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Registration Dossier
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EC number: 949-141-8 | CAS number: -
Biodegradation in water: screening tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 30 October 2018 - 27 November 2018
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- Test method according to OECD 301F. GLP study.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 F (Ready Biodegradability: Manometric Respirometry Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.4-D (Determination of the "Ready" Biodegradability - Manometric Respirometry Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge, domestic, non-adapted
- Details on inoculum:
- - Source of inoculum/activated sludge (e.g. location, sampling depth, contamination history, procedure): A sample of activated sludge was taken from the aeration tank of Sewage Treatment Plant ”Czajka” , Warsaw, receiving predominantly domestic sewage.
- Preparation of inoculum for exposure: The sludge was aerated for 6 days, at the test temperature of about 22 °C, until application. A sample was withdrawn just before use for the determination of the dry weight of the suspended solids. Before application the sludge was washed in a mineral medium.
- Concentration of sludge: 3.86 g suspended solids/L - Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- (80.1 mg/l of organic carbon)
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Details on study design:
- TEST CONDITIONS
- Composition of medium: 10ml of solution (A) in 800 ml water, plus 1 ml solutions (B), (C), (D) and dilution water up to 1 L. The following stock solutions were used, prepared with analytical grade reagents: Solution (A) contains: 8.50 g monopotassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KH2PO4), 21.75 g dipotassium monohydrogen orthophosphate (K2HPO4), 33.40 g disodium monohydrogen orthophosphate dihydrate (Na2HPO4·2H2O), 0.50 g ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), in 1 L water. Solution (B) contains: 27.50 g calcium chloride, anhidrous (CaCl2) in 1L water. Solution (C) contains: 22.50 g magnesium sulphate heptahydrate (MgSO4·7H2O) in 1L water. Solution (D) contains: 0.25 g iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) in 1L water.
- The water used is double-distilled, containing 3.4±0.5 mg/L of organic carbon (< 10% of the organic carbon content introduced by the test item), checked by DOC analysis using spectrophotometer Hach DR 3900 and Hach-Lange reagents.
- Test temperature: 22 ± 2ºC
- pH: 7.4 ± 0.2
- pH adjusted: no
- Suspended solids concentration: 30 mg/L
- Continuous darkness: yes
- Volume of test solution in flask, V: 0.164 L
TEST SYSTEM
- Number of culture flasks/concentration: 3 flasks were used containing test item (100 mg/l) and inoculum (30mg/L SS).
- Measuring equipment: O2 uptake was measured by a closed WTW OxiTop OC 110 repirometer.
- Details of trap for CO2 and volatile organics if used: potassium hydroxide solution.
SAMPLING
- Sampling frequency: O2 uptake data were read out every 112 min during the 28 day test (40 320 min that is 360 readings) and were recorded and stored in the measuring heads of the sample bottles.
- Sampling method: Readings from apparatus (closed WTW OxiTop OC 110 repirometer).
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
- Inoculum blank: 3 flasks containing only inoculum 30mg/L SS.
- Procedure control: 3 flasks containing reference item (sodium acetate 100 mg/l) and inoculum 30mg/L SS.
- Toxicity control: 3 flasks containing test item, reference item at the same concentrations as in the individual solutions and inoculum 30mg/L SS.
STATISTICAL METHODS: The calculations and the graphs were performed using SigmaPlot 9.0 software of SYSTAT Software, Inc., USA purchased from GAMBIT CoiS Ltd, Poland. - Reference substance:
- acetic acid, sodium salt
- Remarks:
- CAS No: 127-09-3, purity p.a. 99.7%, source: CHEMPUR, Piekary Śląskie, Polska.
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 77.9
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Details on results:
- -The biodegradability attained 77.9% within 28 days. The pass level for ready biodegradability is 60% of ThOD. This value was attained after 17 days and was not reached in the 10-day window as defined in the OECD TG 301F. However, according to the "Revised introduction to the OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals, SECTION 3, PART 1", 23 March 2006, and considering that the test substance is a mixture of structurally similar chemicals with different degree of isomers, the 10-day window should not be applied to interpret the results since a sequential biodegradation of the individual structures is presumably taking place according to the content of the test substance and previous information of the individual components.
-Lag time was 3 days and degradation time was 19 days.
-The reference item reached 88.2% of biodegradation and the level for ready biodegradability by 4 days
-In the toxicity test the biodegradation was equal to 41.8% in 14 days
-The oxygen uptake of the inoculum blank was equal to 33.9 mg/L in 28 days
-The pH values of flasks containing test item were inside the range 7.33-7.51. - Results with reference substance:
- The reference item reached 89% of biodegradation and the level for ready biodegradability by 4 days (>60% reached before day 14)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- See "overall remarks".
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- In a 28-day ready biodegradability test in aerobic aqueous medium, the test substance was classed as readily biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
A ready biodegradability test in an aerobic aqueous medium with manometric respirometry method was performed on the test item, according to OECD TG 301F / EC C.4 – D manometric respirometry methods, in accordance with GLP principles. 100 mg/l of test item was inoculated with activated sludge (30 mg/L SS) and incubated under aerobic conditions in a closed respirometer flask at constant temperature (22 ± 2ºC) for 28 days. A blank test, a procedure test with reference substance (sodium acetate) and a toxicity test were run in parallel. In the toxicity test, containing both the test item and a reference item, on the 14th test day the biodegradation (based on ThOD) attained 41.8%. Thus, the test item is not inhibitory. All validity criteria were fulfilled. The biodegradability of the test item attained 77.9% within 28 days. The pass level for ready biodegradability is 60% of ThOD. This value was attained after 17 days and was not reached in the 10-day window as defined in the Test Guideline. However, according to the "Revised introduction to the OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals, SECTION 3, PART 1", 23 March 2006, and considering that the test substance is a mixture of structurally similar chemicals with different degree of isomers, the 10-day window should not be applied to interpret the results since a sequential biodegradation of the individual structures is presumably taking place according to the content of the test substance and previous information of the individual components. Thus, the test substance was classed as readily biodegradable.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test:
Test material was evaluated for degradation by cultures derived from coniferous forest soil, diluted and used directly without any prior enrichment.
- Short description of test conditions: see below
- Parameters analysed / observed: see below - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- natural soil
- Details on inoculum:
- - Source of inoculum: The primary inocula for this study were prepared from extracts of soil samples collected from a coniferous forest (soil A).
- Preparation of inoculum for exposure: Soil extracts were prepared by passing soil/water mixtures through a 500-µm sieve, followed by 2 h settling. The resulting supernatants were used as the inoculum. - Initial conc.:
- >= 0.5 - <= 3 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- test mat. analysis
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- CO2 evolution
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- other: biomass concentration
- Details on study design:
- First biodegradation experiment:
Glass flask (2 l) equipped with two glass/Teflon valves and a septum-sealed port was used.
The reactor was flushed with pure oxygen and then 1.4 l oxygen saturated minimal medium was added. Test substance was tested at concentrations in the range 0.5-3 mg/l. After the addition of the undiluted monoterpene, the reactor was then crimp-sealed with Teflon-lined septa. After 24 h equilibration, soil A extract was added to the reactor at 1% (v/v) through the bottom glass/Teflon valve. A sodium-azide-amended control was also set up.
Incubation took place in the dark at 23ºC with continuous mixing using magnetic stirrers (at approx. 300 rpm). At regular intervals, duplicate gas and liquid samples were removed and analyzed for test substance and CO2.
Second biodegradation experiment:
A second experiment was performed using replicate, 18x150-mm (26 ml volume) serum tubes (Bellco Glass, Vineland, N.J.). The tubes were flushed with pure oxygen and crimp sealed with Teflon-lined septa.
Inoculum drawn from the reactor used in the previous experiment was directly injected into replicate serum tubes from a microsyringe and then quickly crimp-sealed. The initial terpene concentration in the replicate tubes was uniform.
Azide amended controls were also prepared and incubated following the procedures used for the live cultures.
Headspace gas analysis of serum tubes showed an oxygen content of up to 90%, which was suficient for the complete mineralization of the terpene at the levels tested. The serum tubes were continuously rotated (at 1 rpm) and incubated in the dark at 23ºC. At diferent intervals analyses were performed by sacrificing duplicate serum tubes. - Key result
- Parameter:
- other: Maximum degradation rate (mg/L/h)
- Value:
- 0.044
- Sampling time:
- 182 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Experiment 1 (CSR1)
- Key result
- Parameter:
- other: Maximum degradation rate (mg/L/h)
- Value:
- 0.4
- Sampling time:
- 15 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Experiment 2 (serum tubes)
- Key result
- Parameter:
- other: Normalized degradation rate (h-1)
- Value:
- 0.076
- Sampling time:
- 15 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Experiment 2 (serum tubes)
- Details on results:
- The detection of CO2, the increase in biomass concentration and lack of any substantial change in the concentration of terpene in the azide-amended control reactor demonstrated that biodegradation of d-limonene took place and that its disappearance was not the result for hydrolysis or any other physicochemical process (e.g., volatilization of the hydrocarbon monoterpenes).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- d-limonene was readily degraded under aerobic conditions at 23ºC by mixed cultures derived from forest soils.
- Executive summary:
In a ready biodegradation study, d-limonene was tested under aerobic conditions at 23ºC and concentrations of 0.5-3 mg/L. Forest-soil extract cultures were used as inocula for the experiments conducted first without (experiment 1), then with prior microbial acclimation to the test material (experiment 2). The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of the biomass, concentration of the test material and headspace CO2. The test treatments and control (sodium azide, 2.5 g/L) were measured in duplicates. The lack of any substantial change in d-limonene concentration in the azide-amended control reactor demonstrated that disappearance of the test item in the test reactor was not the result of hydrolysis or any other physicochemical process. The normalised degradation rate in experiment 2 was 0.076 h-1. The maximum degradation rate in experiments 1 and 2 were 0.044 and 0.40 mg/L/h, respectively. The lag period in experiments 1 and 2 were 182 and 15 h, respectively. Under the test conditions, d-limonene was readily degraded by cultures derived from forest soils.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test:
Test material was evaluated for degradation by cultures derived from coniferous forest soil, diluted and used directly without any prior enrichment.
- Short description of test conditions: see below
- Parameters analysed / observed: see below - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- natural soil
- Details on inoculum:
- - Source of inoculum: The primary inocula for this study were prepared from extracts of soil samples collected from a coniferous forest (soil A).
- Preparation of inoculum for exposure: Soil extracts were prepared by passing soil/water mixtures through a 500-µm sieve, followed by 2 h settling. The resulting supernatants were used as the inoculum. - Initial conc.:
- >= 0.5 - <= 3 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- test mat. analysis
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- CO2 evolution
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- other: biomass concentration
- Details on study design:
- First biodegradation experiment:
Glass flask (2 l) equipped with two glass/Teflon valves and a septum-sealed port was used.
The reactor was flushed with pure oxygen and then 1.4 l oxygen saturated minimal medium was added. Test substance was tested at concentrations in the range 0.5-3 mg/l. After the addition of the undiluted monoterpene, the reactor was then crimp-sealed with Teflon-lined septa. After 24 h equilibration, soil A extract was added to the reactor at 1% (v/v) through the bottom glass/Teflon valve. A sodium-azide-amended control was also set up.
Incubation took place in the dark at 23ºC with continuous mixing using magnetic stirrers (at approx. 300 rpm). At regular intervals, duplicate gas and liquid samples were removed and analyzed for test substance and CO2.
Second biodegradation experiment:
A second experiment was performed using replicate, 18x150-mm (26 ml volume) serum tubes (Bellco Glass, Vineland, N.J.). The tubes were flushed with pure oxygen and crimp sealed with Teflon-lined septa.
Inoculum drawn from the reactor used in the previous experiment was directly injected into replicate serum tubes from a microsyringe and then quickly crimp-sealed. The initial terpene concentration in the replicate tubes was uniform.
Azide amended controls were also prepared and incubated following the procedures used for the live cultures.
Headspace gas analysis of serum tubes showed an oxygen content of up to 90%, which was suficient for the complete mineralization of the terpene at the levels tested. The serum tubes were continuously rotated (at 1 rpm) and incubated in the dark at 23ºC. At diferent intervals analyses were performed by sacrificing duplicate serum tubes. - Key result
- Parameter:
- other: Maximum degradation rate (mg/L/h)
- Value:
- 0.053
- Sampling time:
- 174 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Experiment 1 (CSR1)
- Key result
- Parameter:
- other: Maximum degradation rate (mg/L/h)
- Value:
- 0.47
- Sampling time:
- 28 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Experiment 2 (serum tubes)
- Key result
- Parameter:
- other: Normalized degradation rate (h-1)
- Value:
- 0.089
- Sampling time:
- 28 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Experiment 2 (serum tubes)
- Details on results:
- The detection of CO2, the increase in biomass concentration and lack of any substantial change in the concentration of terpene in the azide-amended control reactor demonstrated that biodegradation of terpinolene took place and that its disappearance was not the result for hydrolysis or any other physicochemical process (e.g., volatilization of the hydrocarbon monoterpenes).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Terpinolene was readily degraded under aerobic conditions at 23ºC by mixed cultures derived from forest soils.
- Executive summary:
In a ready biodegradation study, terpinolene was tested under aerobic conditions at 23ºC and concentrations of 0.5-3 mg/L. Forest-soil extract cultures were used as inocula for the experiments conducted first without (experiment 1), then with prior microbial acclimation to the test material (experiment 2). The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of the biomass, concentration of the test material and headspace CO2. The test treatments and control (sodium azide, 2.5 g/L) were measured in duplicates. The lack of any substantial change in terpinolene concentration in the azide-amended control reactor demonstrated that disappearance of the test item in the test reactor was not the result of hydrolysis or any other physicochemical process. The normalised degradation rate in experiment 2 was 0.089 h-1. The maximum degradation rate in experiments 1 and 2 were 0.053 and 0.47 mg/L/h, respectively. The lag period in experiments 1 and 2 were 174 and 28 h, respectively. Under the test conditions, terpinolene was readily degraded by cultures derived from forest soils.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 23 July 1980 - 06 August 1980
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 C (Ready Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I))
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (test duration lower than 28 d)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge (adaptation not specified)
- Details on inoculum:
- - Concentration of sludge: 30 mg/L
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 14 d
- Initial conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Reference substance:
- not specified
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 73
- Sampling time:
- 14 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Indirect analysis (BOD): 41, 81 and 98%; Direct analysis (GC): 100, 100 and 100%
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, dipentene was readily biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
In a ready biodegradation study, dipentene was tested at concentrations of 100 mg/L and the inoculum was activated sludge (30 mg/L). The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of the oxygen consumption. At 100 mg/L test concentration, 73% degradation (biochemical oxygen demand) was reached in 14 days. Under the test conditions, dipentene was determined to be readily biodegradable.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Test method according to OECD guideline 301 C. No data on GLP.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 C (Ready Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I))
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge (adaptation not specified)
- Details on inoculum:
- - Concentration of sludge: 30 mg/L
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Reference substance:
- not specified
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Remarks:
- (%ThOD)
- Value:
- >= 1 - <= 4
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- (No data on control nor reference substance)
- Interpretation of results:
- under test conditions no biodegradation observed
- Conclusions:
- Camphene reached 1-4 % of its theoretical BOD after four weeks incubation, so it is not ready biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
Camphene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 1 -4 % of its theoretical BOD after four weeks incubation with activated sludge inoculum (30 mg/L), using a test according to the Japanese MITI-I test (OECD Guideline 301 C). Under test conditions no biodegradation was observed so biodegradation of this substance is not a fast environmental fate process in water.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 25 March 1997 - 22 April 1997
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- (Test method according to OECD guideline 301 C)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 C (Ready Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I))
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge (adaptation not specified)
- Details on inoculum:
- - Concentration of sludge: 30 mg/L
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Reference substance:
- aniline
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 72
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Indirect analysis (BOD): 67, 70 and 79%; Direct analysis (HPLC): 100, 100 and 100%
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, terpinolene was readily biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
In a ready biodegradation study performed according to OECD Guideline 301 C, terpinolene was tested at concentrations of 100 mg/L and the inoculum was activated sludge (30 mg/L). The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of the oxygen consumption. At 100 mg/L test concentration, 72% degradation (biochemical oxygen demand) was reached in 28 days. Under the test conditions, terpinolene was determined to be readily biodegradable.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- Test method according to OECD guideline 301 C. No data on GLP.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 C (Ready Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I))
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge (adaptation not specified)
- Details on inoculum:
- - Concentration of sludge: 30 mg/L
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Reference substance:
- not specified
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Remarks:
- (%ThOD)
- Value:
- >= 90 - <= 95
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Indirect analysis (BOD): 91, 90 and 95%; Direct analysis (GC): 100, 100 and 100%
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, alpha pinene was readily biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
In a ready biodegradation study performed according to OECD Guideline 301 C, alpha pinene was tested at concentrations of 100 mg/L and the inoculum was activated sludge (30 mg/L). The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of the oxygen consumption. At 100 mg/L test concentration, 90 -95% degradation (biochemical oxygen demand) was reached in 28 days. Under the test conditions, alpha pinene was readily biodegradable.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test:
Test material was evaluated for degradation by cultures derived from coniferous forest soil, diluted and used directly without any prior enrichment.
- Short description of test conditions: see below
- Parameters analysed / observed: see below - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- natural soil
- Details on inoculum:
- - Source of inoculum: The primary inocula for this study were prepared from extracts of soil samples collected from a coniferous forest (soil A) and mixed hardwood forest (soil B) watersheds at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, N.C.
- Preparation of inoculum for exposure: Soil extracts were prepared by passing soil/water mixtures through a 500-µm sieve, followed by 2 h settling. The resulting supernatants were used as the inoculum. - Initial conc.:
- >= 5 - <= 40 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- test mat. analysis
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- CO2 evolution
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- other: biomass concentration
- Details on study design:
- TEST CONDITIONS
- Composition of medium: Minimal media were prepared in distilled, deionized water and consisted of the following salts (in mg/l): KH2PO4 700, K2HPO4 2000, NH4Cl 150, CaCl2 * 2H2O 15, NaCl 10, FeCl2 * 4H2O 10, MnCl2 * 4H2O 10.
- Test temperature: 23ºC
- pH: 7.1
- Aeration of dilution water: continuous mixing using magnetic stirrers (at approx. 300 rpm)
- Continuous darkness: yes
- Other: The reactor was flushed with pure oxygen and then 1.4 l oxygen saturated minimal medium was added. Undiluted monoterpene was added. After 24 h equilibration, soil A/soil B extract was added to the reactor at 1% (v/v).
TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: Glass flask (2 l) equipped with two glass/Teflon valves and a septum-sealed port.
- Number of culture flasks/concentration: 1
SAMPLING
- Sampling frequency: At regular intervals, duplicate gas and liquid samples were removed and analyzed for test substance and CO2.
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
- Inoculum blank: 1 control contained sodium azide at a concentration of 2.5 g/l. - Key result
- Parameter:
- other: Maximum degradation rate (mg/L/h)
- Value:
- > 0.1
- Sampling time:
- 94 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Unacclimated soil-A extract
- Details on results:
- The detection of CO2, the increase in biomass concentration and lack of any substantial change in the concentration of terpene in the azide-amended control reactor demonstrated that biodegradation of alpha terpineol took place and that its disappearance was not the result for hydrolysis or any other physicochemical process (e.g., volatilization of the hydrocarbon monoterpenes).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, alpha terpineol was readily degraded by cultures derived from forest soils.
- Executive summary:
In a ready biodegradation study, alpha terpineol was tested at concentrations of 5 -40 mg/L. Forest-soil extract cultures were used as inocula. The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of the biomass, concentration of the test material and headspace CO2. The test treatments and control (sodium azide, 2.5 g/L) were measured in duplicates. The lack of any substantial change in alpha terpineol concentration in the azide-amended control reactor demonstrated that disappearance of the test item in the test reactor was not the result of hydrolysis or any other physicochemical process. Under the test conditions, alpha terpineol was readily degraded by cultures derived from forest soils.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test:
Test material was evaluated for degradation by cultures derived from coniferous forest soil, diluted and used directly without any prior enrichment.
- Short description of test conditions: see below
- Parameters analysed / observed: see below - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- natural soil
- Details on inoculum:
- - Source of inoculum: The primary inocula for this study were prepared from extracts of soil samples collected from a coniferous forest (soil A).
- Preparation of inoculum for exposure: Soil extracts were prepared by passing soil/water mixtures through a 500-µm sieve, followed by 2 h settling. The resulting supernatants were used as the inoculum. - Initial conc.:
- >= 0.5 - <= 3 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- test mat. analysis
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- CO2 evolution
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- other: biomass concentration
- Details on study design:
- First biodegradation experiment:
Glass flask (2 l) equipped with two glass/Teflon valves and a septum-sealed port was used.
The reactor was flushed with pure oxygen and then 1.4 l oxygen saturated minimal medium was added. Test substance was tested at concentrations in the range 0.5-3 mg/l. After the addition of the undiluted monoterpene, the reactor was then crimp-sealed with Teflon-lined septa. After 24 h equilibration, soil A extract was added to the reactor at 1% (v/v) through the bottom glass/Teflon valve. A sodium-azide-amended control was also set up.
Incubation took place in the dark at 23ºC with continuous mixing using magnetic stirrers (at approx. 300 rpm). At regular intervals, duplicate gas and liquid samples were removed and analyzed for test substance and CO2.
Second biodegradation experiment:
A second experiment was performed using replicate, 18x150-mm (26 ml volume) serum tubes (Bellco Glass, Vineland, N.J.). The tubes were flushed with pure oxygen and crimp sealed with Teflon-lined septa.
Inoculum drawn from the reactor used in the previous experiment was directly injected into replicate serum tubes from a microsyringe and then quickly crimp-sealed. The initial terpene concentration in the replicate tubes was uniform.
Azide amended controls were also prepared and incubated following the procedures used for the live cultures.
Headspace gas analysis of serum tubes showed an oxygen content of up to 90%, which was suficient for the complete mineralization of the terpene at the levels tested. The serum tubes were continuously rotated (at 1 rpm) and incubated in the dark at 23ºC. At diferent intervals analyses were performed by sacrificing duplicate serum tubes. - Key result
- Parameter:
- other: Maximum degradation rate (mg/L/h)
- Value:
- 0.039
- Sampling time:
- 168 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Experiment 1 (CSR1)
- Key result
- Parameter:
- other: Maximum degradation rate (mg/L/h)
- Value:
- 0.27
- Sampling time:
- 13 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Experiment 2 (serum tubes)
- Key result
- Parameter:
- other: Normalized degradation rate (h-1)
- Value:
- 0.056
- Sampling time:
- 13 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: Experiment 2 (serum tubes)
- Details on results:
- The detection of CO2, the increase in biomass concentration and lack of any substantial change in the concentration of terpene in the azide-amended control reactor demonstrated that biodegradation of gamma terpinene took place and that its disappearance was not the result for hydrolysis or any other physicochemical process (e.g., volatilization of the hydrocarbon monoterpenes).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Gamma terpinene was readily degraded under aerobic conditions at 23ºC by mixed cultures derived from forest soils.
- Executive summary:
In a ready biodegradation study, gamma terpinene was tested under aerobic conditions at 23ºC and concentrations of 0.5-3 mg/L. Forest-soil extract cultures were used as inocula for the experiments conducted first without (experiment 1), then with prior microbial acclimation to the test material (experiment 2). The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of the biomass, concentration of the test material and headspace CO2. The test treatments and control (sodium azide, 2.5 g/L) were measured in duplicates. The lack of any substantial change in gamma terpinene concentration in the azide-amended control reactor demonstrated that disappearance of the test item in the test reactor was not the result of hydrolysis or any other physicochemical process. The normalised degradation rate in experiment 2 was 0.056 h-1. The maximum degradation rate in experiments 1 and 2 were 0.039 and 0.27 mg/L/h, respectively. The lag period in experiments 1 and 2 were 168 and 13 h, respectively. Under the test conditions, gamma terpinene was readily degraded by cultures derived from forest soils.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1978
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 C (Ready Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I))
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (test duration lower than 28 d)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge (adaptation not specified)
- Details on inoculum:
- - Concentration of sludge: 30 mg/L
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 2 wk
- Initial conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Reference substance:
- not specified
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 84.6
- Sampling time:
- 2 wk
- Remarks on result:
- other: Indirect analysis (BOD): 84.6%; Indirect analysis (TOC): 93%; Direct analysis (GC): 100%
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, alpha terpineol was readily biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
In a ready biodegradation study, alpha terpineol was tested at concentrations of 100 mg/L and the inoculum was activated sludge (30 mg/L). The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of the oxygen consumption. At 100 mg/L test concentration, 84.6% degradation (biochemical oxygen demand) was reached in 14 days. Under the test conditions, alpha terpineol was determined to be readily biodegradable.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 03 February 1988 - 02 March 1988
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- (Test method according to OECD guideline 301 C)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 C (Ready Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I))
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge (adaptation not specified)
- Details on inoculum:
- - Concentration of sludge: 30 mg/L
- Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Reference substance:
- aniline
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 94
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Indirect analysis (BOD): 102, 92 and 89%; Direct analysis (GC): 100, 100 and 100%
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, gamma terpinene was readily biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
In a ready biodegradation study performed according to OECD Guideline 301 C, gamma terpinene was tested at concentrations of 100 mg/L and the inoculum was activated sludge (30 mg/L). The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of the oxygen consumption. At 100 mg/L test concentration, 94% degradation (biochemical oxygen demand) was reached in 28 days. Under the test conditions, gamma terpinene was determined to be readily biodegradable.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 12 February 1987 - 27 February 1987
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 C (Ready Biodegradability: Modified MITI Test (I))
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (test duration lower than 28 d)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- mixture of sewage, soil and natural water
- Details on inoculum:
- - Source of inoculum/activated sludge (e.g. location, sampling depth, contamination history, procedure): activated sludge was collected from 10 different locations, including sewage tratment plants and natural waters (river, ocean or lakes)
- Concentration of sludge: 30 mg/L
- Water filtered: yes - Duration of test (contact time):
- 14 d
- Initial conc.:
- 100 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- TOC removal
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- test mat. analysis
- Details on study design:
- TEST CONDITIONS
- Test temperature: 25 ± 1ºC
- pH: 7
- pH adjusted: yes
- Suspended solids concentration: 6000 mg/L
TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: Closed oxygen consumption measurement device (Coulometer made by Okura Electric Co.)
- Number of culture flasks/concentration: 3
- Method used to create aerobic conditions: magnetic stirrer
- Test performed in closed vessels due to significant volatility of test substance: yes
- Details of trap for CO2 and volatile organics if used: soda lime is used to absorb CO2 - Reference substance:
- aniline
- Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 88
- Sampling time:
- 14 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: the reported value is the average BOD of the following individual replicate values: 86, 83 and 95%
- Details on results:
- Results by TOC method: 88, 90 and 88%
Results by GC method: 100, 100 and 100% - Results with reference substance:
- The degrees of decomposition of aniline after 7 and 14 days obtained by BOD were 53% and 87%, respectively. Thus, it was confirmed that the test conditions of this test were effective.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, p-cymene was readily biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
In a ready biodegradation study, p-cymene was tested at concentrations of 100 mg/L and the inoculum was activated sludge (30 mg/L). The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of the oxygen consumption. At 100 mg/L test concentration, 88% degradation (biochemical oxygen demand) was reached in 14 days. Under the test conditions, p-cymene was determined to be readily biodegradable.
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 2. Sample oxygen uptake: biodegradability.
|
time, days |
|||||||||||||
1 |
3 |
5 |
7 |
9 |
12 |
14 |
16 |
18 |
21 |
23 |
25 |
28 |
||
Test item O2uptake, mg/L |
a1 |
5.6 |
46.4 |
87.2 |
114.9 |
136.9 |
159.9 |
172.5 |
182.7 |
191.4 |
207.4 |
219.7 |
231.1 |
245.8 |
a2 |
3.8 |
39.4 |
78.1 |
107.0 |
137.4 |
173.4 |
190.1 |
203.9 |
216.4 |
233.6 |
245.5 |
256.8 |
272.6 |
|
a3 |
5.3 |
39.5 |
69.0 |
99.8 |
132.1 |
176.9 |
198.5 |
218.6 |
234.6 |
255.9 |
268.2 |
276.3 |
286.8 |
|
am. avg |
4.9 |
41.8 |
78.1 |
107.2 |
135.5 |
170.1 |
187.1 |
201.7 |
214.1 |
232.3 |
244.5 |
254.8 |
268.4 |
|
Blank test O2uptake mg/L |
b1 |
7.0 |
14.1 |
16.3 |
20.3 |
21.3 |
23.4 |
24.2 |
27.4 |
28.0 |
30.6 |
31.8 |
32.9 |
33.3 |
b2 |
6.6 |
13.1 |
15.7 |
19.4 |
21.6 |
23.7 |
25.0 |
26.1 |
27.2 |
29.5 |
29.5 |
31.4 |
32.2 |
|
b3 |
6.6 |
13.1 |
16.4 |
17.6 |
19.9 |
22.7 |
24.1 |
26.2 |
27.4 |
31.1 |
32.1 |
32.5 |
36.0 |
|
bm. avg |
6.7 |
13.4 |
16.1 |
19.1 |
20.9 |
23.3 |
24.4 |
26.6 |
27.6 |
30.4 |
31.1 |
32.3 |
33.9 |
|
Reference item O2uptake. mg/L |
w1 |
18.3 |
56.4 |
68.2 |
78.1 |
83.5 |
87.8 |
90.1 |
93.5 |
93.8 |
97.2 |
99.6 |
100.8 |
103.7 |
w2 |
20.1 |
58.7 |
73.6 |
81.8 |
87.2 |
90.0 |
93.8 |
95.0 |
95.4 |
97.9 |
99.1 |
99.4 |
101.7 |
|
w3 |
21.2 |
59.5 |
72.2 |
79.3 |
84.6 |
89.6 |
91.0 |
93.8 |
95.2 |
98.2 |
98.5 |
101.1 |
103.1 |
|
wm. avg |
19.9 |
58.2 |
71.3 |
79.7 |
85.1 |
89.1 |
91.6 |
94.1 |
94.8 |
97.7 |
99.1 |
100.5 |
102.8 |
|
Toxicity control O2uptake. mg/L |
tox1 |
18.7 |
63.4 |
92.1 |
115.7 |
134.8 |
158.7 |
171.3 |
182.0 |
194.2 |
212.9 |
226.8 |
239.7 |
259.6 |
tox2 |
17.2 |
58.7 |
96.7 |
123.2 |
148.7 |
178.5 |
199.9 |
214.7 |
229.4 |
248.7 |
262.1 |
276.0 |
295.4 |
|
tox3 |
19.4 |
59.1 |
94.5 |
117.1 |
139.1 |
164.3 |
177.1 |
188.6 |
198.1 |
213.7 |
223.8 |
234.6 |
249.1 |
|
toxm.avg |
19.1 |
61.3 |
93.3 |
116.4 |
136.9 |
161.5 |
174.2 |
185.3 |
196.1 |
213.3 |
225.3 |
237.1 |
254.4 |
|
Corrected test item O2uptake, mg/L |
(a1-bm) |
-1.1 |
33.0 |
71.1 |
95.8 |
116.0 |
136.7 |
148.1 |
156.1 |
163.8 |
177.0 |
188.5 |
198.8 |
212.0 |
(a2-bm) |
-2.9 |
26.0 |
62.0 |
87.9 |
116.5 |
150.1 |
165.7 |
177.3 |
188.8 |
203.2 |
214.4 |
224.5 |
238.7 |
|
(a3-bm) |
-1.4 |
26.1 |
52.9 |
80.7 |
111.2 |
153.6 |
174.1 |
192.0 |
207.0 |
225.4 |
237.1 |
244.1 |
253.0 |
|
Reference item % degradation ThOD = 0.78 mgO2/mg C = 100 mg/L |
R1(w1) |
14.8 |
55.1 |
66.8 |
75.7 |
80.2 |
82.7 |
84.2 |
85.8 |
85.0 |
85.6 |
87.8 |
87.9 |
89.5 |
R2(w2) |
17.1 |
58.0 |
73.7 |
80.3 |
85.0 |
85.6 |
88.9 |
87.7 |
87.0 |
86.5 |
87.1 |
86.1 |
86.9 |
|
R3(w3) |
18.6 |
59.1 |
71.9 |
77.2 |
81.6 |
85.0 |
85.3 |
86.2 |
86.7 |
86.8 |
86.4 |
88.3 |
88.7 |
|
Rwavg |
15.9 |
56.6 |
70.2 |
78.0 |
82.6 |
84.1 |
86.6 |
86.8 |
86.0 |
86.0 |
87.5 |
87.0 |
88.2 |
|
Test item% degradation ThOD = 3.01 mgO2/mg C = 100 mg/L |
R1(a1) |
0.0 |
11.0 |
23.6 |
31.8 |
38.5 |
45.4 |
49.2 |
51.9 |
54.4 |
58.8 |
62.6 |
66.1 |
70.4 |
R2(a2) |
0.0 |
8.6 |
20.6 |
29.2 |
38.7 |
49.9 |
55.0 |
58.9 |
62.7 |
67.5 |
71.2 |
74.6 |
79.3 |
|
R3(a3) |
0.0 |
8.7 |
17.6 |
26.8 |
36.9 |
51.0 |
57.8 |
63.8 |
68.8 |
74.9 |
78.8 |
81.1 |
84.0 |
|
Raavg |
0.0 |
9.4 |
20.6 |
29.3 |
38.1 |
48.8 |
54.0 |
58.2 |
62.0 |
67.1 |
70.9 |
73.9 |
77.9 |
|
Toxicity test % degradation
|
R1(tox1) |
3.2 |
13.2 |
20.0 |
25.5 |
30.0 |
35.7 |
38.7 |
41.0 |
44.0 |
48.2 |
51.6 |
54.7 |
59.6 |
R2(tox2) |
2.8 |
11.9 |
21.3 |
27.5 |
33.7 |
41.0 |
46.3 |
49.6 |
53.2 |
57.6 |
60.9 |
64.3 |
69.0 |
|
R3(tox3) |
3.4 |
12.0 |
20.7 |
25.9 |
31.2 |
37.2 |
40.3 |
42.8 |
45.0 |
48.3 |
50.8 |
53.4 |
56.8 |
|
Rtoxavg |
3.1 |
12.4 |
20.7 |
26.3 |
31.6 |
38.0 |
41.8 |
44.5 |
47.4 |
51.4 |
54.5 |
57.5 |
61.8 |
|
Table 3. The pH values of test flasks (no adjustment of pH was conducted).
flask # |
7 |
8 |
9 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
Test item |
Inoculum blank |
Reference item |
Toxicity test |
|||||||||
initial |
7.50 |
7.51 |
7.50 |
7.32 |
7.48 |
7.23 |
7.29 |
7.34 |
7.39 |
7.50 |
7.50 |
7.49 |
final |
7.33 |
7.34 |
7.35 |
7.53 |
7.50 |
7.51 |
8.62 |
8.59 |
8.61 |
8.04 |
7.85 |
8.16 |
Experiment/ compound |
Reactor type |
Inoculum |
Lag period (h) |
Maximum degradation rate (mg l-1h-1) |
Normalized degradation rate (h-1) |
Experiment 1 |
|||||
d-limonene |
CSR1 |
Unacclimated soil A extract |
182 |
0.044 |
NM |
Experiment 2 |
|||||
d-limonene |
Serum tubes |
Acclimated (from CSR1) |
15 |
0.40 |
0.076 |
The normalized degradation rate is the maximum degradation rate normalized to biomass concentration expressed as volatile suspended solids
CSR 1: continuously-stirred reactor 1
NM: not measured because of lack of accurate biomass data
Experiment/ compound |
Reactor type |
Inoculum |
Lag period (h) |
Maximum degradation rate (mg l-1h-1) |
Normalized degradation rate (h-1) |
Experiment 1 |
|||||
terpinolene |
CSR1 |
Unacclimated soil A extract |
174 |
0.053 |
NM |
Experiment 2 |
|||||
terpinolene |
Serum tubes |
Acclimated (from CSR1) |
28 |
0.47 |
0.089 |
The normalized degradation rate is the maximum degradation rate normalized to biomass concentration expressed as volatile suspended solids
CSR 1: continuously-stirred reactor 1
NM: not measured because of lack of accurate biomass data
Camphene reached 1-4 % of its theoretical BOD after four weeks incubation, so it is not ready biodegradable.
Experiment/ compound |
Reactor type |
Inoculum |
Lag period (h) |
Maximum degradation rate (mg l-1h-1) |
Normalized degradation rate (h-1) |
Experiment 1 |
|||||
α-terpineol |
CSR2 |
Unacclimated soil A extract |
94 |
>0.10a |
NM |
Experiment 3B |
|||||
α-terpineol |
CSR3 |
terpineol-enriched soil B extract |
0 |
13.6 |
0.255 |
The normalized degradation rate is the maximum degradation rate normalized to biomass concentration expressed as volatile suspended solids
CSR 2, CSR 3: continuously-stirred reactor 2 and 3
NM: not measured because of lack of accurate biomass data
a: Limited data available
Experiment/ compound |
Reactor type |
Inoculum |
Lag period (h) |
Maximum degradation rate (mg l-1h-1) |
Normalized degradation rate (h-1) |
Experiment 1 |
|||||
γ-terpinene |
CSR1 |
Unacclimated soil A extract |
168 |
0.039 |
NM |
Experiment 2 |
|||||
γ-terpinene |
Serum tubes |
Acclimated (from CSR1) |
13 |
0.27 |
0.056 |
The normalized degradation rate is the maximum degradation rate normalized to biomass concentration expressed as volatile suspended solids
CSR 1: continuously-stirred reactor 1
NM: not measured because of lack of accurate biomass data
Description of key information
Key study: Test method according to OECD TG 301F / EU C.4 (Manometric respirometry methods), GLP study. The test substance was classed as readily biodegradable.
Supporting studies: Individual biodregradabilities of the main components are available from experimental tests. Alpha terpineol, terpinolene, d-limonene, dipentene, gamma terpinene, alpha pinene and p-cymene were found as readily biodegradable. Only camphene (typ. comp. 2.8%) was determined to be not ready biodegradable.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Biodegradation in water:
- readily biodegradable
- Type of water:
- freshwater
Additional information
Key study: A ready biodegradability test in an aerobic aqueous medium with manometric respirometry method was performed on the test item, according to OECD TG 301F / EC C.4 – D manometric respirometry methods, in accordance with GLP principles. The biodegradability of the test item attained 77.9% within 28 days. The pass level for ready biodegradability is 60% of ThOD. This value was attained after 17 days and was not reached in the 10-day window as stated in the Test Guideline. However, according to the "Revised introduction to the OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals, SECTION 3, PART 1", 23 March 2006, and considering that the test substance is a mixture of structurally similar chemicals with different degree of isomers, the 10-day window should not be applied to interpret the results since a sequential biodegradation of the individual structures is presumably taking place according to the content of the test substance and previous information of the individual components (supporting studies). Thus, the test substance was classed as readily biodegradable.
Supporting studies: Individual biodegradabilities of the main components are available from experimental tests:
Alpha terpineol: Test method equivalent to OECD 301C (MITI, 1978). The test substance is ready biodegradable.
Alpha terpineol: Peer reviewed publication (Misra G, 1996). The test substance was readily degraded under aerobic conditions by mixed cultures derived from forest soils.
Terpinolene: Test method equivalent to OECD 301C (MITI, 1997). The test substance is ready biodegradable.
Terpinolene: Peer reviewed publication (Misra G, 1996). The test substance was readily degraded under aerobic conditions by mixed cultures derived from forest soils.
Camphene: Test method according to OECD 301C (MITI, 1992). The test substance is not ready biodegradable.
D-Limonene: Peer reviewed publication (Misra G, 1996). The test substance was readily degraded under aerobic conditions by mixed cultures derived from forest soils.
Dipentene: Test method equivalent to OECD 301C (MITI, 1980). The test substance is ready biodegradable.
Alpha pinene: Test method according to OECD 301C (MITI, 2005). The test substance is ready biodegradable.
Gamma Terpinene: Test method equivalent to OECD 301C (MITI, 1988). The test substance is ready biodegradable.
Gamma Terpinene: Peer reviewed publication (Misra G, 1996). The test substance was readily degraded under aerobic conditions by mixed cultures derived from forest soils.
p-cymene: Test method equivalent to OECD 301C (MITI, 1987). The test substance is ready biodegradable.
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