Reaction products of acrylic acid with 2,2'-[oxybis(methylene)]bis[2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol]

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

Based on the study results, the NOAEL for systemic effects was considered to be the highest tested dose level, i.e., 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Toxic effect type:

dose-dependent

Repeated dose toxicity: via oral route - systemic effects

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

From May 24, 2017 to September 11, 2017

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

The deviations were considered to have no impact on the outcome of the study

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Wistar

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

Species and strain: Crl:WI Wistar rats
Source: Charles River Laboratories, Research Models and Services, Germany GmbH (Sandhofer Weg 7, D-97633, Sulzfeld, Germany, from SPF colony.
Housing conditions: Standard laboratory conditions
Justification of species/strain: The rat is regarded as a suitable species for toxicology and reproduction toxicology studies. Wistar rat was selected due to experience with this strain of rat in toxicity and reproduction toxicity studies and known fertility.
Number of animals: 48 male, 48 female rats, 12 animals/sex/group, 4 groups.
Age of animals: Young adult rats, approximately 10-11 weeks old at start and 12-13 weeks old at mating.
Body weight range: Males: 341 – 467 g, females: 242 – 300 g; did not exceed ± 20 % of the mean weight for each sex at onset of treatment.
Acclimation period: 6 d
Animal health: Only healthy animals were used for the test, as certified by the clinical Veterinarian. Females were nulliparous and non-pregnant.
Room numbers: 609, 639
Cage type: Type II polycarbonate
Bedding & nesting: LIGNOCEL® ¾ S certified wooden chips (batch number: 03018170329, expiry date: 29 March 2020 and batch number: 03018170104, expiry date: 04 January 2020) produced by J. Rettenmaier & Söhne GmbH+Co.KG (Holzmühle 1, D-73494 Rosenberg, Germany) were used in the study. ARBOCEL® nest building material (batch number: 05072170228, expiry date: 28 February 2020 and batch number: 05072160415, expiry date: 15 April 2019) produced by J. Rettenmaier & Söhne GmbH+Co.KG (Holzmühle 1, D-73494 Rosenberg, Germany). Details of bedding and nest building material were archived with the raw data.
Light: 12 hours daily, from 6.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m.
Temperature: 20.3 – 23.1°C (target range 22 ± 3°C)
Relative humidity: 32 – 70% (target range 30-70%)
Ventilation: 15-20 air exchanges/hour
Housing/Enrichment: Rodents were group-housed, up to 2 animals of the same sex and dose group/cage with the exception of the mating and gestation/delivery period when they were paired or individually housed, respectively. Group housing allowed social interaction and the deep wood sawdust bedding allowed digging and other normal rodent activities (i.e. nesting).

Environmental parameters (temperature and relative humidity) were continuously measured, minimum and maximum values were recorded twice a day during the study.

Food and water supply
Animals received ssniff® SM R/M "Autoclavable complete diet for rats and mice – breeding and maintenance" produced by ssniff Spezialdiäten GmbH, D-59494 Soest Germany (batch number: 285 17890, expiry date: 31 August 2017 and batch number: 262 21592, expiry date: 31 January 2018), ad libitum, and tap water from the municipal supply, as for human consumption from a 500 mL bottle, ad libitum. The food is considered not to contain any contaminants that could reasonably be expected to affect the purpose or integrity of the study. The supplier provided the analytical certificate for the batch used, which is archived with the raw data. Water quality control analysis was performed at least once every three months and microbiological assessment is performed monthly, by Veszprém County Institute of State Public Health and Medical Officer Service (ÁNTSZ, H-8201 Veszprém, József A. u. 36., Hungary). The quality control results are retained with the raw data in the archives at Citoxlab Hungary Ltd.

Animal identification
Each adult/parental animal (P Generation) was identified by a unique number within the study, written with indelible ink on the tail and cross-referenced to the Animal Master File at Citoxlab Hungary Ltd. During the pre-exposure period, animals were identified with temporary numbers only. After this 2-week period, a randomisation was performed based on the body weights and the selected animals received their final animal numbers, as follows: This number consisted of 4 digits, the first digit being the group number, the second, 0 for the males and 5 for the females, and the last 2, the animal number within the group, as indicated in the Experimental design section. The boxes were arranged in such a way that possible effects due to cage placement were minimized and were identified by cards showing the study code, sex, dose group, cage number and individual animal numbers, date of mating and delivery. Identification of the new-borns (Offspring, F1 Generation) was performed by ink marking of the digit-tips up to one day after birth.

Randomisation
All adult/parental (P) male and female animals were sorted according to body weight by computer and divided into weight ranges before the first exposure (Day -1). There were an equal number of animals from each weight group randomly assigned to each dose group to ensure that animals of all test groups were as nearly as practicable of a uniform weight. This process was controlled by the software PROVANTIS v.9, to verify the homogeneity/variability between/within the groups. Males and females were randomised separately.

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Details on route of administration:

The dose levels were selected by the Sponsor in consultation with the Study Director based on available acute oral toxicity data (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg in rats) and information from a 14-day Dose Range Finding study in the rat (Citoxlab study code 17/014-220PE [3]). In the DRF study, there was no toxicity at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The aim of this study is to use a maximum of 1000 mg/kg bw/day to induce toxic effects, but ideally no death or suffering at the highest dose and a NOAEL at the lowest dose. Based on the results from these preliminary studies, doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day were selected for the main study. The oral route was selected as it is one of the possible routes of human exposure.

Vehicle:

corn oil

Details on oral exposure:

The dosing solutions were administered to the test substance or vehicle-treated (control) animals daily on a 7 days/week basis, by oral gavage using a tipped gavage needle attached to a syringe. A constant volume of 5 mL/kg bw were administered to all animals. The actual volume to be administered were calculated and adjusted based on each animal’s most recent body weight. Dosing of both sexes began after 6 d of acclimatisation and pre-exposure period (14 d), and it was performed 2 weeks before mating, during the mating, and was continued up to and including the day before the necropsy. The first day of dosing of each animal was regarded as Day 0.

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Analysis of test substance formulations for concentration and homogeneity was performed using an HPLC-UV method in the Analytical Laboratory of Citoxlab Hungary Ltd. Top, middle and bottom duplicate samples were taken from test substance formulations three times during the study (during the first and last weeks and approximately midway during the treatment), one set to analyse (which could be collected in replicates as practical) and one set as a back-up, if required for any confirmatory analyses. Similarly, duplicate samples were taken from the middle of the vehicle control formulation for concentration measurement. Acceptance criteria of the concentration analysis were set according to the analytical method validation, expected to be at 100 ± 15 % of the nominal concentration. The measured concentrations of Di-Trimethylolpropane Tetraacrylate evaluated for each test item-dose group varied between 100 % and 102 % of the nominal contents. The RSD was below 10% in each case. No test substance was detected in the control samples. These results were within the acceptable ranges (85% - 115%) and were considered suitable for the study purposes.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

Males were dosed for 28 d (14 d pre-mating and 14 d mating/post-mating) and then euthanized and subjected to necropsy examination. Females were dosed for 14 d pre-mating, during the mating period, through gestation and until the day before the necropsy (13-d post-partum dosing). The day of birth (when parturition was complete) was defined as Day 0 post-partum.

Frequency of treatment:

Daily

Dose / conc.:

100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Dose / conc.:

300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Dose / conc.:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

No. of animals per sex per dose:

12

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

55 male and 55 female Wistar rats were used in the pre-treatment period. At the end of the pre-treatment period, 48 females showing regular oestrus cycles and 48 males were selected and allocated to treatment groups. Animals were assigned to groups before the start of the treatment according to the following Experimental design:
Group designation: Control, low dose, mid dose, high dose
Dose level (mg/kg bw/day): 0, 100, 300, 1000
Concentration (mg/mL): 0, 20, 60, 200
Dose volume (mL/kg bw): 5
Animal numbers: Male 1001-1012 and Female: 1501-1512 (control), Male: 2001-2012 and Female: 2501-2512 (low dose), Male: 3001-3012 and Female: 3501-3512 (mid dose), Male: 4001-4012 and Female: 4501-4512 (high dose)
The control group was treated with the vehicle only (corn oil).

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

Clinical observations
Animals were inspected for signs of morbidity and mortality twice daily, at the beginning and the end of the working day. General clinical observations were performed daily*, after treatment at approximately the same time with minor variations, or in the afternoon as practical during the working day, as no peak period of effects was noted after dosing during the first few days of treatment. On gestation day GD13 and/or 14 the sperm positive females were examined for the presence of vaginal bleeding or “placental sign” (intrauterine extravasation of blood as an early sign of pregnancy in rat). All animals were monitored for pertinent behavioural changes, signs of difficult or prolonged parturition and all signs of toxicity including mortality. Any changes were recorded including their onset, degree and duration as applicable. More detailed examinations were performed once before the first exposure (to allow for within-subject comparisons), then at least weekly, in the morning or before treatment. These observations were performed outside the home cage in a standard arena, at similar day times as practical. The animals were monitored for changes in skin, fur, eyes, mucous membranes, occurrence of secretions and excretions, and autonomic activity (e.g. lachrymation, piloerection, pupil size, and unusual respiratory pattern). Changes in gait, posture and response to handling as well as the presence of clonic or tonic movements, stereotypies (e.g. excessive grooming, repetitive circling), difficult or prolonged parturition or bizarre behaviour (e.g. self-mutilation, walking backwards) were also recorded. Special attention was directed towards the observation of tremors, convulsions, salivation, diarrhoea, lethargy, sleep and coma.
*Note: No general clinical observations were made on those days when detailed clinical observations were made.

Body weight measurement
All adult animals were weighed with an accuracy of 1 g for randomisation purposes, then at least weekly during the pre-exposure period, on Day 0, afterwards at least weekly and at termination. Parent females were weighed on gestation Days GD0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17 and 20 and on post-partal Days PPD0 (within 24 hours after parturition), PPD4, 7, 10, 13 and 14 (before termination). The body weight of the female animals measured on gestational Days GD3, 10 and 17 as well as PPD7 and PPD10 were only additional measurements as aid for the calculation of accurate treatment volumes, thus these data were not evaluated statistically.

Food consumption measurement
Animal food consumption was determined by re-weighing the non-consumed diet with a precision of 1 g weekly (on the days of body weight measurements).

Functional observation battery (FOB) and SMART
Assessment of potential test item related neurotoxicity was performed during the last exposure week (males on Day 26; females on PPD7-9). Selected animals were subjected to the functional observation battery including quantitative assessment of grip strength and measurement of landing foot splay and fore/hind limb grip strength. To measure the landing foot splay, the fore/hind paws of the rat were painted with ink and the rat was dropped from a horizontal position onto the appropriate record sheet covering the examination table. The distance between the two resulting ink spots for the hind limbs was measured. Fore/hind limb grip strength was measured using a grip strength meter (Model GS3, Bioseb, Chaville, France), an instrument designed to quantify objectively rodent muscular strength, in order to identify and assess quantitatively any potential effect of the test item. The rats were held appropriately such that the fore limbs were allowed to grip the support bar and gently pulled back until they released the bar; the device measured the maximum grip strength. This was performed 3 times for each animal on each test day. The procedure was repeated with the hind limbs and the appropriate grip support. The results were tabulated with individual and mean data. Sensory reactivity to different type of stimuli (e.g. auditory, visual and proprioceptive), assessment of grip strength and motor activity was conducted and the general physical condition and behaviour of animals were tested. A modified Irwin test was performed. Parameters including body position, locomotor activity, respiration rate, respiration type, piloerection, head searching, compulsive biting or licking, circling, upright walking, retropulsion, jumping, exophthalmos, twitches, clonic convulsions, tonic convulsions, tremor, startle, transfer arousal, spatial locomotion, gait, posture, limb position, finger approach, finger withdrawal, touch escape response, diarrhoea, diuresis, visual placing, grip strength, body tone, corneal reflex, pinna reflex, toe pinch, grasping reflex, positional struggle, skin, mucous membrane colour, salivation, palpebral closure, lachrymation, limb tone, abdominal tone, tail pinch, righting reflex, and vocalisation were evaluated using a scoring system, where score “0” was given when the behaviour or reaction of the animal was considered normal, and -1 or -2, or +1 and +2 was given if the response was less than or more than expected in an untreated animal. Motor activity assessment was conducted using Automatic Monitoring System of rat locomotor activity SMART v. 2.5 (Harvard Apparatus, Germany). Locomotor activity was monitored by placing each animal individually into an open-field for a 1-h observation time, when DVD recording of movement was made. Recording was made for a duration of 60 minutes, under dim-light and undisturbed conditions. The DVD was analysed with “SMART” software after all recordings were made to produce the appropriate parameters. The data from all groups was evaluated for distance travelled in 5-minute segments. The data from the 5-minute segments were presented graphically with the intention of showing plateau activity in controls, and comparing the treatment groups.

Sacrifice and pathology:

Clinical pathology
All animals selected for blood sampling were fasted (overnight period of food deprivation, after the litter had been culled). Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture under pentobarbital anaesthesia, immediately prior to scheduled necropsy. For terminal blood sampling in all selected animals (5 males and 5 females/group), 3 samples were taken from each animal: one for haematology (in tubes with K3-EDTA as anticoagulant, 1.6 mg/mL blood), one for blood clotting times (in tubes with sodium citrate as anticoagulant) and one to obtain serum (in tubes with no anticoagulant) for clinical chemistry.

Terminal procedures and macroscopic evaluation
At termination, the adult rats were euthanized under pentobarbital anaesthesia, followed by exsanguination. Gross necropsy was performed on all animals, irrespective of the date of death. After exsanguination the external appearance was examined, cranium, thoracic and abdominal cavities were opened and the appearance of the tissues and organs was observed macroscopically. Any abnormality was recorded with details of the location, colour, shape and size, as appropriate.

Other examinations:

Haematology and blood clotting times
The following parameters were evaluated in animals selected:
RBC Red Blood Cell (erythrocyte) count, WBC White Blood Cell (leukocyte), Hgb Haemoglobin concentration, (g/dL), MCV Mean Corpuscular (erythrocyte), MCH Mean Corpuscular (erythrocyte), MCHC Mean Corpuscular (erythrocyte), RDW Red Cell (erythrocyte) volume (%), Plt Platelet (thrombocyte) count, MPV Mean Platelet Thrombocyte volume (fL), RETIC % Reticulocyte count (%), Neutrophil (%), Cell differentiation based on myeloperoxidase activity, LY % Lymphocyte (%), MO % Monocyte (%), BA % Basophil (%), EO % Eosinophil (%), LUC % Large Unstained Cells (%), Coagulations (APTT Activated Partial Thromboplastin, PT Prothrombin Time (sec)).
Blood smears were prepared for all selected animals but not examined. The smears were stored/archived at Citoxlab Hungary Ltd.

Clinical chemistry
The following parameters were evaluated in animals selected:
Glucose Blood sugar concentration (mmol/L), T-BIL Total Bilirubin concentration (μmol/L), Urea Urea concentration (mmol/L), Chol. Cholesterol concentration (mmol/L), Creat. Creatinine concentration (μmol/L), Phos. Phosphorus concentration (mmol/L), Na+ Sodium concentration (mmol/L), K+ Potassium concentration (mmol/L), Ca++Calcium concentration (mmol/L), Cl- Chloride concentration (mmol/L), Tot. Prot. Total Protein concentration (g/L), Alb. Albumin concentration (g/L), A/G Alb/glob ration Calculated value, AST/GOT Aspartate Aminotransferase, activity (U/L), ALT/GPT Alanine Aminotransferase activity (U/L), GGT Gamma-Glutamyl transferase activity (U/L), γ-Glutamyl-p-nitroanilide + Glycylglycine, ALKP Alkaline Phosphatase activity (U/L), Bile acids (μmol/L).

Urinalysis
Urine sampling was performed prior to necropsy by placing the selected animals in metabolic cages for approximately 16 h. The evaluation of the urine samples was performed as indicated in the table below.
LEU / Leukocyte, NIT / Nitrite, pH, PRO / Protein, GLU / Glucose, UBG / Urobilinogen, BIL / Bilirubin, KET / Ketones, BLD / ERY Blood/Erythrocytes, SG / Specific Gravity, SED / Sediment, VOL / Volume, Colour/appearance

Organ weight measurements
At the time of termination, body weight and the weight of the following organs from all adult animals were determined:
- With a precision of 0.01 g: uterus (including cervix), testes, epididymides, prostate, seminal vesicles with coagulating glands, brain, heart, kidneys, liver, spleen and thymus
- With a precision of 0.001 g: adrenals, ovaries, thyroids with parathyroids
Individual and/or paired absolute organ weight was reported for each animal and adjusted for the body and brain weights. Paired organ weights as applicable were summarised. Relative organ weight (to body and brain weight) were calculated and reported. In case microscopic examination, the retained tissues and organs were embedded in paraffin wax, sections were cut at 4-6 μm by microtome and transferred to slides. Tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin/phloxine and examined by light microscope.

Statistics
Data was recorded on the appropriate forms from the relevant SOPs of Citoxlab Hungary Ltd., and then tabulated using the Microsoft Office Word and/or Excel, or using the software PROVANTIS v.9, as appropriate. Numerical data obtained during the conduct of the study was subjected as appropriate to calculation of group means and standard deviations and was reported in the Final Report. The statistical evaluation of data (labelled as † in the lists below) was performed with the program package SPSS PC+4.0 (SPSS Hungary Kft, Budapest) or SAS v9.2 (when using Provantis). In case of the SPSS PC+4.0 program package, the heterogeneity of variance between groups was checked by Bartlett's test. Where no significant heterogeneity was detected, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out. If the obtained result was significant, then Duncan's Multiple Range test was used to assess the significance of inter-group differences. Where significant heterogeneity was found, the normal distribution of data was examined by Kolmogorow-Smirnow test. In the case of non-normal distribution, the non-parametric method of Kruskal-Wallis One-Way analysis of variance was applied. If a positive result was detected, the inter-group comparisons were performed using Mann-Whitney U-test. The Chi-squared test was used for non-continuous data. In case of the SAS v9.2 software package (within the validated Provantis system) the following decision tree was applied automatically for statistical evaluation of continuous numeric data. The normality and heterogeneity of variance between groups was checked by Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests using the most appropriate data format (log-transformed when justified). Where both tests showed no significant heterogeneity, an Anova / Ancova (one-way analysis of variance) test was carried out. If the obtained result was positive, Dunnett (Multiple Range) test was used to assess the significance of inter-group differences; identifying differences of <0.05 or <0.01 as appropriate. This parametric analysis is the better option when the normality and heterogeneity assumptions implicit in the tests are adequate. If either of the Shapiro-Wilk or Levene tests showed significance on the data, then a non-parametric analysis was used. A Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was used after Rank Transformation. If there was a positive result, the inter-group comparisons were performed using Dunn test; identifying differences of <0.05 or <0.01 as appropriate. For non-continuous data, the Cochran-Armitage test for trend was applied and the Chi-squared test was used for statistical differences relative to control.

Statistics:

SPSS PC+4.0 (SPSS Hungary Kft, Budapest) or SAS v9.2 (when using Provantis)

Clinical signs:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

No test substance related clinical signs were observed during the study. A 1-2 cm width nodule was seen in one Low dose female (#2505) from Day 10 until the end of the observation period. Cold to touch whole body, piloerection and slight discharge from vagina were recorded for one Low dose female (#2511) on Days 39-40. Increased salivation, piloerection and red discharge at the nose were recorded for one Mid dose female (#3504) on Days 35-36. A 1-2 cm width wound was seen at the left cheek of a High dose male (#4012) during Days 13-15, that became a crust on Days 16-18 and then a scar from Day 19 until the end of the observation period. Thin fur at the right cheek was seen in one High dose female (#4503) from Day 22 until Day 32. The following symptoms were recorded for the found dead animal (#1502) before death: Slightly decreased activity, cold to touch whole body, hunched back, piloerection, pale skin at the tail, all paws and both pinnae.

Mortality:

mortality observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence):

One female (#1502) in the Control group was found dead on Day 42 (on the day of parturition). The cause of death could not be identified at necropsy. There was no other mortality during the study.

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no statistically significant body weight or body weight gain values in the test substance treated groups (males/females) when compared to the control at any occasion that could be ascribed to the test substance. The measured values were within the range commonly recorded for this strain and age. Occasional statistically significant differences were regarded as incidental and of no toxicological significance.

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no test substance related differences in the mean daily food consumption in any test substance treated group when compared to the controls. The measured values were within the normal range for this strain and age. Occasional statistically significant differences were regarded as incidental and of no toxicological significance.

Food efficiency:

not specified

Haematological findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Significantly lower (p<0.05 or p<0.01) prothrombin time (PTT) was recorded in the male and female Low dose animals and in the female High dose group. The platelet count was also significantly lower (p<0.05) in the female Low and Mid dose groups. These differences were considered to be incidental, there was no relationship with dose and all recorded values were within or near the historical control ranges. These differences were considered not reflecting an effect of the test substance. Besides this, there were no other statistically significant values recorded in any of the dose groups compared to the control.

Clinical biochemistry findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no statistically different results in any of the male groups compared to the control. The following statistically significant differences were recorded in the females: higher (p<0.01) glucose concentration in the High dose group, higher (p<0.05) albumin concentration in the Mid and High dose groups and higher (p<0.05 or p<0.01) albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio in the Mid and High dose groups. The albumin and A/G ratio values were all well within the historical range and did not show a dose response; hence these statistical differences are regarded as unrelated to treatment. For the glucose concentration, 2 of the 5 female individual values were outside the historical range, but in males all values were normal (the mean was slightly below the controls, indicating no effect on glucose). There was no other supporting evidence of any changes in these animals (histopathology, urinalysis, etc.) so the relationship between the 2 high glucose values and treatment was considered to be equivocal. Taking into account the available information, the glucose difference is not considered to be a clear adverse effect. Besides this, there were no other statistically significant values recorded in any of the dose groups compared to the control.

Urinalysis findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Compared to the control, there were no statistically significant values recorded in any of the dose groups.

Behaviour (functional findings):

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no changes in animal behaviour, general physical condition or in the reactions to different type of stimuli in the control or test groups. There was no effect of treatment noted during the assessment of grip strength, foot splay or motor activity. At evaluation of the landing foot splay test, slightly lower values were recorded for males at 1000 mg/kg bw/day (High dose), when compared to control means. The differences attained statistical significance (p<0.05). When evaluating individual data, the values of 4 of 5 males were within the control values and the performance of one male only (#4005) was lower. All values were in the normal range. It should be noted that the control values were relatively high compared with historical data; it is considered that there was no effect of treatment. In females, the landing foot splay values were comparable with the control mean in all dose groups. All dose groups of males and females had a normal locomotor activity; in all cases, the initial activity-level was high, with progressive reduction in activity in each 5-minute period to an approximate plateau by about 20-30 minutes. There was no statistical significance between the test item treated animals and the Control when evaluating the overall distance travelled (0-60 min, cm). The test item did not increase or decrease the normal locomotor activity.

Immunological findings:

not specified

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Significantly higher (p<0.05) brain relative to bodyweight ratio in the female High dose group and significantly lower (p<0.05 or p<0.01) relative (to brain weight) kidney weights were recorded in the female dose groups. As the observed values were near the middle of the historical control ranges and there was a lack of any supporting evidence of any changes in these animals (histopathology, urinalysis, etc.), these statistical differences were considered to have no toxicological significance. Regarding the kidney weights, there was no clear dose response (Low, Mid and High groups had very similar values); there were no statistical differences in female absolute or body weight adjusted kidney weights. No similar finding was found in the males. Besides this, there were no statistically different results in any other of the dose groups compared to the control.

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

(A) Terminal / Parental Generation (Males, Day 28, Females, PND14)
Macroscopic Findings: No treatment related macroscopic findings were noted at necropsy. The following incidental or background findings were seen in the terminally euthanized animals: small size of the right adrenal gland (#1001), depressed area of renal capsule of left kidney (#1508), diffuse dark red discoloration of the left mandibular lymph node (#4508), enlargement of the pituitary gland (#2011), focal red discoloration of the right testis (#1011), diffuse dark red discoloration of the thymus (#4501), subcutaneous nodule in the ventral thoracic area of the skin (#2505) and dilatation of the left uterine horn (#4508).

(B) Found dead / Parental Generation
Macroscopic Findings: The following findings were seen in the found dead animal (#1502): The dark red dry material at the urogenital and perinasal area and the multifocal dark red discoloration of all lobes of the non-collapsed lungs are considered as agonal or post mortal. The bilaterial dilatation of the uterine horns is considered as a background finding.

Neuropathological findings:

no effects observed

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

(A) Terminal / Parental Generation (Males, Day 28, Females, PND14)
Microscopic Findings
No test substance-related findings were seen at dose levels up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Based on the low incidence and/or severity and/or distribution across control and dosed animals the following observations were considered incidental or a common background: slight atrophy of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis in the right adrenal gland (#1001), slight luminal dilatation of the left horn of the uterine (#4508), minimal focal cyst in one side of the piriform cortex of the brain (#4005), minimal tubular basophilia in the cortex of the right kidney (#4005), slight multifocal casts in the cortex and medulla of both kidneys (#1002), minimal focal casts in the outer stripe of the right kidney (#1003), minimal focal casts in the inner and outer stripes of the right kidney (#4505), minimal tubular multifocal mineralization in the outer stripe of both kidneys (#1504), slight pyelonephritis in the right kidney (#4507), slight focal atrophy in the subcapsular cortex of the left kidney (#1508), minimal multifocal hepatocellular vacuolation in the liver (#1005), slight multifocal haemorrhage in the mandibular lymph node (#4508), minimal multifocal infiltration of the inflammatory cells in the interstitium and dorsolateral lobe of the prostate (#1001), minimal or slight extramedullary haematopoiesis in the spleen (#1503, 1504, 1506, 1511, 4001, 4002, 4005, 4504, 4506, 4507), minimal multifocal tubular degeneration or atrophy of the right testis (#4003), slight focal congestion in the interstitium of the right testis (#1011), slight single cyst in the thymus (#4505), slight multifocal haemorrhage in the thymus (#4501) and slight inflammation of the mucosa and submucosa of the urinary bladder (#4507). In addition, as a macroscopic lesion was seen in the pituitary gland of one Low dose male (#2011) and in the subcutis of one Low dose female (#2505), these organs were macroscopically examined and the following findings were recorded: Multiple cysts in the pars distalis section of the pituitary gland (#2011) and adenoma in the mammary gland (#2505). The microscopic findings correlated with the macroscopic lesions.

(B) Found dead / Parental Generation
Microscopic Findings
The following observations were recorded in the found dead animal (#1502): signs of proestrus in the uterus, slight diffuse congestion of all lobes of the lungs, moderate extramedullary haematopoiesis in the spleen and minimal focal erosion or ulcer in the pylorus of the stomach.

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not specified

Other effects:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Thyroid gland weights and thyroid hormone levels
Compared to the control, there were no statistically significant thyroid hormone concentration levels recorded in any of the adult male or PND13 pup dose groups. The thyroid gland weights of the PND13 pups were also statistically not different from the Control group. In summary, there were no effects on the thyroid hormone levels or on the thyroid gland weights in the PND13 pups that were ascribed to the test substance. The measurement of the thyroid hormone levels in the PND4 pups and adult females was not performed as it was not deemed necessary by the Study Director.

Details on results:

Kindly refer the attachments in attached background material section of IUCLID for detailed results tables.

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

ca. 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

act. ingr.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: no treatment related adverse effects at highest tested dose

Key result

Critical effects observed:

no

Conclusions:

Under the study conditions, the NOAEL for systemic effects in female and male wistar rats, was considered to be at the highest tested dose i.e., 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Executive summary:

A study was conducted to determine the repeated dose toxicity of the test substance, di-TMPTTA (UVCB) using combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test, according to OECD 422 Guideline, in compliance with GLP. Male and female Wistar rats (48 animals each sex) were treated daily with test substance in corn oil (100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day) by oral gavage for 2 weeks pre-mating and then during the mating/post-mating periods. This was 28 d in total for males. Females were treated throughout gestation and up to and including postpartum/lactation Day PPD13. Parameters measured during the study included signs of morbidity and mortality twice daily, daily general observation or weekly detailed observation of clinical signs, weekly body weight and food consumption, and clinical pathology evaluation, including haematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry and urinalysis. Neurological assessment, such as functional observation battery (FOB) including measurements of the landing foot splay, grip strength and motor activity were performed during the last week of the treatment. At termination, necropsy with macroscopic examination was performed. Weights of selected organs were recorded and representative tissues/organs were sampled and preserved in appropriate fixatives from the adult animals. The thyroxine (T4) levels in the Day 13 pups and adult males were also assessed. For the adult animals, a detailed histological examination was performed on the selected list of retained organs in the control and high dose groups. During the treatment period, no test substance related mortality, clinical adverse effects, or changes in neurological assessment, body weight, food consumption, haematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry or urinalysis parameters was observed. No test substance-related macroscopic findings were recorded in any of the dose groups at necropsy; no microscopic effects were seen at histopathology. There were no test substance-related differences among groups in the weights of organs measured when compared to controls. Compared to the control, there were no statistically significant thyroid hormone concentration levels recorded in any of the adult male dose groups. Under the study conditions, the NOAEL for systemic effects in female and male wistar rats, was considered to be at the highest tested dose i.e., 1000 mg/kg bw/day (Weisz, 2018).

Reference 2

Endpoint:

sub-chronic toxicity: oral

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

From September 09, 2020 to December 09, 2020

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 408 (Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

The deviations have no effect on the study.

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Wistar

Details on species / strain selection:

- Source: Charles River Laboratories, Research Models and Services, Germany GmbH (Address: Sandhofer Weg 7, D-97633, Sulzfeld, Germany)
- Sex: Male/females, untreated animals were used at initiation of the study

Animal Screening
Only healthy animals were used for the test, as verified by the clinical Veterinarian. Females were nulliparous and non-pregnant.

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

40 males and 40 females, 10 animals/group/sex, 6 weeks old (at study initiation), Males: 194 – 227 g, females: 159 – 198 g at start of treatment, 2-3 animals of the same sex and group/cage, 20.6 to 24.2℃, 24 to 77% humidity, 12 h light/dark, Autoclavable complete diet ad libitum, bottled tap water

Environmental Acclimation
Acclimation period in the study was 6/7 days.

Selection, Assignment, Replacement, and Disposition of Animals
At the end of the acclimatisation period, the animals were assigned to their respective dose groups by randomisation based on body weights. It was checked that all animals are within 20% of the overall mean at the start of the study. Animals were randomly allocated to the control and dose groups based on the most recent actual body weight; PROVANTIS v.9 software was used in order to verify homogeneity/variation among/within groups. Males and females were randomised separately.

Environmental Conditions
Environmental parameters (temperature and relative humidity) were continuously monitored and the minimum and maximum values were recorded twice a day during the study and acclimation period. The actual ranges are given below.

Light: 12 hours daily, from 6.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m.
Temperature: from 20.6 to 24.2℃ (target: 22 ± 3 ℃) Relative humidity: from 24 to 77% (target: 30 - 70%) Ventilation: 15-20 air exchanges/hour

Food
Animals received ssniff® SM R/M "Autoclavable complete diet for rats and mice – breeding and maintenance" produced by ssniff Spezialdiäten GmbH (Address: Ferdinand-Gabriel-Weg 16, D-59494 Soest, Germany) during study, ad libitum. The food was considered not to contain any contaminants that could reasonably be expected to affect the purpose or integrity of the study. The supplier provided an analytical certificate for the batch used (batch number: 713 70882, expiry date: 30 April 2021 and batch number: 560 65984, expiry date: 31 October 2020).

Water
Animals received tap water from the municipal supply, as for human consumption from a 400- 500 mL bottle, ad libitum. The water was considered not to contain any contaminants that could reasonably be expected to affect the purpose or integrity of the study. Water quality control analysis was performed at least once every three months and microbiological assessment was performed monthly, by Veszprém County Institute of State Public Health and Medical Officer Service (ÁNTSZ, Address: H-8200 Veszprém, József Attila utca 36., Hungary). The quality control results are retained in the Archives of the Test Facility, one certified copy is kept and archived in the raw data binder.

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Details on route of administration:

Selection of dose: The dose levels were selected based on the available information of the chemical nature, characteristics of the test item, and available data and information from previous experimental work, including the results of an OECD 422 and its Dose Range Finding (DRF) study, with the aim of inducing toxic effects but no death or suffering at the highest dose (1000 mg/kg bw/day).
Preparation of formulations: The formulations were prepared fresh prior to administration to animals. No correction for purity of the test substance was applied during formulation.

Vehicle:

corn oil

Details on oral exposure:

Administration of Test and Control Items
Dose formulations were administered daily starting from Day 1 for 90 consecutive days by oral gavage, using a tipped gavage needle attached to a syringe. A constant dose volume of 5 mL/kg bw was administered to all animals/in all groups. The actual volume to be administered was calculated and adjusted based on each animal’s most recent body weight. Control animals were treated concurrently with the vehicle only. Test Item formulations were mixed with magnetic stirrer during treatment.

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Top, middle and bottom duplicate samples were taken from each test concentration: 20, 60 and 200 mg/mL
The concentration of the formulations was within the acceptance criteria of the solutions (100 ± 15% of the nominal concentration).
All formulations proved to be homogeneous. Acceptance criteria for homogeneity is that the relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the replicates must be less than 15%.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

90 days

Frequency of treatment:

once daily for 90 consecutive days

Dose / conc.:

0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

No. of animals per sex per dose:

10 animals/group/sex

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

40 male and 40 female Wistar rats were treated once daily for 90 consecutive days by oral gavage administration. The first day of dosing of each animal was regarded as Day 1. Control animals received the vehicle only. Blood samples were collected before necropsy for Clinical Pathology and Thyroid hormone analysis. All animals underwent necropsy upon completion of the 90-day treatment period (Day 91).

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

The examinations included clinical signs, mortality, body weights, food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, neurological assessment (including landing foot splay, grip strength and motor activity assessment), vaginal smears, clinical pathology (including haematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, thyroid hormone analysis), gross pathology, sperm analysis, organ weights and histopathology. Full histopathology was performed in Group 1 (Control) and Group 4 (High dose).
-Mortality/Morbidity: Animals were inspected for signs of morbidity and mortality twice daily
-Clinical Observations: clinical sign noted during dosing or at any other occasions were recorded at the time seen
-Cage Side Observations: General (routine) clinical observations were made once daily after treatment
-Detailed Clinical Observations: Observations were made on all animals outside the home cage in a standard arena prior to the first treatment (to allow for within-subject comparisons) and weekly thereafter
-Body Weights: Body weights were recorded at randomisation (pre-treatment period), on the first day of treatment (Day 1, prior to start of treatment), then weekly, including on Day 90. The growth curve was prepared graphically, body weight gain was calculated weekly and for the total duration of the study.
-Food Consumption: Observation of food consumption was performed for all groups weekly. Animal food consumption per cage was measured on a cage-basis and the average daily feed intake per rat was calculated on a weekly basis and for the study duration. Based on food consumption data, food conversion efficiency (g/g) was calculated as [weekly body weight gain (g)/weekly food consumption (g)].
-Ophthalmic Examinations: Ophthalmoscopic examination was conducted in all animals before treatment on Week -1 and last week of treatment (during Week 13) in the Control (Group 1) and High dose (Group 4) animals. Mydriasis were produced after instillation of “Cicloplegicedol” (10 mg/mL cyclopentolate hydrochloride) eye drops into the conjunctival sac. The evaluation was performed using an Omega 500 ophthalmoscope. No treatment related alterations were found in the Control and High dose group animals, the remaining animals were not examined at termination.
-Neurological Assessment (Functional Observational Battery and SMART): Towards the end of the treatment period, during Week 12-13, each animal was subjected to the functional observation battery, including measurements of the landing foot splay, fore/hind grip strength and motor activity assessment. Sensory reactivity to different type of stimuli (e.g. auditory, visual and proprioceptive), assessment of grip strength and motor activity were conducted, and the general physical condition and behaviour of animals was tested. A modified Irwin test was performed. A detailed assessment for neurotoxicity effects was made on the basis of these measurements (Irwin, S.: Comprehensive Observational Assessment: Ia. A systematic, Quantitative procedure for Assessing the Behavioral and Physiologic State of the Mouse, Psychopharmacologia (Berl) 13 222-257 1968). Parameters such as, but not limited to body position, locomotor activity, respiration rate, respiration type, piloerection, head searching, compulsive biting or licking, circling, upright walking, retropulsion, jumping, exophthalmos, twitches, clonic convulsions, tonic convulsions, tremor, startle, transfer arousal, spatial locomotion, gait, posture, limb position, finger approach, finger withdrawal, touch escape response, diarrhoea, diuresis, visual placing, grip strength, body tone, corneal reflex, pinna reflex, toe pinch, grasping reflex, positional struggle, skin, mucous membrane colour, salivation, palpebral closure, lachrymation, limb tone, abdominal tone, tail pinch, righting reflex, and vocalisation were evaluated. To measure the landing foot splay, the fore and hind paws of the rat was painted with ink and the rat was dropped from a horizontal position onto the appropriate record sheet covering the examination table. This was performed 3 times for each animal on each test day. The distance between the two resulting ink spots of the hind paws was measured. The fore paws of the rat were painted for any possible additional measurements. Fore/hind grip strength measurements were conducted using a grip strength meter (Model GS3, Bioseb, Chaville, France), an instrument designed to quantify objectively rodent muscular strength, in order to identify and assess quantitatively any potential effect of test item. The rats were held appropriately such that the fore limbs were allowed to grip the support bar and pulled back until they release the bar; the device measures the maximum grip strength. The procedure was repeated with the hind limbs with the appropriate grip support. The results were tabulated with individual and mean data. Motor activity assessment was conducted using Automatic Monitoring System of rat locomotor activity SMART v. 2.5 (Harvard Apparatus, Germany). Locomotor activity was monitored by placing each animal individually into an open-field for 1-hour observation time, when DVD recording of movement was made. Recording was made for a duration of 60 minutes, under dim-light and undisturbed conditions. The DVD was analysed with “SMART” software after all recordings were made to produce the appropriate parameters. The data from all groups was evaluated for distance travelled in 5-minute segments. The data from the 5-minute segments were presented graphically with the intention of showing plateau activity in controls, and comparing the treatment groups.
-Examination of Vaginal Smears: Prior to the necropsy (Day 91), the oestrus cycle of all females was determined by taking vaginal smears, which was prepared and stained with 1% aqueous methylene blue solution. The smear was examined with a light microscope, in order to provide information regarding the stage of oestrus cycle at the time of sacrifice and assist in histological evaluation of oestrogen sensitive tissues.
- Organ weight: Paired organs were weighed together. Absolute organ weights were measured, and relative organ weights to the body and brain weights was calculated and reported. The eyes with the optic nerve and the testes with epididymides were preserved in modified Davidson’s fixative; all other organs in 10% buffered formalin solution.

Sacrifice and pathology:

Method of Euthanasia: At study termination euthanasia was performed under pentobarbital anaesthesia by exsanguination.
Unscheduled Euthanasia: No unscheduled death was during the study
Scheduled Euthanasia: Necropsy and macroscopic examination was performed on all animals, at the end of treatment period, on Day 91 (after the sample collection for clinical pathology evaluation). The animals were euthanized by exsanguination under pentobarbital anaesthesia.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY:
-Sample Collection: At the end of the treatment period on Day 91, clinical pathology investigations (haematology, coagulation, clinical biochemistry, urinalysis and thyroid hormone analysis) were conducted in all animals
-Thyroid Hormone Analysis (T3 and T4): T4 and T3 hormone measurement was done
-Thyroid Hormone Analysis (TSH): TSH level was analysed
-Histology and Microscopic Evaluation: Tissues and organs for histopathology evaluation were embedded in paraffin wax, sections were cut at 4-6 µm by microtome and transferred to slides. Tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin/phloxine and examined by light microscope. Full histopathology was performed in Groups 1 (Control) and 4 (High dose). In addition, any organs or tissues with macroscopic abnormalities was subjected to histological examination from all groups.

Statistics:

Statistical evaluation of data was performed using the statistical program package of SAS 9.2 (when using Provantis). The normality and heterogeneity of variance between groups was checked by Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests using the most appropriate data format (log-transformed when justified). Where both tests showed no significant heterogeneity, an ANOVA / ANCOVA (one-way analysis of variance) test was carried out. If the obtained result was positive, Dunnett’s (Multiple Range) test was used. A Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was used after Rank Transformation. If there was a positive result, the inter-group comparisons were performed using Dunn test. For non-continuous data, the Cochran-Armitage test for trend was applied and the Chi-squared test was used for statistical differences relative to control. For pathology data (macroscopic and microscopic data) the Cochran-Armitage test for trend was applied, then if appropriate, the Chi-squared test homogeneity test.

Clinical signs:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

No test item related clinical signs were noted during study. The following clinical observations were made during the observation period of the study: alopecia in 2/10 Mid and 1/10 High dose males and in 1/10 Control and 1/10 Mid dose females, crust in 1/10 Mid dose male, scar in 1/10 Control, 2/10 Low dose, 2/10 Mid dose and 1/10 High dose males and in 1/10 Control and 1/10 Mid dose females, wound in 1/10 Control, 2/10 Low dose, 1/10 Mid dose and 1/10 High dose males and in 1/10 Control female, noisy respiration in 1/10 High dose female, red discharge in 1/10 High dose male and tonic convulsion in 2/10 Low dose, 1/10 Mid dose and 1/10 High dose males and in 1/10 Mid dose and 1/10 High dose females. None of these clinical signs were considered to be clearly test item related. Although the incidence of tonic convulsion was higher than the average study, the detailed neurotoxicology endpoints (Irwin test, foot splay, grip strength, quantitative locomotor activity) showed no evidence of effects, there was no dose response in the pattern of the data. Also there were no other clinical signs suggesting an effect and no clinical pathology, necropsy or histopathology indications that it could be possibly attributed to test item. Although convulsions were not seen in the concurrent controls, this finding is a known background clinical sign in Wistar rats. These findings were considered to be incidental and related to a few randomly distributed individual animals, not regarded as being related to treatment.

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Description (incidence):

There was no mortality in the study at any dose level.

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

No test item related effects were detected on bodyweight or bodyweight gain during the study in any of the treated groups when compared to the controls.

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no test item-related differences in the mean food consumption in any of the treated groups when compared to the controls. Some sporadic statistical or numerical differences were considered to be random differences, unrelated to the treatment.

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

no effects observed

Haematological findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

No test item-related changes were observed in the haematology parameters. The observed sporadic statistically significant differences were considered to be incidental, were not related to dose and/or all recorded values were within the historical control ranges.

Clinical biochemistry findings:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

An apparent, statistically significant increase in creatinine in Low and High dose males was noted, without a clear dose dependence. Furthermore, the control values in this study were higher than our historical control values and all treated groups were normal, therefore this statistical difference was not considered to be test item related.

Endocrine findings:

no effects observed

Urinalysis findings:

no effects observed

Behaviour (functional findings):

not examined

Immunological findings:

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no statistically significant differences among groups in terminal body weights and the weights of organs measured when compared to controls.

Gross pathological findings:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

No test item-related macroscopic findings were detected at necropsy. The lung showed dark red focus in 1/10 Mid dose and 1/10 High dose males. The mandibular lymph node showed dark red discoloration in 1/10 Low dose and 2/10 Mid dose males and in 1/10 Control, 1/10 Low dose and 3/10 High dose females. Enlargement of the mandibular lymph node was seen in 1/10 Control and 1/10 High dose males. Small seminal vesicles were noted in 1/10 Mid dose males. In the stomach, focal, dark red discoloration of the glandular mucosa in 1/10 Mid dose males and pale, multifocal discoloration of the glandular mucosa in 1/10 Mid dose females was recorded during necropsy. Thickness of the stomach was seen in 1/10 High dose females. Raised area in the non-glandular region of the stomach wall in 2/10 High dose males was also noted. The low incidence of the observations and the lack of histological change indicates the gastric findings were background pathology. Dark red, focal discoloration of thymus in 1/10 Mid dose males and small thymus in 2/10 High dose males was observed. Dilatation of the uterine body and horn in 3/10 Control, 2/10 Low dose, 1/10 Mid dose and 2/10 High dose females was recorded during the study. The above-mentioned macroscopic changes were not considered to be test item induced adverse effects.

Neuropathological findings:

not examined

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

No test item-related microscopic findings were detected during histopathology evaluation. All findings, without meaningful differences in severity and incidence through dosed and control groups were considered to be procedure related, incidental or a common background.

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not examined

Other effects:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Neurological assessment (Functional observational battery and quantitative assessments)
There was no adverse effect of treatment noted during the assessment of grip strength, foot splay, Irwin Test or locomotor activity in any dose group when compared to the control. In the Mid and High dose males, an apparent dose-related decrease in grip strength of the fore limbs only was measured, however these values were within the normal historical control range, hind limb strength is the main parameter of importance for neural effects, and this decrease did not show statistical significance. All animal results were considered to be normal; these non-significant differences are not considered to be an adverse effect of the treatment. The locomotor activity was considered to have showed a normal response in the High group, it was initially high then reduced to a plateau at approximately 30 minutes. All locomotor activity data were considered as normal; therefore, the analysis of the Mid and Low dose group was considered to be not required.

Thyroid hormone
T3, T4 and TSH values were considered to be normal in all treated groups.

Examination of vaginal smears
There were no test item-related observations in the animal oestrus cycle evaluated prior to necropsy and the animals showed the normal distribution of the oestrus phases.

Sperm sample analysis
No statistically significant, treatment-related changes were observed in the sperm number, morphology or motility in any of the treated males. Higher sperm motility was observed in all treated dose groups and control values tended to be lower than our historical control data base. All treated groups had normal sperm motility.

Details on results:

Dose formulation analysis
All test item formulations were shown to be stable under the conditions of this study. The measured concentrations were all in the range of 99 to 107%. These results were within the acceptable ranges (85% - 115%) and were considered suitable for the study purposes.
All formulations proved to be homogeneous, meeting the acceptance criteria (relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the replicates <15%).

Discussion
No systemic toxicity was identified in any of the measured parameters in the animals or the clinical pathology data; sporadic differences between groups were all attributed to normal individual animal variation, with not relationship with the test item. The organ weights and macroscopic findings showed no differences that could be attributed to treatment; histopathology showed no effects in any treatment group.

Conclusion
In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, the no observed effect level for systemic toxicity (NOEL) for Di-Trimethylolpropane Tetraacrylate is considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOEL

Effect level:

ca. 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

body weight and weight gain

clinical biochemistry

clinical signs

food consumption and compound intake

gross pathology

haematology

histopathology: non-neoplastic

mortality

ophthalmological examination

organ weights and organ / body weight ratios

serum/plasma biochemistry

sperm measures

urinalysis

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Remarks on result:

not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects

Key result

Critical effects observed:

no

For detailed study result tables, kindly refer to the attachment section.

Conclusions:

Under the study conditions, the test substance NOEL for repeated dose toxicity was determined to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Executive summary:

A study was conducted to determine the repeated dose oral toxicity of the test substance in Wistar rats, according to the OECD Test Guideline 408, in compliance with GLP. The test substance, formulated in corn oil, was administered daily at dose levels of 0, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for at least 90 days by oral gavage to Wistar rats (10 animals/sex/group). The examinations included clinical signs, mortality, body weights, food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, neurological assessment (including landing foot splay, grip strength and motor activity assessment), vaginal smears, clinical pathology (including haematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, thyroid hormone analysis), gross pathology, sperm analysis, organ weights and histopathology. Full histopathology was performed in Group 1 (Control) and Group 4 (High dose). There was no mortality in the study at any dose level. No treatment-related changes were noted in clinical signs, bodyweight, body weight gain, and food consumption of the treated groups. No treatment-related changes were notedin functional observation battery, ophthalmoscopy, clinical pathology and urinary parameters, oestrus cycle, T3, T4 and TSH values. No macroscopic, organ weight or microscopic findings were reported. No test substances related effected were reported on sperm number, sperm morphology and motility in any of the treated males or in any sexual organs. Under the study conditions, the test substance NOEL for the repeated dose toxicity was determined to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day (Krajcs, 2021).

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subchronic

Experimental exposure time per week (hours/week):

168

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

Guideline compliant study

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - systemic effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - local effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - systemic effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - local effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

Oral

A study was conducted to determine the repeated dose toxicity of the test substance, the test substance using combined repeated dose oral toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test, according to OECD 422 Guideline, in compliance with GLP. Male and female Wistar rats (48 animals each sex) were treated daily with test substance in corn oil (100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day) by oral gavage for 2 weeks pre-mating and then during the mating/post-mating periods. This was 28 d in total for males. Females were treated throughout gestation and up to and including postpartum/lactation Day 13. Parameters measured during the study included signs of morbidity and mortality twice daily, daily general observation or weekly detailed observation of clinical signs, weekly body weight and food consumption, and clinical pathology evaluation, including haematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry and urinalysis. Neurological assessment, such as functional observation battery (FOB) including measurements of the landing foot splay, grip strength and motor activity were performed during the last week of the treatment. At termination, necropsy with macroscopic examination was performed. Weights of selected organs were recorded and representative tissues/organs were sampled and preserved in appropriate fixatives from the adult animals. The thyroxine (T4) levels in the Day 13 pups and adult males were also assessed. For the adult animals, a detailed histological examination was performed on the selected list of retained organs in the control and high dose groups. During the treatment period, no test substance related mortality, clinical adverse effects, or changes in neurological assessment, body weight, food consumption, haematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry or urinalysis parameters was observed. No test substance-related macroscopic findings were recorded in any of the dose groups at necropsy; no microscopic effects were seen at histopathology. There were no test substance-related differences among groups in the weights of organs measured when compared to controls. Compared to the control, there were no statistically significant thyroid hormone concentration levels recorded in any of the adult male dose groups. Under the study conditions, the NOAEL for systemic effects in female and male wistar rats, was considered to be at the highest tested dose i.e.,1000 mg/kg bw/day (Weisz, 2018).

A study was conducted to determine the repeated dose oral toxicity of the test substance in Wistar rats, according to the OECD Test Guideline 408, in compliance with GLP. The test substance, formulated in corn oil, was administered daily at dose levels of 0, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for at least 90 days by oral gavage to Wistar rats (10 animals/sex/group). The examinations included clinical signs, mortality, body weights, food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, neurological assessment (including landing foot splay, grip strength and motor activity assessment), vaginal smears, clinical pathology (including haematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, thyroid hormone analysis), gross pathology, sperm analysis, organ weights and histopathology. Full histopathology was performed in Group 1 (Control) and Group 4 (High dose). There was no mortality in the study at any dose level. No treatment-related changes were noted in clinical signs, bodyweight, body weight gain, and food consumption of the treated groups. No treatment-related changes were noted in functional observation battery, ophthalmoscopy, clinical pathology and urinary parameters, oestrus cycle, T3, T4 and TSH values. No macroscopic, organ weight or microscopic findings were reported. No test substances related effected were reported on sperm number, sperm morphology and motility in any of the treated males or in any sexual organs. Under the study conditions, the test substance NOEL for the repeated dose toxicity was determined to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day (Krajcs, 2021).

Inhalation

Given the low vapour pressure of the substance (VP = 1.33E-4 Pa at 25°C), which is well below the cut-off of 0.01 Pa as per the ECHA Guidance R.7a, the test substance is considered to have low volatility potential. In case inhalable forms of the substance (either pure or in aqueous solutions) are created under particular conditions (e.g., spraying, elevated temperature/pressure), appropriate risk management measures such as closed systems, exhaust ventilation or wearing of respirators are implemented to control exposure.Based on this together withabsence of significant toxicity via oral route following acute or repeated exposure both support a low inhalation hazard potential. Under such conditions, the risk to humans following inhalation exposure can be considered minimal and further testing involving vertebrate animals may be omitted, in accordance with Annex XI (1.2) of the REACH regulation.

Dermal

A repeated dose dermal toxicity study is not required because 90-day oral study is available with the test substance. Further, given the physico-chemical properties of the substance, dermal absorption is not expected to be higher than via the oral route. Hence, testing via dermal route will less likely result in any additional hazard identification and further testing involving vertebrate animals may be omitted, in accordance with Annex XI (1.2) of the REACH regulation.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on results obtained from repeated dose oral toxicity studies conducted with the test substance, it can be concluded that the test substance does not require classification for repeated dose toxicity according to CLP (EC 1272/2008) criteria.