12
Table 3.1. Summary of percent change in body weight (%) with respect to day 1. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
Percent Change in Body Weight (%) during Days |
||
1 to 8 |
1 to 15 |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
13.19 |
24.13 |
±SD |
3.28 |
9.54 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
11.18 |
22.92 |
±SD |
4.99 |
5.94 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
5.75 |
13.94 |
±SD |
1.40 |
1.61 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
4.44 |
12.30 |
±SD |
4.83 |
0.55 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
Table 3.2. Summary of percent change in body weight (%) with respect to day 1. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
Percent Change in Body Weight (%) during Days |
||
1 to 8 |
1 to 15 |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
3.95 |
7.61 |
±SD |
2.44 |
1.42 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
4.16 |
9.95 |
±SD |
3.68 |
4.21 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
4.35 |
7.66 |
±SD |
1.35 |
4.02 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
-2.48 |
-6.61 |
±SD |
8.45 |
12.09 |
|
n |
3 |
2# |
|
#: One female found dead on Day 12
Table 4.1. Summary of average feed consumption (g/animal/day) record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Feed Consumption (g/animal/day) |
|
Week 1 |
Week 2 |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
19.5 |
21.4 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
18.8 |
21.6 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
18.6 |
20.8 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
17.1 |
20.3 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
Table 4.2. Summary of average feed consumption (g/animal/day) record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Feed Consumption (g/rat/day) |
|
Week 1 Feed Consumption |
Week 2 Feed Consumption |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
13.3 |
18.1 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
11.4 |
17.5 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
11.3 |
17.2 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
10.8 |
15.9 |
±SD |
- |
- |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
|
Table 5.1. Summary of haematology record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Total Leucocyte Count |
Total Erythrocyte Count |
Hemoglobin |
Haematocrit |
Mean Corpuscular Volume |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration |
Platelet Count |
(WBC) |
(RBC) |
(HGB) |
(HCT) |
(MCV) |
(MCH) |
(MCHC) |
(PLT) |
||
(103cells/µL) |
(106cells/µL) |
(g/dL) |
(%) |
(fL) |
(pg) |
(g/dL) |
(103cells/µL) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
11.92 |
7.31 |
13.53 |
41.90 |
57.30 |
18.53 |
32.37 |
784.00 |
±SD |
5.61 |
0.23 |
0.50 |
1.41 |
0.53 |
0.12 |
0.31 |
127.43 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
9.08 |
7.37 |
13.87 |
43.33 |
58.77 |
18.83 |
31.97 |
880.33 |
±SD |
1.38 |
0.55 |
1.12 |
3.19 |
0.68 |
0.25 |
0.15 |
90.52 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
10.38 |
7.61 |
14.17 |
43.30 |
56.93 |
18.60 |
32.67 |
930.33 |
±SD |
1.06 |
0.47 |
1.14 |
2.72 |
0.47 |
0.36 |
0.67 |
46.46 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
11.81 |
7.51 |
13.73 |
43.13 |
57.57 |
18.30 |
31.83 |
891.67 |
±SD |
0.90 |
0.59 |
0.72 |
1.70 |
2.48 |
0.70 |
0.57 |
135.74 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Mean Platelet Volume |
Reticulocyte Count |
Neutrophils |
Lymphocytes |
Monocytes |
Eosinophils |
Basophils |
(MPV) |
(Retic) |
Neut |
Lymph |
Mono |
Eos |
Baso |
||
(fL) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
6.40 |
2.23 |
22.80 |
73.03 |
2.63 |
0.40 |
0.20 |
±SD |
0.17 |
0.45 |
3.16 |
1.68 |
1.29 |
0.17 |
0.10 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
6.00* |
2.25 |
29.43 |
65.33 |
2.83 |
0.97 |
0.17 |
±SD |
0.17 |
0.82 |
1.35 |
2.30 |
0.97 |
0.40 |
0.06 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
5.93* |
2.35 |
23.90 |
70.60 |
3.80 |
0.43 |
0.27 |
±SD |
0.06 |
0.65 |
0.78 |
1.23 |
1.05 |
0.25 |
0.12 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
6.03* |
2.82 |
20.90 |
74.13 |
2.73 |
0.73 |
0.27 |
±SD |
0.12 |
1.02 |
6.28 |
7.40 |
0.64 |
0.31 |
0.06 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
*: Statistically significant (P<0.05)
Group, Sex & Dose weight/day) |
|
Absolute Reticulocyte Count |
Absolute Neutrophils |
Absolute Lymphocytes |
Absolute Monocytes |
Absolute Eosinophils |
Absolute Basophils |
Prothrombin Time |
Activated Prothrombin Time |
(Retic) |
Neut |
Lymph |
Mono |
Eos |
Baso |
PT |
APTT |
||
(109cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(Seconds) |
(Seconds) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
162.50 |
2.62 |
8.74 |
0.36 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
25.27 |
28.33 |
±SD |
29.88 |
0.90 |
4.27 |
0.34 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
1.29 |
9.05 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
163.17 |
2.66 |
5.94 |
0.25 |
0.09 |
0.02 |
25.20 |
25.53 |
±SD |
47.98 |
0.35 |
1.05 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
6.71 |
7.71 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
177.23 |
2.48 |
7.34 |
0.39 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
24.33 |
21.13 |
±SD |
38.93 |
0.18 |
0.86 |
0.10 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
6.97 |
2.05 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
208.23 |
2.45 |
8.78 |
0.32 |
0.08 |
0.03 |
33.07 |
27.70 |
±SD |
65.06 |
0.68 |
1.42 |
0.06 |
0.03 |
0.00 |
20.56 |
11.00 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
Table 5.2. Summary of haematology record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Total Leucocyte Count |
Total Erythrocyte Count |
Hemoglobin |
Haematocrit |
Mean Corpuscular Volume |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration |
Platelet Count |
(WBC) |
(RBC) |
(HGB) |
(HCT) |
(MCV) |
(MCH) |
(MCHC) |
(PLT) |
||
(103cells/µL) |
(106cells/µL) |
(g/dL) |
(%) |
(fL) |
(pg) |
(g/dL) |
(103cells/µL) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
9.95 |
7.30 |
13.40 |
40.87 |
56.00 |
18.33 |
32.70 |
936.33 |
±SD |
2.17 |
0.04 |
0.53 |
0.84 |
1.39 |
0.83 |
0.70 |
44.74 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
10.02 |
7.22 |
13.37 |
40.73 |
56.57 |
18.53 |
32.80 |
1044.33 |
±SD |
1.48 |
0.35 |
0.23 |
0.23 |
2.50 |
1.15 |
0.70 |
118.29 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
13.14 |
7.31 |
13.53 |
41.43 |
56.73 |
18.53 |
32.60 |
918.00 |
±SD |
1.44 |
0.19 |
0.15 |
0.25 |
1.12 |
0.32 |
0.00 |
74.75 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
14.22 |
7.53 |
13.75 |
41.70 |
55.40 |
18.25 |
33.00 |
1122.00 |
±SD |
0.83 |
0.27 |
0.64 |
0.14 |
1.84 |
0.21 |
1.56 |
25.46 |
|
n# |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
#: One female was found dead on Day 12.
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Mean Platelet Volume |
Reticulocyte Count |
Neutrophils |
Lymphocytes |
Monocytes |
Eosinophils |
Basophils |
(MPV) |
(Retic) |
Neut |
Lymph |
Mono |
Eos |
Baso |
||
(fL) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
6.07 |
2.15 |
16.90 |
78.97 |
1.97 |
0.83 |
0.23 |
±SD |
0.12 |
0.73 |
3.70 |
3.92 |
0.29 |
0.25 |
0.12 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
6.10 |
2.15 |
17.13 |
78.77 |
1.87 |
0.93 |
0.27 |
±SD |
0.10 |
0.31 |
4.42 |
5.80 |
1.24 |
0.38 |
0.06 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
6.17 |
1.97 |
15.77 |
80.30 |
1.57 |
0.83 |
0.33 |
±SD |
0.21 |
0.61 |
4.25 |
5.19 |
0.42 |
0.60 |
0.15 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
5.85 |
1.30 |
20.70 |
68.70 |
6.65 |
1.25 |
0.40 |
±SD |
0.07 |
0.55 |
11.17 |
4.38 |
5.87 |
0.07 |
0.00 |
|
n# |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
#: One female was found dead on Day 12.
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Absolute Reticulocyte Count |
Absolute Neutrophils |
Absolute Lymphocytes |
Absolute Monocytes |
Absolute Eosinophils |
Absolute Basophils |
Prothrombin Time |
Activated Prothrombin Time |
(Retic) |
Neut |
Lymph |
Mono |
Eos |
Baso |
PT |
APTT |
||
(109cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(Seconds) |
(Seconds) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
157.17 |
1.74 |
7.81 |
0.20 |
0.09 |
0.03 |
31.10 |
13.80 |
±SD |
53.90 |
0.71 |
1.41 |
0.06 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
14.30 |
2.96 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
155.70 |
1.68 |
7.95 |
0.18 |
0.09 |
0.02 |
19.07 |
20.07 |
±SD |
25.95 |
0.25 |
1.69 |
0.08 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
6.80 |
3.76 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
143.10 |
2.10 |
10.51 |
0.20 |
0.11 |
0.04 |
14.50 |
22.80 |
±SD |
40.56 |
0.76 |
0.75 |
0.06 |
0.07 |
0.03 |
4.20 |
5.60 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
98.65 |
2.99 |
9.75 |
0.92 |
0.18 |
0.05 |
22.10 |
15.60 |
±SD |
45.33 |
1.77 |
0.06 |
0.78 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
4.67 |
0.71 |
|
n# |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
#: One female was found dead on Day 12.
Table 6.1. Summary of clinical chemistry record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Glucose |
Creatinine |
Total Cholesterol |
Triglycerides |
Total Protein |
Albumin |
Alanine aminotransferase |
Aspartate aminotransferase |
(GLU) |
(CRE) |
(CHO) |
(TRI) |
(TPR) |
(ALB) |
(ALT) |
(AST) |
||
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
g/dL |
g/dL |
U/L |
U/L |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
126.00 |
0.48 |
49.00 |
39.67 |
6.10 |
2.83 |
41.67 |
79.67 |
±SD |
10.58 |
0.01 |
4.36 |
14.05 |
0.00 |
0.05 |
7.51 |
11.50 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
110.67 |
0.42* |
44.00 |
33.67 |
6.13 |
2.87 |
34.33 |
68.33 |
±SD |
18.72 |
0.01 |
3.00 |
6.43 |
0.06 |
0.10 |
2.52 |
3.21 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
115.33 |
0.48 |
43.00 |
42.33 |
6.23 |
2.86 |
40.00 |
75.00 |
±SD |
5.03 |
0.03 |
12.12 |
13.80 |
0.15 |
0.03 |
5.57 |
7.00 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
94.67* |
0.47 |
39.00 |
32.00 |
6.27 |
2.92 |
52.67 |
99.00 |
±SD |
6.11 |
0.02 |
1.73 |
11.79 |
0.31 |
0.18 |
12.66 |
8.89 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
*: Statistically significant (p<0.05)
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Alkaline phosphatase |
Total Bilirubin |
Calcium |
Phosphorous |
Globulin |
Albumin/Globulin ratio |
Blood Urea Nitrogen |
Sodium |
Potassium |
Chloride |
(ALP) |
(BIT) |
(CAL) |
(PHO) |
(GLO) |
(A/G Ratio) |
(BUN) |
(Na) |
(K) |
(CLO) |
||
U/L |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mmol/L |
mmol/L |
mmol/L |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
166.33 |
0.05 |
8.73 |
5.30 |
3.27 |
0.87 |
10.76 |
150.40 |
3.45 |
105.97 |
±SD |
34.08 |
0.01 |
0.06 |
0.36 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
0.82 |
1.41 |
0.20 |
0.86 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
206.33 |
0.03* |
9.27* |
5.87 |
3.26 |
0.88 |
9.75 |
150.83 |
3.75 |
105.00 |
±SD |
42.25 |
0.01 |
0.21 |
0.25 |
0.16 |
0.07 |
2.15 |
3.24 |
0.03 |
0.60 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
174.33 |
0.02* |
9.10 |
5.30 |
3.38 |
0.85 |
10.27 |
149.03 |
3.78 |
104.70 |
±SD |
4.62 |
0.00 |
0.20 |
0.40 |
0.12 |
0.03 |
0.75 |
0.15 |
0.19 |
0.82 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
136.67 |
0.04 |
8.97 |
6.30* |
3.35 |
0.87 |
10.97 |
148.80 |
3.62 |
107.00 |
±SD |
7.64 |
0.01 |
0.23 |
0.30 |
0.18 |
0.06 |
1.20 |
0.70 |
0.09 |
0.10 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
*: Statistically significant (p<0.05)
Table 6.2. Summary of clinical chemistry record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Glucose |
Creatinine |
Total Cholesterol |
Triglycerides |
Total Protein |
Albumin |
Alanine aminotransferase |
Aspartate aminotransferase |
(GLU) |
(CRE) |
(CHO) |
(TRI) |
(TPR) |
(ALB) |
(ALT) |
(AST) |
||
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
g/dL |
g/dL |
U/L |
U/L |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
119.33 |
0.51 |
45.33 |
31.67 |
6.50 |
3.06 |
34.33 |
73.00 |
±SD |
18.01 |
0.04 |
5.13 |
4.16 |
0.26 |
0.09 |
9.50 |
3.46 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
107.00 |
0.48 |
54.67 |
26.67 |
6.47 |
3.14 |
29.00 |
70.00 |
±SD |
11.53 |
0.04 |
10.21 |
8.14 |
0.06 |
0.08 |
3.61 |
9.17 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
126.00 |
0.49 |
60.67 |
26.33 |
6.30 |
2.99 |
41.67 |
78.33 |
±SD |
1.73 |
0.04 |
7.02 |
3.79 |
0.44 |
0.19 |
13.28 |
13.28 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
102.50 |
0.58 |
56.50 |
25.50 |
6.15 |
3.08 |
51.50 |
77.50 |
±SD |
19.09 |
0.09 |
10.61 |
6.36 |
0.49 |
0.28 |
16.26 |
7.78 |
|
n# |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
#: One female was found dead on Day 12.
Group, Sex & Dose |
|
Alkaline phosphatase |
Total Bilirubin |
Calcium |
Phosphorous |
Globulin |
Albumin/ Globulin ratio |
Blood Urea Nitrogen |
Sodium |
Potassium |
Chloride |
(ALP) |
(BIT) |
(CAL) |
(PHO) |
(GLO) |
(A/G Ratio) |
(BUN) |
(Na) |
(K) |
(CLO) |
||
U/L |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mg/dL |
mmol/L |
mmol/L |
mmol/L |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
109.67 |
0.04 |
9.07 |
4.60 |
3.44 |
0.89 |
8.96 |
146.43 |
3.52 |
106.20 |
±SD |
39.72 |
0.01 |
0.06 |
0.72 |
0.24 |
0.07 |
0.37 |
0.72 |
0.17 |
0.80 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
98.00 |
0.02 |
9.13 |
4.37 |
3.33 |
0.95 |
8.23 |
146.23 |
3.59 |
106.57 |
±SD |
14.93 |
0.01 |
0.21 |
0.76 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.96 |
0.50 |
0.10 |
1.72 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
110.00 |
0.02 |
9.03 |
4.73 |
3.31 |
0.90 |
11.73 |
146.17 |
3.69 |
106.27 |
±SD |
53.36 |
0.00 |
0.55 |
0.29 |
0.24 |
0.01 |
2.57 |
1.07 |
0.56 |
0.95 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
97.00 |
0.05 |
8.70 |
4.60 |
3.08 |
1.00 |
13.56 |
145.40 |
3.11 |
106.75 |
±SD |
7.07 |
0.01 |
0.71 |
0.14 |
0.22 |
0.01 |
6.30 |
2.55 |
0.45 |
2.90 |
|
n# |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
#: One female was found dead on Day 12.
Table 7.1. Summary of absolute organ weights (g) record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Epididymes |
Testes |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
PSC |
Lungs |
|
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
0.0533 |
0.3939 |
0.6615 |
1.1405 |
3.4398 |
1.2664 |
2.6892 |
2.1170 |
10.8868 |
2.4154 |
2.5611 |
±SD |
0.0033 |
0.0749 |
0.0502 |
0.0571 |
0.2415 |
0.1716 |
0.2351 |
0.1906 |
1.0098 |
0.3625 |
0.4313 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
0.0696* |
0.5771 |
0.6654 |
1.2033 |
3.3983 |
1.3397 |
3.1196 |
2.0742 |
11.5421 |
2.6900 |
2.8954 |
±SD |
0.0031 |
0.0522 |
0.1348 |
0.1277 |
0.2410 |
0.1489 |
0.2602 |
0.1081 |
1.4462 |
0.3132 |
0.5263 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
0.0659 |
0.5643 |
0.6782 |
1.1154 |
3.4666 |
1.1658 |
2.8486 |
2.1140 |
11.0042 |
2.4310 |
2.4830 |
±SD |
0.0038 |
0.0492 |
0.0340 |
0.0651 |
0.1936 |
0.0883 |
0.5473 |
0.1356 |
0.9703 |
0.1533 |
0.3730 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
0.0639 |
0.4349 |
0.6730 |
1.1609 |
3.3178 |
1.1664 |
3.3758 |
2.2839 |
14.7867* |
2.9496 |
2.6389 |
±SD |
0.0099 |
0.1499 |
0.0652 |
0.0919 |
0.2031 |
0.0807 |
0.1692 |
0.1420 |
1.2961 |
0.4687 |
0.3236 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
PSC: Prostate+Seminal vesicles with coagulating glands
*: Statistically significant (P<0.05)
Table 7.2. Summary of absolute organ weights (g) record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Uterus |
Ovaries |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
Lungs |
|
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
0.0955 |
0.6085 |
0.6788 |
0.5831 |
0.2129 |
1.0115 |
2.6268 |
2.4659 |
9.4801 |
2.6740 |
±SD |
0.0127 |
0.1084 |
0.0535 |
0.0888 |
0.0232 |
0.0626 |
0.3510 |
0.0625 |
0.9003 |
0.1106 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
0.1144 |
0.5597 |
0.7401 |
0.7950 |
0.2709 |
1.0814 |
2.5443 |
2.4417 |
10.9313 |
2.2571 |
±SD |
0.0060 |
0.1446 |
0.0827 |
0.0542 |
0.0537 |
0.1494 |
0.3340 |
0.0392 |
1.7597 |
0.2692 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
0.0950 |
0.6081 |
0.7264 |
0.6463 |
0.2147 |
1.0944 |
2.3206 |
2.3258 |
11.2076 |
2.2677 |
±SD |
0.0187 |
0.0933 |
0.1095 |
0.2188 |
0.0534 |
0.1176 |
0.0929 |
0.0931 |
1.0288 |
0.1572 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
0.1051 |
0.4002 |
0.5380 |
0.4603 |
0.2182 |
0.9071 |
2.7250 |
2.3067 |
11.3479 |
2.0137* |
±SD |
0.0072 |
0.1550 |
0.1348 |
0.0103 |
0.0501 |
0.1858 |
0.3120 |
0.1549 |
2.8030 |
0.0391 |
|
n# |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
#: One female was found dead on Day 12.
*: Statistically significant (P<0.05)
Table 8.1. Summary of fasting body weight (g) and organ weight relative to fasting body weight (%) record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
Fasting Body Weight (g) |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Epididymes |
Testes |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
PSC |
Lungs |
|
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
292.59 |
0.0183 |
0.1341 |
0.2259 |
0.3899 |
0.9181 |
0.4320 |
0.9183 |
0.7231 |
3.7174 |
0.8286 |
0.8720 |
±SD |
15.73 |
0.0017 |
0.0194 |
0.0066 |
0.0095 |
0.4490 |
0.0420 |
0.0419 |
0.0413 |
0.1948 |
0.1445 |
0.0995 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
292.55 |
0.0239* |
0.1975 |
0.2265 |
0.4105 |
0.9116 |
0.4572 |
1.0651 |
0.7110 |
3.9360 |
0.9187 |
0.9880 |
±SD |
14.23 |
0.0022 |
0.0185 |
0.0374 |
0.0245 |
0.4278 |
0.0331 |
0.0384 |
0.0663 |
0.3243 |
0.0838 |
0.1557 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
279.24 |
0.0236* |
0.2018 |
0.2431 |
0.4004 |
1.2423 |
0.4175 |
1.0152 |
0.7570 |
3.9362 |
0.8730 |
0.8952 |
±SD |
15.41 |
0.0008 |
0.0068 |
0.0122 |
0.0345 |
0.0563 |
0.0224 |
0.1488 |
0.0244 |
0.1369 |
0.0817 |
0.1822 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, M & 1000 |
Mean |
273.49 |
0.0233 |
0.1584 |
0.2457 |
0.4259 |
1.2161 |
0.4262 |
1.2369* |
0.8370 |
5.4008* |
1.0791 |
0.9661 |
±SD |
11.22 |
0.0034 |
0.0508 |
0.0138 |
0.0506 |
0.1188 |
0.0141 |
0.1044 |
0.0813 |
0.2732 |
0.1731 |
0.1258 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
PSC: Prostate+Seminal vesicles with coagulating glands
*: Statistically significant (P<0.05)
Table 8.2. Summary of fasting body weight (g) and organ weight relative to fasting body weight (%) record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
Fasting Body Weight (g) |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Uterus |
Ovaries |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
Lungs |
|
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
242.57 |
0.0393 |
0.2505 |
0.2803 |
0.2432 |
0.1312 |
0.4188 |
1.0796 |
1.0200 |
3.9043 |
1.1072 |
±SD |
18.41 |
0.0024 |
0.0351 |
0.0189 |
0.0571 |
0.0629 |
0.0428 |
0.0667 |
0.0707 |
0.0782 |
0.1041 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
249.96 |
0.0461 |
0.2218 |
0.2960 |
0.3205 |
0.1707 |
0.4312 |
1.0156 |
0.9813 |
4.3557 |
0.9013 |
±SD |
19.15 |
0.0061 |
0.0428 |
0.0226 |
0.0482 |
0.1024 |
0.0278 |
0.0686 |
0.0877 |
0.4035 |
0.0501 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
243.63 |
0.0389 |
0.2507 |
0.3004 |
0.2641 |
0.0892 |
0.4502 |
0.9566 |
0.9594 |
4.6072 |
0.9363 |
±SD |
17.03 |
0.0065 |
0.0457 |
0.0617 |
0.0815 |
0.0276 |
0.0533 |
0.0940 |
0.1031 |
0.4230 |
0.1246 |
|
n |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
|
G4, F & 1000 |
Mean |
220.90 |
0.0480 |
0.1778 |
0.2418 |
0.2118 |
0.0983 |
0.4094 |
1.2393 |
1.0533 |
5.1027* |
0.9232 |
±SD |
37.19 |
0.0048 |
0.0402 |
0.0203 |
0.0403 |
0.0061 |
0.0152 |
0.0674 |
0.1072 |
0.4099 |
0.1377 |
|
n |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
#: One female was found dead on Day 12.
*: Statistically significant (P<0.05)
Table 9. Summary of gross pathology record
Organs/ Lesions |
Group |
G1 |
G2 |
G3 |
G4 |
||||
Dose (mg/kg body weight/day) |
0 |
100 |
300 |
1000 |
|||||
Sex |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
|
No. of Animals Terminally Sacrificed |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
|
No. of Animals Found Dead |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
No Abnormality Detected [External & Internal] |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
|
Wet Perineum [External] |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
Autolyzed [Internal] |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Table 4.1. Summary of clinical signs of toxicity, detailed clinical examination and mortality record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
No. of Animals |
Clinical Signs of Toxicity/ |
Mortality (No. of Mortality / No. of Animals dosed) |
G1, M & 0 |
12 |
N (12) |
0/12 |
G2, M & 100 |
12 |
N (12) |
0/12 |
G3, M & 300 |
12 |
N (8); 110 (3); 82 (1) |
0/12 |
G4, M & 600 |
12 |
N (6); 110 (6) |
0/12 |
M: Male; N: Normal; 110: Wet perineum; 82: Perinasal staining
Table 4.2. Summary of clinical signs of toxicity, detailed clinical examination and mortality record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
No. of Animals |
Clinical Signs of Toxicity/ |
Mortality (No. of Mortality / No. of Animals dosed) |
G1, F & 0 |
12 |
N (12) |
0/12 |
G2, F & 100 |
12 |
N (12) |
0/12 |
G3, F & 300 |
12 |
N (8); 110 (4) |
0/12 |
G4, F & 600 |
12 |
N (5); 110 (7) |
0/12 |
F: Female; N: Normal; 110: Wet perineum
Table 4.3. Summary of clinical signs of toxicity, detailed clinical examination and mortality record. Recovery groups
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
No. of Animals |
Clinical Signs of Toxicity/ |
Mortality (No. of Mortality / No. of Animals dosed) |
G1R, M & 0 |
5 |
N (5) |
0/5 |
G4R, M & 600 |
5 |
N (3); 110 (2) |
0/5 |
G1R, F & 0 |
5 |
N (5) |
0/5 |
G4R, F & 600 |
5 |
N (3); 110 (2) |
0/5 |
M: Male; F: Female; R: Recovery; N: Normal; 110: Wet perineum
Table 5.1. Summary of body weight (g) record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Body Weight (g) on Day |
||||||
1 |
7 |
14 |
21 |
28 |
35 |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
381.03 |
389.68 |
399.42 |
410.44 |
421.01 |
430.64 |
±SD |
35.22 |
36.88 |
38.54 |
39.75 |
41.60 |
40.79 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
377.18 |
382.56 |
390.29 |
401.50 |
409.69 |
420.12 |
±SD |
34.26 |
34.69 |
35.09 |
34.76 |
33.37 |
33.81 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
378.65 |
383.40 |
390.25 |
397.82 |
405.35 |
416.56 |
±SD |
33.89 |
34.48 |
36.34 |
36.53 |
37.42 |
37.36 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
379.39 |
378.29 |
380.29 |
386.13 |
392.89 |
403.02 |
±SD |
32.03 |
31.84 |
31.22 |
33.21 |
34.10 |
34.33 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
Table 5.2. Summary of body weight (g) record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Body Weight (g) on Days |
|||||
1 |
7 |
14 |
21# |
28# |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
271.32 |
277.65 |
284.52 |
294.48 |
303.51 |
±SD |
14.70 |
15.30 |
15.77 |
18.17 |
19.76 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
6 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
271.24 |
276.96 |
278.30 |
283.87 |
296.55 |
±SD |
15.07 |
15.77 |
15.75 |
17.32 |
9.49 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
7 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
272.21 |
271.34 |
273.93 |
267.49 |
274.21 |
±SD |
16.11 |
16.02 |
15.95 |
18.29 |
20.14 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
4 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
271.70 |
272.07 |
270.96 |
266.87 |
265.26 |
±SD |
15.28 |
15.58 |
16.05 |
12.03 |
10.62 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
7 |
5 |
|
#: The data of Day 21 and 28 body weight was not subjected to statistical analysis due to uneven number of variables
Table 5.3. Summary of body weight (g) record. Recovery groups
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Body Weight (g) on Day |
||||||||||
1 |
7 |
14 |
21 |
28 |
35 |
42 |
49 |
56 |
63 |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
375.04 |
387.85 |
396.37 |
407.72 |
419.05 |
427.32 |
438.02 |
449.49 |
455.22 |
462.27 |
±SD |
27.86 |
27.90 |
26.43 |
26.46 |
28.44 |
26.52 |
33.26 |
37.89 |
37.83 |
36.57 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
375.02 |
376.48 |
378.88 |
391.20 |
397.15 |
407.68 |
420.85 |
436.91 |
441.32 |
450.62 |
±SD |
24.55 |
29.70 |
32.63 |
35.14 |
34.76 |
32.71 |
40.13 |
47.18 |
46.16 |
42.45 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
270.17 |
276.46 |
283.02 |
289.28 |
295.46 |
300.34 |
302.72 |
305.75 |
311.49 |
319.96 |
±SD |
11.70 |
11.50 |
11.66 |
11.90 |
9.99 |
7.71 |
7.29 |
6.66 |
8.64 |
6.48 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
269.74 |
270.61 |
275.06 |
277.47 |
277.96* |
283.45* |
288.21 |
290.14 |
294.73 |
301.14 |
±SD |
11.53 |
12.03 |
10.63 |
13.27 |
11.26 |
10.17 |
12.72 |
17.39 |
16.26 |
17.58 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group
Table 6.1. Summary of percent change in body weight (%) with respect to day 1. Males
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Percent Change in Body Weight (%) during Day |
|||||
1 to 7 |
1 to 14 |
1 to 21 |
1 to 28 |
1 to 35 |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
2.26 |
4.79 |
7.68 |
10.44 |
13.01 |
±SD |
1.06 |
1.27 |
1.82 |
2.40 |
2.46 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
1.43 |
3.49* |
6.50 |
8.72 |
11.50 |
±SD |
0.52 |
1.00 |
1.30 |
1.98 |
2.31 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
1.25* |
3.03* |
5.04* |
7.02* |
10.01* |
±SD |
0.45 |
0.65 |
1.14 |
1.20 |
1.43 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
-0.28* |
0.27* |
1.81* |
3.59* |
6.28* |
±SD |
1.22 |
1.66 |
3.00 |
3.20 |
3.38 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 6.2. Summary of percent change in body weight (%) with respect to day 1. Females
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Percent Change in Body Weight (%) during Day |
||||
1 to 7 |
1 to 14 |
1 to 21# |
1 to 28# |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
2.33 |
4.86 |
6.94 |
9.92 |
±SD |
0.58 |
1.05 |
1.30 |
1.82 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
5 |
3 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
2.11 |
2.61* |
4.48 |
5.99 |
±SD |
0.72 |
1.48 |
0.73 |
0.73 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
7 |
3 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
-0.31* |
0.66* |
2.23 |
3.66 |
±SD |
1.34 |
1.97 |
2.51 |
2.67 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
5 |
4 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
0.15* |
-0.27* |
0.62 |
0.14 |
±SD |
1.88 |
1.68 |
2.07 |
2.44 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
7 |
5 |
|
#: The data of Day 21 and 28 body weight was not subjected to statistical analysis due to uneven number of variables
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 6.3. Summary of percent change in body weight (%) with respect to day 1. Recovery groups
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Percent Change in Body Weight (%) during Day |
|||||||||
1 to 7 |
1 to 14 |
1 to 21 |
1 to 28 |
1 to 35 |
1 to 42 |
1 to 49 |
1 to 56 |
1 to 63 |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
3.44 |
5.74 |
8.78 |
11.79 |
14.03 |
16.79 |
19.80 |
21.35 |
23.26 |
±SD |
1.59 |
1.48 |
1.80 |
2.36 |
2.12 |
1.55 |
2.75 |
3.02 |
3.02 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
0.32* |
0.98* |
4.23 |
5.84* |
8.68* |
12.11 |
16.33 |
17.52 |
20.06 |
±SD |
2.01 |
4.14 |
4.47 |
4.67 |
4.04 |
5.42 |
7.07 |
6.87 |
6.06 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
2.33 |
4.77 |
7.09 |
9.41 |
11.25 |
12.13 |
13.28 |
15.40 |
18.55 |
±SD |
0.94 |
1.21 |
1.95 |
2.32 |
2.66 |
2.82 |
3.68 |
4.29 |
4.06 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
0.32* |
2.00* |
2.86* |
3.08* |
5.14* |
6.87* |
7.53* |
9.24* |
11.61* |
±SD |
1.19 |
1.69 |
2.15 |
2.83 |
3.00 |
2.95 |
3.70 |
3.18 |
3.50 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 7.1. Summary of average feed consumption (g/animal/day) record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose |
Feed Consumption (g/animal/day) |
||
Week 1 (Day 1 to 7) |
Week 2 (Day 7 to 14) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
19.41 |
22.53 |
±SD |
1.01 |
2.12 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
17.96* |
23.03 |
±SD |
0.73 |
1.78 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
19.36 |
22.14 |
±SD |
0.50 |
1.24 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
17.97* |
20.47 |
±SD |
0.28 |
1.15 |
|
n |
12 |
12 |
|
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 7.2. Summary of average feed consumption (g/animal/day) record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose |
Feed Consumption (g/animal/day) |
||
Week 1 (Day 1 to 7) |
Week 2 (Day 7 to 14) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
15.79 |
16.65 |
±SD |
0.32 |
0.74 |
|
n |
6 |
6 |
|
G1, F & 100 |
Mean |
14.14* |
16.81 |
±SD |
0.37 |
1.83 |
|
n |
6 |
6 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
13.77* |
16.00 |
±SD |
0.38 |
0.80 |
|
n |
6 |
6 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
13.64* |
15.77 |
±SD |
0.34 |
1.12 |
|
n |
6 |
6 |
|
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 7.3. Summary of average feed consumption (g/animal/day) record. Recovery groups
Group, Sex & Dose |
Feed Consumption (g/animal/day) |
||||||||||
Week 1 (Day 1 to 7) |
Week 2 (Day 7 to 14) |
Week 3 (Day 14 to 21) |
Week 4 (Day 21 to 28) |
Week 5 (Day 28 to 35) |
Week 6 (Day 35 to 42) |
Week 7 (Day 42 to 49) |
Week 8 (Day 49 to 56) |
Week 9 (Day 56 to 63) |
Week 10 (Day 63 to 67) |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
19.00 |
20.97 |
21.80 |
22.95 |
23.37 |
23.78 |
24.10 |
24.64 |
25.32 |
24.10 |
±SD |
0.63 |
2.36 |
1.32 |
0.49 |
0.55 |
0.28 |
0.14 |
0.13 |
0.46 |
0.14 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
18.68 |
20.75 |
20.91 |
21.28 |
22.72 |
23.35 |
23.63 |
24.08 |
24.74 |
23.63 |
±SD |
1.66 |
1.55 |
1.48 |
1.82 |
0.65 |
0.39 |
0.28 |
0.12 |
0.23 |
0.28 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
15.05 |
16.48 |
16.81 |
17.43 |
17.88 |
18.69 |
20.42 |
21.49 |
22.43 |
20.42 |
±SD |
1.66 |
0.07 |
0.08 |
0.32 |
0.30 |
0.65 |
0.17 |
0.13 |
0.46 |
0.17 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
14.34 |
16.10 |
16.46 |
16.76 |
17.43 |
18.15 |
19.88 |
20.73 |
22.07 |
19.88 |
±SD |
0.09 |
0.42 |
0.39 |
0.27 |
0.05 |
0.30 |
0.08 |
0.37 |
0.24 |
0.08 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
Table 8.1. Neurological/functional observation battery record. Open field and sensory observations. Males
Day 36 |
||||||
Parameters↓ |
Group & Sex |
G1 & M |
G2 & M |
G3 & M |
G4 & M |
|
Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
0 |
100 |
300 |
600 |
||
Number of Randomly selected Animals |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
||
Open field Observation |
||||||
Mobility |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Gait |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Arousal |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
||
Number of Rearing |
Mean |
3.8 |
3.4 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
|
±SD |
0.8 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
0.7 |
||
Numbers of Urination |
Mean |
2.8 |
2.4 |
1.6 |
2.8 |
|
±SD |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
||
Number of Defecation |
Mean |
2.8 |
2.2 |
2.4 |
3.2 |
|
±SD |
1.3 |
1.3 |
0.5 |
1.3 |
||
Clonic involuntary movement |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Tonic involuntary movement |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Stereotype Behaviour |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Excessive Grooming |
Mean |
2.8 |
2.4 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
|
±SD |
0.8 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
||
Sensory Observations |
||||||
Approach Response |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Auditory Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Touch Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Pupil Reflex |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Tail Pinch Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Righting Reflex |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Physiological observation |
||||||
Body temperature (°F) |
Mean |
98.6 |
98.8 |
98.4 |
98.2 |
|
±SD |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
||
Table 8.2. Neurological/functional observation battery record. Open field and sensory observations. Females
Lactation Day 13 |
||||||
Parameters↓ |
Group & Sex |
G1 & F |
G2 & F |
G3 & F |
G4 & F |
|
Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
0 |
100 |
300 |
600 |
||
Number of Randomly selected Animals |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
||
Open field Observation |
||||||
Mobility |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Gait |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Arousal |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
||
Number of Rearing |
Mean |
2.4 |
3.6* |
2.8 |
3.6* |
|
±SD |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
||
Numbers of Urination |
Mean |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.4 |
3.6 |
|
±SD |
0.5 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
||
Number of Defecation |
Mean |
3.4 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
3.2 |
|
±SD |
0.9 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
||
Clonic involuntary movement |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Tonic involuntary movement |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Stereotype Behaviour |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Excessive Grooming |
Mean |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
3.4 |
|
±SD |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
||
Sensory Observations |
||||||
Approach Response |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Auditory Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Touch Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Pupil Reflex |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Tail Pinch Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Righting Reflex |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Physiological observation |
||||||
Body temperature (°F) |
Mean |
98.7 |
98.9 |
98.5 |
99.0 |
|
±SD |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.7 |
0.3 |
||
Table 8.3. Neurological/functional observation battery record. Open field and sensory observations. Recovery groups
Day 66 |
||||||
Parameters↓ |
Group & Sex |
G1R & M |
G4R & M |
G1R & F |
G4R & F |
|
Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
0 |
600 |
0 |
600 |
||
Number of Animals |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
||
Open field Observation |
||||||
Mobility |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Gait |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Arousal |
3 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
||
Number of Rearing |
Mean |
3.0 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
|
±SD |
0.7 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
||
Numbers of Urination |
Mean |
3.0 |
2.6 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
|
±SD |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
||
Number of Defecation |
Mean |
2.8 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
|
±SD |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
||
Clonic involuntary movement |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Tonic involuntary movement |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Stereotype Behaviour |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Excessive Grooming |
Mean |
2.8 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
|
±SD |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
||
Sensory Observations |
||||||
Approach Response |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Auditory Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Touch Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Pupil Reflex |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Tail Pinch Response |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
Righting Reflex |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
Physiological observation |
||||||
Body temperature (°F) |
Mean |
98.9 |
98.5 |
98.8 |
98.6 |
|
±SD |
0.5 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
1.0 |
||
Open field Observation: a. Mobility - 1=Normal, b. Gait - 1=Normal, c. Arousal - 3=Normal, g. Stereotypies - repetitive circling - 1= Absent, 2=Present, Sensory Observations:
a. Startle Response - 2=Normal, b. Touch Response - 2=Normal, c. Pupil Response 2=Normal, d. Response to Nociceptive stimuli - 2=Normal, e. Righting Reflex - 1=Present, 2=Slow, 3=Absent
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 9.1. Summary of haematology record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Total Leucocyte Count |
Total Erythrocyte Count |
Hemoglobin |
Haematocrit |
Mean Corpuscular Volume |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration |
Platelet Count |
Mean Platelet Volume |
Reticulocyte Count |
|
(WBC) |
(RBC) |
(HGB) |
(HCT) |
(MCV) |
(MCH) |
(MCHC) |
(PLT) |
(MPV) |
(Retic) |
||
(103cells/µL) |
(106cells/µL) |
(g/dL) |
(%) |
(fL) |
(pg) |
(g/dL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(fL) |
(%) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
7.90 |
8.04 |
13.38 |
43.22 |
53.86 |
16.66 |
30.94 |
831.00 |
5.76 |
1.55 |
±SD |
1.57 |
0.58 |
0.86 |
2.27 |
1.14 |
0.41 |
0.70 |
95.01 |
0.30 |
0.13 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
7.20 |
7.53 |
12.44 |
41.10 |
54.64 |
16.52 |
30.26 |
797.00 |
5.90 |
1.68 |
±SD |
0.60 |
0.57 |
1.05 |
2.52 |
1.71 |
0.68 |
1.77 |
94.89 |
0.29 |
0.52 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
7.11 |
7.71 |
13.18 |
42.26 |
54.80 |
17.10 |
31.18 |
783.20 |
5.92 |
1.44 |
±SD |
0.90 |
0.26 |
0.59 |
0.94 |
1.99 |
0.92 |
0.72 |
65.48 |
0.26 |
0.74 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
8.58 |
7.74 |
12.92 |
42.88 |
55.56 |
16.66 |
30.08 |
830.80 |
6.00 |
2.33 |
±SD |
1.14 |
0.71 |
1.55 |
3.16 |
2.35 |
0.67 |
2.27 |
152.49 |
0.25 |
1.60 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Neutrophils |
Lymphocytes |
Monocytes |
Eosinophils |
Basophils |
|
(Neut) |
(Lymph) |
(Mono) |
(Eos) |
(Baso) |
||
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
24.34 |
70.60 |
2.86 |
1.80 |
0.20 |
±SD |
6.17 |
6.81 |
0.98 |
0.66 |
0.10 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
27.48 |
66.72 |
3.66 |
1.68 |
0.22 |
±SD |
2.57 |
2.34 |
2.08 |
0.25 |
0.11 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
27.00 |
66.68 |
3.72 |
2.14 |
0.22 |
±SD |
5.31 |
4.48 |
0.74 |
1.03 |
0.08 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
23.38 |
71.96 |
2.98 |
1.32 |
0.24 |
±SD |
3.67 |
5.22 |
1.84 |
0.36 |
0.09 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
|
Absolute Reticulocyte Count |
Absolute Neutrophils |
Absolute Lymphocytes |
Absolute Monocytes |
Absolute Eosinophils |
Absolute Basophils |
Prothrombin Time |
Activated Prothrombin Time |
(Retic) |
(Neut) |
(Lymph) |
(Mono) |
(Eos) |
(Baso) |
(PT) |
(APTT) |
||
(109cells/L) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(Seconds) |
(Seconds) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
124.26 |
1.91 |
5.59 |
0.22 |
0.15 |
0.01 |
26.70 |
13.36 |
±SD |
3.05 |
0.51 |
1.37 |
0.08 |
0.07 |
0.01 |
0.97 |
2.24 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
124.68 |
1.99 |
4.79 |
0.27 |
0.12 |
0.02 |
28.30 |
16.16 |
±SD |
29.57 |
0.33 |
0.23 |
0.15 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
2.31 |
2.22 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
111.26 |
1.94 |
4.72 |
0.27 |
0.15 |
0.02 |
26.20 |
17.40 |
±SD |
56.81 |
0.53 |
0.54 |
0.07 |
0.05 |
0.01 |
1.29 |
4.09 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
176.02 |
2.03 |
6.14 |
0.26 |
0.12 |
0.02 |
25.68 |
17.90* |
±SD |
109.06 |
0.54 |
0.59 |
0.20 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
1.38 |
1.42 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 9.2. Summary of haematology record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Total Leucocyte Count |
Total Erythrocyte Count |
Hemoglobin |
Haematocrit |
Mean Corpuscular Volume |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration |
Platelet Count |
Mean Platelet Volume |
Reticulocyte Count |
|
(WBC) |
(RBC) |
(HGB) |
(HCT) |
(MCV) |
(MCH) |
(MCHC) |
(PLT) |
(MPV) |
(Retic) |
||
(103cells/µL) |
(106cells/µL) |
(g/dL) |
(%) |
(fL) |
(pg) |
(g/dL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(fL) |
(%) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
12.44 |
7.68 |
14.78 |
44.32 |
57.78 |
19.26 |
33.34 |
604.20 |
7.40 |
1.76 |
±SD |
3.97 |
0.57 |
0.86 |
3.30 |
1.85 |
0.67 |
0.62 |
247.85 |
0.76 |
1.01 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
9.89 |
6.89 |
13.36* |
40.82 |
59.28 |
19.46 |
32.78 |
671.40 |
7.16 |
2.07 |
±SD |
2.84 |
0.51 |
0.57 |
2.29 |
1.13 |
0.73 |
0.62 |
197.31 |
0.66 |
0.82 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
10.38 |
7.70 |
14.74 |
45.38 |
59.00 |
19.14 |
32.48 |
610.40 |
7.50 |
2.18 |
±SD |
2.05 |
0.29 |
0.44 |
1.37 |
1.07 |
0.44 |
0.87 |
232.46 |
1.07 |
1.12 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
9.17 |
7.22 |
14.14 |
43.16 |
59.86 |
19.62 |
32.78 |
801.40 |
7.06 |
1.92 |
±SD |
2.17 |
0.65 |
1.05 |
3.08 |
2.55 |
0.76 |
0.69 |
145.93 |
0.58 |
0.98 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Neutrophils |
Lymphocytes |
Monocytes |
Eosinophils |
Basophils |
|
(Neut) |
(Lymph) |
(Mono) |
(Eos) |
(Baso) |
||
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
27.94 |
66.88 |
2.96 |
1.78 |
0.24 |
±SD |
7.71 |
7.63 |
1.43 |
0.82 |
0.05 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
31.52 |
63.44 |
2.52 |
2.16 |
0.20 |
±SD |
12.12 |
12.91 |
1.47 |
0.62 |
0.07 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
24.40 |
71.14 |
1.62 |
2.38 |
0.26 |
±SD |
5.35 |
6.68 |
1.06 |
1.07 |
0.09 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
22.38 |
71.52 |
3.92 |
1.80 |
0.24 |
±SD |
6.45 |
7.33 |
2.34 |
0.37 |
0.05 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Absolute Reticulocyte Count |
Absolute Neutrophils |
Absolute Lymphocytes |
Absolute Monocytes |
Absolute Eosinophils |
Absolute Basophils |
Prothrombin Time |
Activated Prothrombin Time |
|
(Retic) |
(Neut) |
(Lymph) |
(Mono) |
(Eos) |
(Baso) |
(PT) |
(APTT) |
||
(109cells/L) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(Seconds) |
(Seconds) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
131.92 |
3.47 |
8.33 |
0.38 |
0.21 |
0.04 |
23.02 |
14.64 |
±SD |
69.35 |
1.62 |
2.65 |
0.24 |
0.10 |
0.01 |
4.81 |
2.57 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
140.98 |
3.11 |
6.28 |
0.25 |
0.22 |
0.02 |
21.80 |
16.98 |
±SD |
50.35 |
1.37 |
2.14 |
0.15 |
0.11 |
0.01 |
3.93 |
4.20 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
167.44 |
2.62 |
7.28 |
0.18 |
0.26 |
0.03 |
21.94 |
15.46 |
±SD |
86.60 |
1.04 |
0.76 |
0.16 |
0.16 |
0.02 |
3.01 |
3.26 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
134.16 |
2.16 |
6.46 |
0.35 |
0.17 |
0.02 |
25.00 |
19.90 |
±SD |
51.84 |
1.21 |
0.99 |
0.21 |
0.06 |
0.00 |
8.24 |
9.87 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 9.3. Summary of haematology record. Recovery groups
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Total Leucocyte Count |
Total Erythrocyte Count |
Hemoglobin |
Haematocrit |
Mean Corpuscular Volume |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration |
Platelet Count |
Mean Platelet Volume |
Reticulocyte Count |
|
(WBC) |
(RBC) |
(HGB) |
(HCT) |
(MCV) |
(MCH) |
(MCHC) |
(PLT) |
(MPV) |
(Retic) |
||
(103cells/µL) |
(106cells/µL) |
(g/dL) |
(%) |
(fL) |
(pg) |
(g/dL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(fL) |
(%) |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
8.71 |
8.19 |
14.48 |
42.66 |
52.14 |
17.70 |
33.96 |
962.60 |
6.92 |
1.47 |
±SD |
0.61 |
0.43 |
0.41 |
1.58 |
1.65 |
0.49 |
0.44 |
140.30 |
0.15 |
0.23 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
7.51* |
8.07 |
14.68 |
42.50 |
52.66 |
18.18 |
34.50 |
794.00 |
7.58* |
1.31 |
±SD |
0.59 |
0.34 |
0.46 |
1.31 |
0.96 |
0.52 |
0.46 |
85.12 |
0.44 |
0.16 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
5.93 |
7.34 |
13.78 |
40.00 |
54.58 |
18.76 |
34.38 |
867.60 |
7.26 |
1.51 |
±SD |
1.05 |
0.25 |
0.36 |
0.78 |
1.38 |
0.22 |
0.58 |
150.83 |
0.32 |
0.34 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
5.10 |
7.47 |
14.12 |
40.42 |
54.12 |
18.94 |
35.02 |
844.80 |
7.56 |
1.55 |
±SD |
1.74 |
0.39 |
0.44 |
2.18 |
1.48 |
0.96 |
1.63 |
153.15 |
0.41 |
0.28 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Neutrophils |
Lymphocytes |
Monocytes |
Eosinophils |
Basophils |
|
(Neut) |
(Lymph) |
(Mono) |
(Eos) |
(Baso) |
||
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
(%) |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
20.92 |
74.34 |
2.96 |
1.32 |
0.20 |
±SD |
2.23 |
3.30 |
1.56 |
0.52 |
0.00 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
26.32 |
69.66 |
2.14 |
1.48 |
0.22 |
±SD |
7.17 |
7.97 |
1.15 |
0.40 |
0.11 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
24.28 |
70.96 |
2.46 |
1.80 |
0.22 |
±SD |
7.22 |
8.79 |
1.24 |
0.78 |
0.13 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
24.40 |
70.32 |
2.26 |
2.72 |
0.16 |
±SD |
5.54 |
6.18 |
0.30 |
0.89 |
0.09 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Absolute Reticulocyte Count |
Absolute Neutrophils |
Absolute Lymphocytes |
Absolute Monocytes |
Absolute Eosinophils |
Absolute Basophils |
Prothrombin Time |
Activated Prothrombin Time |
|
(Retic) |
(Neut) |
(Lymph) |
(Mono) |
(Eos) |
(Baso) |
(PT) |
(APTT) |
||
(109cells/L) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(103cells/µL) |
(Seconds) |
(Seconds) |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
120.24 |
1.82 |
6.48 |
0.26 |
0.11 |
0.02 |
25.14 |
21.48 |
±SD |
16.86 |
0.20 |
0.61 |
0.14 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
3.32 |
4.44 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
105.48 |
1.97 |
5.24* |
0.16 |
0.11 |
0.02 |
22.26 |
14.92* |
±SD |
13.61 |
0.55 |
0.76 |
0.08 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
2.59 |
3.67 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
110.42 |
1.38 |
4.27 |
0.14 |
0.10 |
0.01 |
26.70 |
20.06 |
±SD |
23.36 |
0.19 |
1.19 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
2.11 |
4.15 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
114.88 |
1.24 |
3.60 |
0.11 |
0.13 |
0.01 |
27.28 |
17.46 |
±SD |
16.01 |
0.54 |
1.35 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
5.16 |
2.20 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 10.1. Summary of clinical chemistry record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Glucose |
Urea |
Creatinine |
Total Cholesterol |
Triglycerides |
Total Protein |
Albumin |
Alanine aminotransferase |
Aspartate aminotransferase |
|
(GLU) |
(CRE) |
(CHO) |
(TRI) |
(TPR) |
(ALB) |
(ALT) |
(AST) |
|||
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(U/L) |
(U/L) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
77.60 |
31.70 |
0.47 |
44.40 |
39.40 |
6.12 |
3.04 |
43.40 |
109.00 |
±SD |
8.32 |
1.02 |
0.17 |
10.16 |
10.74 |
0.22 |
0.13 |
12.70 |
40.98 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
81.60 |
30.26 |
0.51 |
45.80 |
48.60 |
5.88 |
3.04 |
51.40 |
116.80 |
±SD |
12.97 |
5.31 |
0.02 |
4.92 |
13.09 |
0.22 |
0.11 |
7.60 |
27.60 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
83.40 |
37.84 |
0.53 |
53.80 |
33.60 |
6.78 |
3.06 |
45.40 |
111.00 |
±SD |
11.28 |
6.95 |
0.05 |
24.47 |
7.27 |
1.31 |
0.19 |
7.16 |
10.98 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
97.60 |
31.84 |
0.56 |
42.00 |
27.20 |
5.78 |
2.75 |
43.60 |
101.00 |
±SD |
28.01 |
3.36 |
0.06 |
5.70 |
6.14 |
0.46 |
0.35 |
4.88 |
13.51 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Alkaline phosphatase |
Total Bilirubin |
Calcium |
Phosphorous |
Globulin |
Blood Urea Nitrogen |
Sodium |
Potassium |
Chloride |
|
(ALP) |
(BIT) |
(CAL) |
(PHO) |
(GLO) |
(BUN) |
(Na) |
(K) |
(CLO) |
||
(U/L) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mmol/L) |
(mmol/L) |
(mmol/L) |
||
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
116.20 |
0.05 |
9.36 |
5.12 |
3.08 |
14.79 |
150.98 |
3.96 |
112.58 |
±SD |
34.17 |
0.01 |
0.23 |
0.57 |
0.10 |
0.47 |
1.72 |
0.51 |
1.46 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
101.60 |
0.03 |
9.46 |
5.36 |
2.84 |
14.12 |
149.48 |
4.15 |
112.34 |
±SD |
21.15 |
0.02 |
0.38 |
0.36 |
0.12 |
2.48 |
1.70 |
0.63 |
1.84 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
141.20 |
0.03* |
9.76 |
5.30 |
3.72 |
17.66 |
148.70 |
3.87 |
110.82 |
±SD |
60.95 |
0.01 |
0.59 |
1.41 |
1.41 |
3.25 |
4.53 |
0.47 |
1.51 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
91.20 |
0.03 |
9.48 |
6.54 |
3.03 |
14.86 |
151.38 |
4.46 |
112.28 |
±SD |
23.76 |
0.02 |
0.35 |
0.76 |
0.48 |
1.57 |
2.14 |
0.36 |
3.23 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 10.2. Summary of clinical chemistry record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Glucose |
Urea |
Creatinine |
Total Cholesterol |
Triglycerides |
Total Protein |
Albumin |
Alanine aminotransferase |
Aspartate aminotransferase |
|
(GLU) |
(CRE) |
(CHO) |
(TRI) |
(TPR) |
(ALB) |
(ALT) |
(AST) |
|||
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(U/L) |
(U/L) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
80.60 |
48.44 |
0.48 |
67.60 |
106.40 |
6.68 |
3.03 |
110.80 |
143.40 |
±SD |
18.90 |
5.74 |
0.06 |
11.70 |
47.83 |
0.36 |
0.24 |
23.34 |
43.36 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
76.80 |
45.38 |
0.45 |
67.80 |
292.80 |
6.26 |
2.81 |
112.80 |
143.00 |
±SD |
24.14 |
8.53 |
0.07 |
10.33 |
238.17 |
0.42 |
0.24 |
22.44 |
69.42 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
87.80 |
50.10 |
0.42 |
72.80 |
151.00 |
6.88 |
3.12 |
96.20 |
89.00 |
±SD |
13.81 |
16.09 |
0.06 |
10.21 |
56.63 |
0.26 |
0.29 |
14.50 |
30.51 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
85.80 |
47.94 |
0.51 |
77.00 |
76.80 |
7.20 |
3.37 |
90.20 |
105.40 |
±SD |
24.79 |
13.82 |
0.07 |
15.87 |
45.38 |
0.68 |
0.35 |
33.87 |
36.62 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Alkaline phosphatase |
Total Bilirubin |
Calcium |
Phosphorous |
Globulin |
Blood Urea Nitrogen |
Sodium |
Potassium |
Chloride |
|
(ALP) |
(BIT) |
(CAL) |
(PHO) |
(GLO) |
(BUN) |
(Na) |
(K) |
(CLO) |
||
(U/L) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mmol/L) |
(mmol/L) |
(mmol/L) |
||
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
170.40 |
0.02 |
10.28 |
9.25 |
3.65 |
22.60 |
154.46 |
3.90 |
122.36 |
±SD |
64.28 |
0.00 |
0.75 |
1.40 |
0.24 |
2.68 |
16.36 |
0.98 |
15.63 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
240.60 |
0.02 |
10.00 |
6.54 |
3.45 |
21.18 |
157.82 |
3.58 |
121.80 |
±SD |
93.37 |
0.00 |
1.08 |
2.93 |
0.27 |
3.98 |
17.56 |
0.17 |
14.22 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
296.80 |
0.02 |
10.30 |
6.58 |
3.76 |
23.38 |
140.22 |
3.78 |
107.34 |
±SD |
141.57 |
0.00 |
1.06 |
2.78 |
0.10 |
7.51 |
1.08 |
0.30 |
5.50 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
183.80 |
0.03 |
10.52 |
6.62 |
3.83 |
22.37 |
150.82 |
3.68 |
111.00 |
±SD |
85.44 |
0.02 |
0.98 |
2.75 |
0.55 |
6.45 |
6.51 |
0.62 |
7.02 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Table 10.3. Summary of clinical chemistry record. Recovery groups
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Glucose |
Urea |
Creatinine |
Total Cholesterol |
Triglycerides |
Total Protein |
Albumin |
Alanine aminotransferase |
Aspartate aminotransferase |
|
(GLU) |
(CRE) |
(CHO) |
(TRI) |
(TPR) |
(ALB) |
(ALT) |
(AST) |
|||
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(U/L) |
(U/L) |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
118.20 |
26.78 |
0.62 |
51.00 |
52.20 |
6.64 |
3.12 |
51.00 |
42.00 |
±SD |
28.34 |
6.15 |
0.05 |
8.46 |
15.07 |
0.43 |
0.20 |
7.68 |
7.52 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
103.60 |
30.60 |
0.60 |
45.00 |
33.60* |
6.72 |
3.10 |
49.60 |
49.80 |
±SD |
8.17 |
4.38 |
0.06 |
10.77 |
7.09 |
0.45 |
0.22 |
12.74 |
13.31 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
107.80 |
29.74 |
0.66 |
59.80 |
48.40 |
7.00 |
3.36 |
40.20 |
42.20 |
±SD |
17.54 |
4.93 |
0.03 |
13.77 |
19.09 |
0.19 |
0.09 |
7.40 |
4.38 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
102.60 |
28.54 |
0.64 |
51.20 |
28.60 |
6.78 |
3.20 |
44.20 |
43.40 |
±SD |
13.39 |
4.21 |
0.05 |
11.23 |
7.86 |
0.43 |
0.22 |
3.11 |
3.91 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Alkaline phosphatase |
Total Bilirubin |
Calcium |
Phosphorous |
Globulin |
Blood Urea Nitrogen |
Sodium |
Potassium |
Chloride |
|
(ALP) |
(BIT) |
(CAL) |
(PHO) |
(GLO) |
(BUN) |
(Na) |
(K) |
(CLO) |
||
(U/L) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(g/dL) |
(mg/dL) |
(mmol/L) |
(mmol/L) |
(mmol/L) |
||
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
116.40 |
0.02 |
9.84 |
7.56 |
3.52 |
12.50 |
147.54 |
3.06 |
111.76 |
±SD |
29.87 |
0.00 |
0.36 |
0.64 |
0.25 |
2.87 |
3.55 |
0.15 |
1.55 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
93.40 |
0.02 |
10.12 |
7.30 |
3.62 |
14.28 |
151.54 |
3.01 |
111.42 |
±SD |
34.30 |
0.00 |
0.33 |
0.28 |
0.30 |
2.04 |
1.64 |
0.10 |
1.33 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
49.80 |
0.02 |
9.90 |
7.48 |
3.64 |
13.88 |
152.42 |
3.11 |
112.38 |
±SD |
14.58 |
0.00 |
0.14 |
0.13 |
0.25 |
2.30 |
0.72 |
0.30 |
1.28 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
61.80 |
0.02 |
9.82 |
7.22 |
3.58 |
13.32 |
151.46 |
3.15 |
112.10 |
±SD |
23.57 |
0.00 |
0.25 |
0.37 |
0.30 |
1.96 |
1.18 |
0.27 |
0.80 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Table 11. Summary of vaginal smear examination for determination of oestrus cyclicity
Group & Dose |
Total No. of Females |
No. of Females with Regular Oestrus Cyclicity during Pre-mating and Mating |
No. of Females confirmed with pregnancy
|
No. of Females with Regular Oestrus Cyclicity on Lactation Day 14 |
No. of Females with Irregular Oestrus Cyclicity during Pre-mating, Mating and on Lactation day 14 |
G1 & 0 |
12 |
12 |
10 |
10 |
0 |
G2 & 100 |
12 |
12 |
11 |
11 |
0 |
G3 & 300 |
12 |
12 |
10 |
10 |
0 |
G4 & 600 |
12 |
12 |
10 |
10 |
0 |
Table 12. Summary record of gestation body weight (g)
Group & Dose |
Body weight (g) on Gestation Days |
||||
0 |
7 |
14 |
20 |
||
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
293.54 |
312.05 |
346.33 |
411.36 |
±SD |
18.46 |
20.26 |
19.17 |
18.87 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
285.12 |
300.22 |
338.92 |
404.73 |
±SD |
18.74 |
20.01 |
18.03 |
20.92 |
|
n |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
280.85 |
300.22 |
336.08 |
406.54 |
±SD |
15.00 |
15.55 |
15.71 |
26.97 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
276.42 |
294.72 |
327.07 |
389.37 |
±SD |
16.05 |
12.25 |
15.04 |
14.98 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
n: Number of dams (the data of non-pregnant animals is excluded for mean calculations)
Table 13. Summary record of percent change in body weight (%) during gestation period
Group & Dose |
Change in body weight (%) during Gestation |
|||
0 to 7 |
7 to 14 |
14 to 20 |
||
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
6.30 |
11.13 |
18.93 |
±SD |
1.87 |
4.58 |
5.33 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
5.30 |
13.02 |
19.45 |
±SD |
1.74 |
3.22 |
2.49 |
|
n |
11 |
11 |
11 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
6.91 |
11.98 |
20.96 |
±SD |
0.80 |
1.64 |
5.69 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
6.72 |
10.99 |
19.20 |
±SD |
2.27 |
2.64 |
5.69 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
n: Number of dams (the data of non-pregnant animals is excluded for mean calculations)
Table 14. Summary of lactation body weight (g) record
Group, Sex & Dose |
Body weight (g) on Lactation Days |
||||
1 |
4 |
7 |
13 |
||
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
327.10 |
330.97 |
334.42 |
348.86 |
±SD |
16.26 |
16.38 |
15.95 |
16.17 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
322.50 |
326.63 |
331.30 |
348.67 |
±SD |
18.78 |
18.07 |
17.20 |
15.61 |
|
n |
11 |
11 |
11 |
11 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
310.79 |
315.83 |
320.05 |
337.45 |
±SD |
18.55 |
17.65 |
18.21 |
18.54 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
311.35 |
314.75 |
318.00 |
336.09 |
±SD |
18.53 |
18.37 |
18.57 |
19.69 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
n: Number of dams
Table 15. Summary of percent change in body weight (%) during lactation
Group & Dose |
Change in body weight (%) during Lactation Day (LD) |
|||
1 to 4 |
4 to 7 |
7 to 13 |
||
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
1.18 |
1.05 |
4.35 |
±SD |
0.45 |
0.55 |
2.19 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
1.30 |
1.45 |
5.29 |
±SD |
0.66 |
0.59 |
1.70 |
|
n |
11 |
11 |
11 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
1.65 |
1.33 |
5.46 |
±SD |
0.99 |
0.72 |
1.59 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
1.10* |
1.03 |
5.70 |
±SD |
0.35 |
0.47 |
2.20 |
|
n |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
n: Number of dams
* Statistically significant (P<0.05) change than the vehicle control group.
Table 16.1. Summary of absolute organ weights (g) record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Testes |
Epididymes |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
Prostate |
Seminal vesicles with coagulating glands |
Thyroid along with parathyroid# |
|
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
0.0778 |
0.3166 |
0.8525 |
3.5521 |
1.5253 |
1.4954 |
3.2095 |
2.1084 |
12.2106 |
1.5663 |
1.7826 |
0.0284 |
±SD |
0.0230 |
0.0685 |
0.0981 |
0.3053 |
0.2003 |
0.2606 |
0.5003 |
0.1619 |
1.6959 |
0.2473 |
0.3736 |
0.0062 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
0.0908 |
0.3110 |
0.8461 |
3.5704 |
1.5355 |
1.4677 |
3.2837 |
2.0750 |
12.9020 |
1.7886 |
1.5368 |
0.0291 |
±SD |
0.0067 |
0.0833 |
0.1153 |
0.3160 |
0.1338 |
0.0619 |
0.4710 |
0.3149 |
0.9458 |
0.3161 |
0.2519 |
0.0054 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
0.0718 |
0.4086 |
0.7552 |
3.4894 |
1.4944 |
1.4913 |
3.4137 |
2.2140 |
12.8520 |
1.7174 |
1.3662* |
0.0271 |
±SD |
0.0118 |
0.1711 |
0.1110 |
0.2024 |
0.1371 |
0.2276 |
0.3343 |
0.0545 |
1.3223 |
0.3604 |
0.4805 |
0.0055 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
0.0831 |
0.2943 |
0.8536 |
3.5823 |
1.4279 |
1.4830 |
3.5043 |
2.1889 |
15.3838* |
1.6183 |
1.5367 |
0.0270 |
±SD |
0.0158 |
0.0744 |
0.2004 |
0.3689 |
0.1220 |
0.1331 |
0.3005 |
0.1384 |
1.7056 |
0.3435 |
0.5163 |
0.0051 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
0.0773 |
0.3618 |
0.7242 |
3.6039 |
1.6468 |
1.9188 |
3.5834 |
2.2569 |
13.2972 |
1.7121 |
1.8645 |
0.0261 |
±SD |
0.0092 |
0.0263 |
0.0591 |
0.3635 |
0.0920 |
0.2272 |
0.4585 |
0.0468 |
1.4254 |
0.1573 |
0.0884 |
0.0063 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
0.0789 |
0.3709 |
0.7171 |
3.6500 |
1.6955 |
1.7452 |
3.3656 |
2.2167 |
12.9538 |
1.6941 |
1.8200 |
0.0260 |
±SD |
0.0065 |
0.0291 |
0.0499 |
0.2753 |
0.1809 |
0.2607 |
0.0824 |
0.0687 |
1.0505 |
0.2033 |
0.2601 |
0.0061 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
#: Weighed post fixation
*: Statistically significant than the control group (p<0.05)
Table 16.2. Summary of absolute organ weights (g) record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
Thyroid along with parathyroid# |
|
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
0.1048 |
0.2882 |
0.6049 |
1.2601 |
2.5891 |
2.0211 |
14.5537 |
0.0349 |
±SD |
0.0236 |
0.0253 |
0.0295 |
0.0594 |
0.3982 |
0.0756 |
1.2896 |
0.0031 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
0.1010 |
0.3114 |
0.6619 |
1.3266 |
2.7373 |
2.0318 |
15.2112 |
0.0352 |
±SD |
0.0207 |
0.0316 |
0.0991 |
0.0908 |
0.4297 |
0.0535 |
0.6016 |
0.0031 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
0.0879 |
0.2689 |
0.6149 |
1.3114 |
2.5901 |
2.0801 |
15.7306 |
0.0350 |
±SD |
0.0104 |
0.0410 |
0.1610 |
0.1273 |
0.4058 |
0.1362 |
1.0902 |
0.0040 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
0.0834 |
0.3016 |
0.6075 |
1.3731 |
2.4364 |
2.0034 |
15.5934 |
0.0350 |
±SD |
0.0139 |
0.0282 |
0.0727 |
0.1828 |
0.3454 |
0.2747 |
0.8368 |
0.0018 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
0.0985 |
0.3394 |
0.6029 |
1.1973 |
2.7865 |
2.4941 |
9.4607 |
0.0277 |
±SD |
0.0077 |
0.0363 |
0.0939 |
0.0312 |
0.0626 |
0.1286 |
0.5923 |
0.0008 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
0.0967 |
0.3621 |
0.6393 |
1.1068* |
2.8554 |
2.4116 |
9.2773 |
0.0273 |
±SD |
0.0068 |
0.0448 |
0.0296 |
0.0372 |
0.2076 |
0.0840 |
0.3590 |
0.0047 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
#: Weighed post fixation
*: Statistically significant than the control group (p<0.05)
Table 17.1. Summary of terminal body weight (g) and organ weight (%) relative to terminal body weight record. Males
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Fasting Body Weight (g) |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Testes |
Epididymes |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
Prostate |
Seminal vesicles with coagulating glands |
Thyroid along with parathyroid |
|
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
416.86 |
0.0199 |
0.0804 |
0.2185 |
0.8611 |
0.3676 |
0.3762 |
0.8114 |
0.5349 |
3.0979 |
0.3771 |
0.4286 |
0.0069 |
±SD |
44.25 |
0.0062 |
0.0170 |
0.0422 |
0.1152 |
0.0474 |
0.0280 |
0.0895 |
0.0299 |
0.4111 |
0.0559 |
0.0834 |
0.0016 |
|
n |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
410.05 |
0.0228 |
0.0770 |
0.2118 |
0.8756 |
0.3767 |
0.3696 |
0.8248 |
0.5228 |
3.2457 |
0.4377 |
0.3737 |
0.0072 |
±SD |
34.57 |
0.0014 |
0.0154 |
0.0203 |
0.0980 |
0.0423 |
0.0264 |
0.1062 |
0.0845 |
0.2526 |
0.0783 |
0.0444 |
0.0017 |
|
n |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
404.28 |
0.0180 |
0.1010 |
0.1882 |
0.8730 |
0.3725 |
0.3697 |
0.8498 |
0.5523 |
3.1965 |
0.4278 |
0.3395 |
0.0067 |
±SD |
43.34 |
0.0035 |
0.0402 |
0.0253 |
0.1111 |
0.0445 |
0.0333 |
0.0672 |
0.0248 |
0.2120 |
0.0867 |
0.1157 |
0.0014 |
|
n |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
395.73 |
0.0208 |
0.0739 |
0.2141 |
0.9181 |
0.3649 |
0.3641 |
0.8614 |
0.5383 |
3.7942* |
0.4115 |
0.3907 |
0.0069 |
±SD |
39.18 |
0.0061 |
0.0263 |
0.0753 |
0.1657 |
0.0561 |
0.0300 |
0.0834 |
0.0455 |
0.5655 |
0.0858 |
0.1405 |
0.0013 |
|
n |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
G1R, M & 0 |
Mean |
457.78 |
0.0169 |
0.0792 |
0.1583 |
0.7890 |
0.3607 |
0.4224 |
0.7818 |
0.4951 |
2.9004 |
0.3762 |
0.4093 |
0.0057 |
±SD |
32.41 |
0.0015 |
0.0055 |
0.0091 |
0.0796 |
0.0244 |
0.0746 |
0.0774 |
0.0387 |
0.1774 |
0.0492 |
0.0395 |
0.0016 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, M & 600 |
Mean |
446.24 |
0.0178 |
0.0835 |
0.1621 |
0.8226 |
0.3812 |
0.3916 |
0.7600 |
0.5008 |
2.9084 |
0.3805 |
0.4147 |
0.0058 |
±SD |
43.73 |
0.0022 |
0.0077 |
0.0215 |
0.0841 |
0.0388 |
0.0467 |
0.0763 |
0.0534 |
0.1148 |
0.0403 |
0.0937 |
0.0012 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
*: Statistically significant than the control group (p<0.05)
Table 17.2. Summary of terminal body weight (g) and organ weight (%) relative to terminal body weight record. Females
Group, Sex & Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
Fasting Body Weight (g) |
Adrenals |
Thymus |
Spleen |
Heart |
Kidneys |
Brain |
Liver |
Thyroid along with parathyroid |
|
G1, F & 0 |
Mean |
335.46 |
0.0323 |
0.0890 |
0.1870 |
0.3894 |
0.7987 |
0.6248 |
4.4983 |
0.0103 |
±SD |
17.75 |
0.0072 |
0.0080 |
0.0128 |
0.0225 |
0.1160 |
0.0376 |
0.4458 |
0.0007 |
|
n |
10 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
10 |
|
G2, F & 100 |
Mean |
335.68 |
0.0300 |
0.0927 |
0.1971 |
0.3952 |
0.8142 |
0.6053 |
4.5315 |
0.0105 |
±SD |
14.74 |
0.0056 |
0.0086 |
0.0294 |
0.0293 |
0.1169 |
0.0242 |
0.2128 |
0.0011 |
|
n |
11 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
11 |
|
G3, F & 300 |
Mean |
321.23 |
0.0274 |
0.0843 |
0.1906 |
0.4083 |
0.8052 |
0.6491 |
4.8949 |
0.0111 |
±SD |
19.34 |
0.0032 |
0.0171 |
0.0441 |
0.0370 |
0.1097 |
0.0618 |
0.2250 |
0.0016 |
|
n |
10 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
10 |
|
G4, F & 600 |
Mean |
322.66 |
0.0261 |
0.0950 |
0.1913 |
0.4327 |
0.7671 |
0.6322 |
4.8979 |
0.0109 |
±SD |
19.22 |
0.0047 |
0.0157 |
0.0346 |
0.0869 |
0.1540 |
0.1329 |
0.5877 |
0.0010 |
|
n |
10 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
10 |
|
G1R, F & 0 |
Mean |
309.32 |
0.0318 |
0.1101 |
0.1955 |
0.3875 |
0.9013 |
0.8070 |
3.0633 |
0.0090 |
±SD |
9.19 |
0.0020 |
0.0149 |
0.0342 |
0.0188 |
0.0268 |
0.0491 |
0.2507 |
0.0005 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
G4R, F & 600 |
Mean |
291.01 |
0.0333 |
0.1249 |
0.2202 |
0.3805 |
0.9828 |
0.8303 |
3.1921 |
0.0094 |
±SD |
13.04 |
0.0029 |
0.0185 |
0.0167 |
0.0061 |
0.0846 |
0.0516 |
0.1624 |
0.0015 |
|
n |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
Table 18. Summary of serum thyroxine (T4) hormone levels (ng/ml) record - adult males
Group, Sex & Dose |
Serum T4 Levels (ng/mL) |
|
G1, M & 0 |
Mean |
68.214 |
±SD |
1.654 |
|
n |
12 |
|
G2, M & 100 |
Mean |
66.284 |
±SD |
3.473 |
|
n |
12 |
|
G3, M & 300 |
Mean |
64.914* |
±SD |
2.161 |
|
n |
12 |
|
G4, M & 600 |
Mean |
65.095 |
±SD |
3.031 |
|
n |
12 |
*: Statistically significant than the control group (p<0.05)
Table 19. Summary of serum thyroxine (T4) hormone levels (ng/ml) record - lactation day 13 pups
Group & Dose |
Serum T4 Levels (ng/mL) |
|
G1 & 0 |
Mean |
70.035 |
±SD |
5.040 |
|
n |
10 |
|
G2 & 100 |
Mean |
70.175 |
±SD |
7.644 |
|
n |
11 |
|
G3 & 300 |
Mean |
68.226 |
±SD |
4.748 |
|
n |
10 |
|
G4 & 600 |
Mean |
70.150 |
±SD |
5.715 |
|
n |
10 |
n: Number of dams (pooled sample from two pups were selected for analysis from each dam)
Table 20. Summary of gross pathology findings: sire and dam
Parameters |
Sex |
Male |
Female |
||||||||||
Group |
G1 |
G1R |
G2 |
G3 |
G4 |
G4R |
G1 |
G1R |
G2 |
G3 |
G4 |
G4R |
|
Dose (mg/kg body weight) |
0 |
0 |
100 |
300 |
600 |
600 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
300 |
600 |
600 |
|
No of rats |
12 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
12 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
|
No. of dead animals during treatment period or recovery period |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
No. of moribund sacrificed animals |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
No. of terminally sacrificed |
12 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
12 |
5 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
5 |
|
No of showing gross pathology |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
||
Table 21. Summary of gross pathology findings :pups
Group |
G1 |
G2 |
G3 |
G4 |
||||
Dose (mg/kg body weight/day) |
0 |
100 |
300 |
600 |
||||
Sex |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
No. of dead pups |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of showing gross pathology v No. of pups showing external pathology |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
v No. of pups showing visceral pathology |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of pups sacrificed on lactation day 4 |
0 |
13 |
0 |
11 |
0 |
15 |
0 |
8 |
No. of showing gross pathology v No. of pups showing external pathology |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
v No. of pups showing visceral pathology |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
No. of pups sacrificed on lactation day 13 |
45 |
60 |
67 |
31 |
61 |
46 |
57 |
37 |
No. of showing gross pathology v No. of pups showing external pathology |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
v No. of pups showing visceral pathology |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Table 22. Summary of histopathology findings
Sex |
Male |
Female |
|||
Group |
G1 |
G4 |
G1 |
G4 |
|
Dosage (mg/kg/day) |
0 |
600 |
0 |
600 |
|
ORGAN |
SEVERITY |
|
|
|
|
KIDNEYS |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
Basophilic tubules; unilateral |
Minimal |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Sub-urothelium ; Mononuclear cells infiltrate; unilateral |
Slight |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
THYROID |
5 |
5 |
5 |
5 |
|
Ultimobranchial cyst |
Not graded |
2 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
Ectopic Tissue: Thymus |
Not graded |
0 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
PROSTATE GLAND |
12 |
12 |
X |
X |
|
Interstitium, Mononuclear cells infiltrate |
Minimal |
2 |
1 |
X |
X |
Slight |
0 |
1 |
X |
X |
|
Concretions |
Minimal |
0 |
2 |
X |
X |
Slight |
0 |
1 |
X |
X |
|
UTERUS |
X |
X |
5 |
5 |
|
Placental scar |
Not graded |
X |
X |
5 |
5 |
Note: The numeral indicates number of animal/ tissues; X: Organs not subjected for histopathological examination due to sex difference.
After 14 days, the NOAEL was equal or greater than 500 mg/kg bw/day for male rats.
Table 1: Survival and mean body weights of mice in the 16-day gavage studies of d-limonene
Dose (mg/kg bw/day) |
Survival (a) |
Mean body weights (grams) |
Final weight relative to vehicle controls (%) |
|||
Initial (b) |
Final |
Change (c) |
||||
Male |
0 |
5/5 |
25.4 ± 0.4 |
26.0 ± 0.9 |
0.6 ± 0.9 |
- |
413 |
5/5 |
25.2 ± 0.5 |
23.0 ± 0.9 |
-2.2 ± 0.8 |
88.5 |
|
825 |
5/5 |
24.6 ± 0.2 |
24.2 ± 0.7 |
-0.4 ± 0.6 |
93.1 |
|
1650 |
(d) 4/5 |
25.6 ± 0.6 |
25.3 ± 1.3 |
-0.5 ± 1.7 |
97.3 |
|
3300 |
(e) 1/5 |
24.8 ± 0.4 |
19 |
-5 |
73.1 |
|
6600 |
(f) 0/5 |
24.6 ± 0.2 |
(g) |
(g) |
(g) |
|
Female |
0 |
5/5 |
20.2 ± 0.2 |
21.8 ± 1.1 |
1.6 ± 1.1 |
- |
413 |
5/5 |
21.4 ± 0.5 |
20.8 ± 0.5 |
-0.6 ± 0.5 |
95.4 |
|
825 |
5/5 |
20.0 ± 0.3 |
19.8 ± 0.6 |
-0.2 ± 0.4 |
90.8 |
|
1650 |
(h) 4/5 |
21.2 ± 0.4 |
22.3 ± 0.6 |
1.0 ± 1.0 |
102.3 |
|
3300 |
(i) 0/5 |
20.4 ± 0.4 |
(g) |
(g) |
(g) |
|
6600 |
(j) 0/5 |
19.8 ± 0.2 |
(g) |
(g) |
(g) |
|
(a) Number surviving/number initially in group
(b) Initial group mean body weight ± standard error of the mean. Subsequent calculations are based on animals surviving to the end of the study.
(c) Mean body weight change of the survivors ± standard error of the mean
(d) Day of death: 2
(e) Day of death: 2, 2, 3, 3
(f) Day of death: all 1
(g) No data are reported due to the 100% mortality in this group.
(h) Death due to gavage error
(i) Day of death: 1, 2, 2, 2, 2
(j) Day of death: 1, 1, 1, 2, 2
Table 1: Survival and mean body weights of rats in the 16-day gavage studies of d-limonene
Dose (mg/kg bw/day) |
Survival (a) |
Mean body weights (grams) |
Final weight relative |
|||
Initial (b) |
Final |
Change (c) |
||||
Male |
0 |
5/5 |
115 ± 2 |
173 ± 3 |
58 ± 3 |
- |
413 |
5/5 |
113 ± 2 |
171 ± 4 |
58 ± 3 |
99 |
|
825 |
5/5 |
113 ± 3 |
173 ± 4 |
60 ± 5 |
100 |
|
1650 |
5/5 |
113 ± 3 |
156 ± 4 |
43 ± 3 |
90 |
|
3300 |
(d) 0/5 |
114 ± 2 |
(e) |
(e) |
(e) |
|
6600 |
(f) 0/5 |
111 ± 2 |
(e) |
(e) |
(e) |
|
Female |
0 |
5/5 |
98 ± 1 |
123 ± 1 |
25 ± 1 |
- |
413 |
5/5 |
101 ± 2 |
(g) 139 ± 2 |
38 ± 3 |
113 |
|
825 |
5/5 |
100 ± 2 |
131 ± 3 |
31 ± 4 |
107 |
|
1650 |
5/5 |
101 ± 2 |
127 ± 1 |
27 ± 2 |
103 |
|
3300 |
(f) 2/5 |
102 ± 2 |
113 ± 8 |
10 ± 5 |
92 |
|
6600 |
(f) 0/5 |
103 ± 4 |
(e) |
(e) |
(e) |
|
(a) Number surviving/number initially in the group
(b) Initial group mean body weight ± standard error of the mean. Subsequent calculations are based on animals surviving to the end of the study.
(c) Mean body weight change of the survivors ± standard error of the mean
(d)Day of death: 1, 1, 1, 1, 2
(e) No data are reported due to the 100% mortality in this group.
(f) Day of death all 1
(g) One final body weight not recorded; weight change based on remaining four animals.
Table 1. Survival and mean body weights of mice in the 13-week gavage studies of d-limonene
Dose (mg/kg bw/day) |
Survival (a) |
Mean body weights (grams) |
Final weight relative to vehicle controls (%) |
|||
Initial (b) |
Final |
Change (c) |
||||
Male |
0 |
10/10 |
26.6 ± 1.0 |
37.1 ± 1.0 |
+10.5 ± 1.3 |
- |
125 |
10/10 |
28.8 ± 0.7 |
37.9 ± 1.1 |
+9.1 ± 0.7 |
102.2 |
|
250 |
(d) 9/10 |
26.5 ± 0.8 |
33.9 ± 0.8 |
+7.6 ± 0.8 |
91.4 |
|
500 |
(d) 7/10 |
24.7 ± 0.9 |
34.4 ± 0.9 |
+9.7± 1.1 |
92.7 |
|
1000 |
(d) 9/10 |
28.2 ± 0.9 |
33.3 ± 0.8 |
+5.1 ± 1.1 |
89.8 |
|
2000 |
(e) 9/10 |
27.7±0.7 |
33.0 ± 0.8 |
+5.6 ± 0.8 |
88.9 |
|
Female |
0 |
10/10 |
21.3 ± 0.2 |
24.7±0.5 |
+3.4 ±0.4 |
- |
125 |
(d) 9/10 |
20.6 ± 0.3 |
25.9± 0.5 |
+5.2 ± 0.4 |
104.9 |
|
250 |
10/10 |
20.7 ± 0.3 |
25.4 ± 0.6 |
+4.7 ± 0.4 |
102.8 |
|
500 |
(f) 9/10 |
20.9 ± 0.2 |
24.9 ±0.5 |
+4.1 ± 0.4 |
100.8 |
|
1000 |
10/10 |
20.4 ±0.2 |
24.1 ± 0.7 |
+3.7 ±0.7 |
97.6 |
|
2000 |
(g) 8/10 |
21.0 ± 0.3 |
24.1 ± 0.4 |
+3.4 ± 0.3 |
97.6 |
|
(a) Number surviving/number initially in group
(b) Initial group mean body weight f standard error of the mean. Subsequent calculations are based on animals surviving to the end of the study.
(c) Mean body weight change of the survivors ± standard error of the mean
(d) Death due to gavage error
(e) Week of death: 1
(f) Week of death: 5
(g) Week of death: 3,4
Table 1. Survival and mean body weights of rats in the 13-week gavage studies of d-limonene
Dose (mg/kg bw/day) |
Survival (a) |
Mean body weights (g) |
Final weight relative to vehicle controls (%) |
|||
Initial (b) |
Final |
Change (c) |
||||
Male |
0 |
10/10 |
144 ± 2 |
333 ± 6 |
+189 ± 5 |
- |
150 |
10/10 |
145 ± 3 |
332 ± 4 |
+187 ± 3 |
100 |
|
300 |
10/10 |
149 ±2 |
330 ± 3 |
+181 ± 4 |
99 |
|
600 |
10/10 |
148 ± 2 |
314± 5 |
+166 ± 5 |
94 |
|
1200 |
10/10 |
139 ± 3 |
292 ± 5 |
+153 ± 6 |
88 |
|
2400 |
(d) 5/10 |
150 ±3 |
255 ± 10 |
+103 ± 10 |
77 |
|
Female |
0 |
10/10 |
118 ± 2 |
185 ± 2 |
+67± 4 |
- |
150 |
10/10 |
115 ± 1 |
186± 2 |
+71± 2 |
101 |
|
300 |
10/10 |
105 ± 4 |
181 ± 2 |
+76± 4 |
98 |
|
600 |
10/10 |
114 ± 1 |
184± 2 |
+70± 1 |
99 |
|
1200 |
10/10 |
116 ± 2 |
182 ± 3 |
+66± 3 |
98 |
|
2400 |
(d) 1/10 |
113 ± 1 |
164 |
+ 56 |
89 |
|
(a) Number surviving/number initially in group
(b) Initial group mean body weight ± standard error of the mean. Subsequent calculations are based on animals surviving to the end of the study.
(c) Mean body weight change of the survivors ± standard error of the mean
(d) Week of death: all 1
Table 2. Severity of kidney lesions in male rats in the 13-week gavage study of d-limonene (a)
Lesion |
Dose (mg/kg) |
|||||
Vehicle Control |
150 |
300 |
600 |
1200 |
2400 |
|
Regeneration |
(b) 0.8 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
3.7 |
0.9 |
Granular casts |
0 |
1.6 |
2.4 |
2.7 |
3.5 |
0.3 |
(a) Severity grades: 1 = minimal; 2 = mild; 3 = moderate; 4 = marked
(b) Average severity grade for all rats in the group
Table 1: Protein casts observed in the renal tubule
| Male | Female | |||||||
| Control | 0.4 | 1.2 | 3.6 | Control | 0.4 | 1.2 | 3.6 | |
| No. animals examined | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Protein casts | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 |