Tris(pentane-2,4-dionato-O,O')vanadium

Short-term toxicity to fish

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Justification for type of information:

please refer to Read-across statement attached in section 13

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC0

Effect conc.:

>= 78 - <= 97 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: Results of parallel aquatic toxicity detections in two state laboratories

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

>= 116 - <= 146 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: Results of parallel aquatic toxicity detections in two state laboratories.

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC100

Effect conc.:

>= 136 - <= 485 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: Results of parallel aquatic toxicity detections in two state laboratories

Details on results:

Results are for Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4 -pentandione; CAS No. 123 -54 -6) a degradation product of Vanadium-(III)-acetylacetonate).

- Behavioural abnormalities:
- Observations on body length and weight:
- Other biological observations:
- Mortality of control:
- Other adverse effects control:
- Abnormal responses:
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values:
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium:

Results with reference substance (positive control):

No reference substance investigated. Nevertheless the study comprise investigation of 200 chemical compounds for their acute toxicity to Golden orfe (Leuciscus idus melanotus). Hence the plausibility of results for the test compound could be compared with the observed toxicity of the other chemicals.
- Results with reference substance valid?
- Mortality:
- LC50:
- Other:

Reported statistics and error estimates:

No statistical procedures applied.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

In a study with Golden orf (Leuciscus idus melanotus) under static conditions toxic effects of Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4 -pentandione, CAS 123-54-6) were investigated. Following results were determined in two different laboratories for the compound: LC0 (96 h) = 78 or 97 mg/L, LC50 (96 h) = 116 or 146 mg/L, LC100 (96 h) = 136 or 485 mg/L.

Executive summary:

In the frame of this study 200 chemical compounds were investigated for their acute toxicity towards freshwater fish species Golden orfe (Leuciscus idus melanotus). One of the chemicals was Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4 -pentandione; CAS No. 123 -54 -6), a degradation product of Vanadium-(III)-acetylacetonate.

The tests were performed under static conditions for 96 hours. The study is in accordance to the German Guideline German Guideline of 1976: Deutsche Einheitsverfahren zur Wasser-, Abwasser- und Schlamm-Untersuchung. L15: Fischtest (Bestimmung der Wirkung von Wasserinhaltsstoffen auf Fische). Published in : Vom Wasser, Vol. 46, pp. 291-295 (1976). The investigations were performed under comparable conditions in two different state laboratories (Landesanstalt für Wasser und Abfall, Nordrhein-Westfalen and Institut für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene des Umweltbundesamtes, Berlin).

Results: Following results were determined in two different laboratories for Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4 -pentandione; CAS 123 -54 -6): LC0 (96 h) = 78 or 97 mg/L, LC50 (96 h) = 116 or 146 mg/L, LC100 (96 h) = 136 or 485 mg/L.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

fish embryo acute toxicity (FET)

Remarks:

Effects on embryonic survival and hatching of eyed eggs were investigated

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Justification for type of information:

please refer to Read-across statement attached in section 13

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Remarks:

value for embryos and alevins

Effect conc.:

451.8 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Remarks:

converted to VAA

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: The actual toxicant concentrations reported are the averages of samples of equilibrated stock solutions and samples taken after 24 h incubation with the eggs.

Remarks:

for details on the calculation please refer to 'Overall remarks'

Details on results:

- Behavioural abnormalities: None
- Observations on body length and weight: Not reported
- Other biological observations: Effects of hatching:
Vanadium induced premature hatching of eggs at all concentrations from 44 to 595 mg V/L. The degree of premature hatching increased both with increasing vanadium concentration and exposure time. Rupture of the chorion generally preceded death except at 595 mg V/L, where 50% of the embryos died without hatching. In all other vanadium treatments total hatch was at least 90% complete during the 7 day experimental period. At 181 mg V/L and above no alevins survived exposure to toxicant for more than 24h after hatching. At 86 mg V/L prematurely hatched alevins survived for 24-48 h but died within 76 h of hatching. Approximately 10% of the eggs hatched prematurely at 44 mg V/L and these embryos all died within the period of toxicant exposure. Both hatching pattern and survival of embryos at 26 mg V/L was similar to controls. No mortality was observed during a 10 day post-exposure period in alevins which had been exposed to vanadium as embryos prior to hatching, but which had hutched after removal from the various vanadium solutions. This observation indicates that any vanadium bioaccumulated in the embryos was insufficient to cause a delayed mortality in the more sensitive alevin developmental stage.
- Mortality of control: No mortality in control group
- Other adverse effects control: None
- Abnormal responses: None
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: None
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: None

Results with reference substance (positive control):

No reference substance investigated.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

The LC50 estimates were calculated using the log-probit BMD 038 computer program (Dixon, W.J., 1970: BMD Biochemical Computer Programs in Automatic Computation Series No. 2, 2nd Edition. 600 pp., University of California Press. Los Angeles.
Alternatively LC50 were estimated by graphical interpolation (Litchfield, J.T. & Wilcoxon, F., 1949: .A simplified method for evaluating dose-effect experiments. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., Vol. 96. pp. 99-113.

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

The curves for the two heavy metals are qualitatively similar, but copper (96-h LC50 = 0.4 mg Cu/L) is approx. 300 -fold more toxic than vanadium (96-h LC50 = 118mg/L). Slight delayed mortality was observed during the post-exposure period in vanadium exposed eggs. Neither toxicant demonstrated a distinct lethal threshold within the 4-day exposure period.

A significant difference (t = 6.21, 8d.f., P > 0.99) was observed in the slope function, S, (Litchfield & Wilcoxon, 1949) obtained from the probit analysis of the copper and vanadium mortality. For copper S ranged from 4.2 to 5.3 (mean = 4.7) while for vanadium S ranged from 2.7 to 3.3 (mean = 2.95). Thus, although the time-lethality relationships of vanadium and copper exposed eggs were qualitatively very similar, the population of eggs used in this study was much more uniform in its response to vanadium than to copper.

Fifty percent mortality was not observed in eggs exposed to 25 -86 mg V/L or 0.032 -0.30 mg Cu/L for 96 -h. The median survival times of eggs exposed to 181, 334 and 595 mg V/L were 48.0, 18.9 and 4.5 h, respectively. The median survival times of eggs exposed to 0.86, 1.76 and 4.78 mg Cu/L were 40.0, 11.8 and 6.1 h, respectively.

Effects of hatching:

Vanadium induced premature hatching of eggs at all concentrations from 44 to 595 mg V/L. The degree of premature hatching increased both with increasing vanadium concentration and exposure time. Rupture of the chorion generally preceded death except at 595 mg V/L, where 50% of the embryos died without hatching. In all other vanadium treatments total hatch was at least 90% complete during the 7 day experimental period. At 181 mg V/L and above no alevins survived exposure to toxicant for more than 24h after hatching. At 86 mg V/L prematurely hatched alevins survived for 24-48 h but died within 76 h of hatching. Approximately 10% of the eggs hatched prematurely at 44 mg V/L and these embryos all died within the period of toxicant exposure. Both hatching pattern and survival of embryos at 26 mg V/L was similar to controls. No mortality was observed during a 10 day post-exposure period in alevins which had been exposed to vanadium as embryos prior to hatching, but which had hutched after removal from the various vanadium solutions. This observation indicates that any vanadium bioaccumulated in the embryos was insufficient to cause a delayed mortality in the more sensitive alevin developmental stage.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

LC50 (96 h) of vanadium for embryos and alevins: 118 mg/L. This corresponds to 451.8 mg vanadium acetylacetonate/L. Vanadium concentrations approx. 15 times higher were required to produce mortality in eyed eggs than in juveniles. Therefore, acute exposure of eyed rainbow trout eggs to vanadium is not a sensitive toxicity test Tor use in establishing water qualitv criteria or maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations

Executive summary:

The effects of vanadium (dosages ranging from 25 -595 mg/L) and of copper (0.03 -4.78 mg/L) on embryonic survival and hatching of eyed eggs of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were investigated. Copper was approx 300-fold more toxic than vanadium (96 -h LC50 = 0.4 and 118 mg/L, respectively, but had little effect on the timing of hatch. Vanadium induced premature hatching of eyed eggs at concentrations from 44 to 595 mg/L. Concentrations of copper required to produce lethality in eyed eggs were similar to concentrations required to produce mortality in juveniles. Vanadium concentrations approx. 15 times higher were required to produce mortality in eyed eggs than in juveniles. Therefore, acute exposure of eyed rainbow trout eggs to vanadium is not a sensitive toxicity test for use in establishing water qualitv criteria or maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations.

This study demonstrates that significant differences exist between copper and vanadium in their toxicities and modes of toxic action to eyed rainbow trout eggs. The 96-h LC50 of copper to unhatched embryos and newly hatched alevins of approx. 0.40 mg/L is comparable to the 96 -h LC50 of copper to juvenile (4 -10g weight) rainbow trout of 0.19 mg/L observed by Giles (unpublished observations) using dechlorinated Winnipeg city tap water (hardness = 90 mg/L as CaCO3). The 96 -h LC50 for vanadium of 118 mg/L to embryos and alevins. This corresponds to 451.8 mg vanadium acetylacetonate/L. However, was more than 10 -fold higher than the value of 11.4 mg V/L observed in juvenile rainbow trout (Giles, unpublished observations) in this water.

Therefore, we conclude that acute exposures of eyed rainbow trout eggs to vanadium does not provide a sensitive toxicity test for use in establishing water quality criteria or maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations. For vanadium, these must be established using chronic partial or complete life-cycle studies, such as those by Holdway & Sprague (1979), or earlier exposure periods during the early life history stages (McKim. 1977).

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Justification for type of information:

please refer to Read-across statement attached in section 13

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Remarks:

converted to VAA

Effect conc.:

83.6 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: for details on the calculation please refer to 'Overall remarks'

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Remarks:

converted to VAA

Effect conc.:

83.6 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: for details on the calculation please refer to 'Overall remarks'

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Remarks:

converted to VAA

Effect conc.:

92.4 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: for details on the calculation please refer to 'Overall remarks'

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Remarks:

converted to VAA

Effect conc.:

132.4 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: for details on the calculation pease refer to 'Overall remarks'

Details on results:

- Behavioural abnormalities: Apart from some laboured breathing during exposure to Vanadium, no toxic symptoms were observed prior to death.
- Observations on body length and weight: No effects observed.
- Other biological observations: No other biological effects observed.
- Mortality of control: No mortality in control.
- Other adverse effects control: No.
- Abnormal responses: No.
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: No such effects observed.
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: No such effects observed.

Results with reference substance (positive control):

No reference substance investigated in this study.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Probit analysis (Finney, D.J, 1971: Probit analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 333.) of mortality observations every 24 h and measured test substance concentration gave the LC50 values for each substance.

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

Vanadium was tested in its anionic form as ammonium metavanadate using only the Dab. Apart from some laboured breathing during exposure to Vanadium,, no toxic symptoms were observed prior to death. The mean LC50 value was 27.8 mg/L. The toxicity of vanadium to aquatic life is very poorly documented (Taylor, 1979) and the majority of data available relates to freshwater species. Tarzewell and Henderson (1960) reported 96 h LC50 values of between 5 and 50 mg/L for a number of vanadium salts tested on Lepomis macrochirus and Pimephales promelas.

The overall sensitivity ranking for the Dab (Limanda limanda) towards the metals, as observed in this study, was as follows: Cu >V = As >Cr >B.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Conclusions:

Acute aquatic toxicity of Vanadium and several other metals was tested for 96 hours under flow-through conditions with marine fish species Dab (Limanda limanda). Vanadium was used in form of ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3). The mean LC50 (96 h) value was 27.8 mg/L (83.6 mg VAA/L). Apart from some laboured breathing during exposure to Vanadium, no toxic symptoms were observed prior to death. The overall sensitivity ranking towards the metals for the Dab (Limanda limanda) in this study was as follows: Cu >V = As >Cr >B.

Executive summary:

Acute aquatic toxicity of Vanadium and several other metals was tested for 96 hours under flow-through conditions. For the study vanadium was tested in its anionic form as ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3), using the Dab (Limanda limanda) as marine fish species. Further metals studied in this experiment were: Arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, tin and zinc, were those that had been previously selected from List II ("grey list") by the U.K. Department of the Environment for priority investigation. The test materials used were selected on the criteria of solubility and relevance to the marine environment and were obtained as "Analar" grade chemicals from a commercial supplier.

The test animals were obtained from wild populations in uncontaminated south Devon environments. Dabs were collected by otter trawling in Tor Bay. The concentration of the test material in the water was measured periodically and the LC50 values calculated on the basis of these measured concentrations. The experimental work was carried out in accordance with the OECD guidelines on Good Laboratory Practice (OECD, 1982).

Seawater was used as test medium. Twenty litre spherical glass vessels were used to expose the populations of test fish which consisted of 10 Dabs. A clean water control was included in each experimental run. The fish were observed at regular intervals throughout the exposure and any symptoms of toxicity were noted. At 24 h intervals mortalities were recorded and dead fish removed. Regular monitoring of the test solutions included measurement of pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature and salinity.

In all cases the LC50 values were computed on the basis of measured 'soluble' concentrations of the test materials expressed in terms of the metal ion.

Results: The mean LC50 value (96 h) for the marine fish species Dab (Limanda limanda) was 27.8 mg/L (83.6 mg VAA/L). Apart from some laboured breathing during exposure to Vanadium, no toxic symptoms were observed prior to death. The overall sensitivity ranking towards metals for the Dab (Limanda limanda) determined in this study was as follows: Cu >V = As >Cr >B.

Reference 4

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Justification for type of information:

please refer to Read-across statement attached in section 13

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

>= 71.7 - <= 92.4 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: LC50 values are for Rainbow trout with a mean weight of 0.58 g (LC50 = 71.7 g) or 1.31 g (LC50 = 92.4 g), respectively .a

Remarks:

Result for Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4 -pentandione; CAS No. 123 -54 -6)

Details on results:

- Behavioural abnormalities: Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4 -pentandione; CAS No. 123 -54 -6) caused substantial behavioral disorders in fish.
- Observations on body length and weight: No.
- Other biological observations: No.
- Mortality of control: No mortality in control vessel.
- Other adverse effects control: None.
- Abnormal responses: No.
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: No.
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: No

Results with reference substance (positive control):

No reference substance investigated in this study. No reference substance was investigated. Nevertheless effects of 10 chemical compounds were analysed in this multiple-species study at the same time.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Median lethal concentration (LC50) values and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the Trimmed Spearman-Karber method (Hamilton et al., 1977). Comparisons of toxicities among chemicals were made after converting the LC50 values from mg/L to mol/L. Regression analyses were conducted using the BMDP program (Dixon and Brown, 1979) operating on a DEC PSP-11/70 (Digital Equipment Corporation) computer.

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

2,4-Pentanedione had a minimum LC50 of 48 mg/L for Daphnia magna and a maximum LC50 of 510 mg/L for crayfish. This chemical, which caused substantial behavioral disorders in fishes, had a mean LC50 of 115 mg/L for fishes (5 species),. with a range of 64 -178 mg/L. There are two general conclusions that can be drawn from our study. First, there is no consistent relative susceptibility, or orders of sensitivity, among these test species. Daphnia were often most sensitive. but for some chemicals were relatively insensitive-Crayfish were most often the least sensitive, yet were among the most sensitive organism to several chemicals. Second, if one were to define a mean toxicity by averaging the individual LC50 values, positive deviations from the mean toxicity tended to be much greater than negative deviations. This suggests that even though the variation in toxicity between any two species for any one chemical may be greater than a factor of five, the observed variation is likely attributable (o the chosen species being relatively insensitive to the action of the chemical rather than one of the species being much more sensitive than the mean sensitivity for all other species.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

Acute toxicity of 10 chemical compounds to Rainbow trout was investigated under flow-through conditions. Results for Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4 -pentandione; CAS No. 123 -54 -6) a degradation product of Vanadium-(III)-acetylacetonate): LC50 (96 h) for Rainbow trout = 92.4 mg/L (85.0 to 100.0 mg/L, mean weight of animals 1.31 g) or 71.7 mg/L (64.1 to 80.1 mg/L, mean weight of test animals: 0.58 g). The compound caused substantial behavioral disorders in fishes.

Executive summary:

This study was undertaken in co-operation with US-EPA to determine the relative acute toxicity of a variety of organic chemicals to a variety of freshwater animals under standardized test conditions, and for the purpose of determining to what extent a single species might be used as a surrogate for others. Among the chemicals investigated in this study was Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4 -pentandione; CAS No. 123 -54 -6) a degradation product of Vanadium-(III)-acetylacetonate).

The species tested included six fishes, two crustaceans, achironomid and an amphibian. Insofar as possible, similar laboratory testing procedures were used, including the same dilution water and identical analytical chemistry procedures for all tests on any one chemical.

Flow-through conditions were implemented, exposure period was 96 h. Dilution water for all tests, and water in which all animals were cultured prior to each test, was obtained from a ground water spring source. The analytical part of this study was performed according to following guidelines: US-EPA (1974): Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. EPA-625/6-74-003 and APHA (1980): Standard Methods far die Examination of Water and Wastewater, 15th Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. Following parameters analysed or observed: Each toxicant was analyzed at the beginning and at the end of each test, and, in the case of the 96-h tests, additional analyses were conducted on day 2 or day 3, or both. Determination of LC50 (96 h), evaluation of other biological effects on fish..

Results for Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4 -pentandione; CAS No. 123 -54 -6) a degradation product of Vanadium-(III)-acetylacetonate): LC50 (96 h) for Rainbow trout = 92.4 mg/L (85.0 to 100.0 mg/L; mean weight of animals 1.31 g) or 71.7 mg/L (64.1 to 80.1 mg/L; mean weight of test animals: 0.58 g). The compound caused substantial behavioral disorders in fish.

Reference 5

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Justification for type of information:

please refer to Read-across statement attached in section 13

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

71.6 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: LC50 for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Remarks:

Result are for Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4-pentandione; CAS No. 123-54-6)

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

72.9 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: LC50 for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Remarks:

Results are for Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4 -pentandione; CAS No. 123 -54 -6)

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

81.6 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: LC50 for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Remarks:

Results are for Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4 -pentandione; CAS No. 123 -54 -6)

Duration:

24 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

101 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: LC50 for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Remarks:

Results are for Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4 -pentandione; CAS No. 123 -54 -6)

Details on results:

- Behavioural abnormalities:
- Observations on body length and weight:
- Other biological observations:
- Mortality of control:
- Other adverse effects control:
- Abnormal responses:
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values:
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium:

Results with reference substance (positive control):

No reference substance was investigated. Nevertheless effects of 12 chemical compounds were analysed in this multiple-species study at the same time.

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

The LC50 values from these multiple species tests compared favourably with those determined using single species tests at this laboratory, usually wilhin 20%.

Of the five fish species tested, goldfish were least sensitive with five chemicals, while fatheads and bluegills were least sensitive three and two times respectively. Rainbow trout were most sensitive six times and were never the least sensitive species. Crayfish and snails were generally among the least sensitive species tested. However, crayfish were the most sensitive species with dursban and second only to rainbow trout in sensitivity to sevin. Snails were the second most sensitive to cadmium chloride behind rainbow trout.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

Acute toxicity of Rainbow trout was tested under flow-through conditions. Concentrations of test compounds in water were analysed four times during all 96h exposure periods. Results for Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4 -pentandione; CAS No. 123 -54 -6): Rainbow trout: LC50 (96h) = 71.6 mg/L, LC50 (72h) = 72.9 mg/L., LC50 (48h) = 81.6 mg/L, LC50 (24h) = 101 mg/L. The concentrations were analytically verified.

Executive summary:

In a study performed by US-EPA, a method was developed by a laboratory of US-EPA to simultaneously ascertain LC50 values for seven freshwater species in a single flow through test with measured concentrations. After an exposure period of 96 hours LC50 values were determined. The test method allows interspecific comparisons, easy determination of the most sensitive species, and cuts cost of labour, materials and chemical analysis for measured concentration tests.

Species tested included rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), fathead minnows (Pimephalcs promelas), goldfish (Carassius auralus), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus, crayfish (Orconectes immunis) and a snail species (Aplexa hypnorum). The Water Quality Criteria Guidelines (US-EPA, 1980) requires data on at least eight freshwater families before criteria for the protection of freshwater life can be promulgated. This method produces data that satisfies five of those eight requirements by testing five vertebrates and two invertebrates simultaneously. Compounds tested were pentachloro-phenol, 2 -chloroethanol, 2.4 -pentanedione, hexachloroelhane, bromo-2,5'-dimethoxyacetophenone, benzaldehyde, 1,3-dichloro-4,6-dinilro-benzene, dursban, sevin and cadmium chloride. Five test substance concentration levels were investigated. Nominal concentration were verified by analytical determinations. Concentrations of test compounds in water were analysed four times during all 96h exposure periods.

Results: Conducting acute toxicity tests on several species in different chambers of the same exposure tank presents several distinct advantages. It allows an easy determination of the most sensitive species and cuts cost of labour, materials and chemical analyses for measured concentration tests. Comparability of the present data with single species toxicant tests conducted at this laboratory is good. Results for Acetylacetone (IUPAC name: 2,4 -pentandione; CAS No. 123 -54 -6): Rainbow trout: LC50 (96h) = 71.6 mg/L, LC50 (72h) = 72.9 mg/L, LC50 (48h) = 81.6 mg/L, LC50 (24h) = 101 mg/L. The concentrations were analytically verified.  

Reference 6

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Justification for type of information:

please refer to Read-across statement attached in section 13

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Remarks:

converted to VAA

Effect conc.:

19.8 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: for details on the calculations, please refer to 'Overall Remarks'.

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

other: NOLC (No Observed Lethal Concentration)

Remarks:

converted to VAA

Effect conc.:

4.1 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: for details on the calculations, please refer to 'Overall Remarks'.

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Remarks:

converted to VAA

Effect conc.:

54.7 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: for details on the calculations, please refer to 'Overall Remarks'.

Duration:

48 h

Dose descriptor:

other: NOLC (No Observed Lethal Concentration)

Remarks:

converted to VAA

Effect conc.:

6.8 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: for details on the calculations, please refer to 'Overall Remarks'.

Duration:

168 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Remarks:

converted to VAA

Effect conc.:

15.7 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: for details on the calculations, please refer to 'Overall Remarks'.

Duration:

168 h

Dose descriptor:

other: NOLC (No Observed Lethal Concentration)

Remarks:

converted to VAA

Effect conc.:

2.1 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: for details on the calculations, please refer to 'Overall Remarks'.

Details on results:

- Behavioural abnormalities: No.
- Observations on body length and weight: No.
- Other biological observations: None
- Mortality of control: No.
- Other adverse effects control: Not observed.
- Abnormal responses: Not observed.
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: No.
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: Not relevant.

Results with reference substance (positive control):

No reference substance investigated in this study.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

The 48-h, 96-h, 168-h and 23-days LC50 and EC50 values are obtained using the graphical method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949).
Litchfield, J.T. and Wilcoxon, F. (1949): A simplified method of evaluating dose-effect experiments. J Pharm Exp Ther 96, pp. 99-113.

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

Additional results for Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in mg V/L:

LC50: 14.2 (48 h), 6.1 (96 h) and 3.3 (168 h).

NOLC: 6.3 (48 h), 2.6 (96 h) and 0.8 (168 h).

During acute tests with fishes, zebrafish seems to be more sensitive to vanadium than guppy. The 96-hr median lethal concentrations for zebrafish are comparable to those obtained for Daphnia magna. However, mortality continued during figh tests when the exposure time was prolonged to 7 days. This points to a slow rate of vanadium uptake by fish and a delay in the expression of toxicity. Prolongation of the exposure time to 7 days resulted in substantially lower LC50 values of 2 to 3 mg Vanadium/L., similar to the results of Stendahl and Sprague (1982) for rainbow trout. Regarding the slope of the toxicity curve (Figure 1 in report) longer exposure times would not significantly decrease the NOLC values. The 168 -h NOLC values of 0.2 and 0.5 mg V/L for zebrafish and guppy respectively, represent fairly good estimates of the toxicity threshold of vanadium to fish. Canton and Slooff (1973) proposed the lowest NOLC x LC25/LC50 value as a criterion for water quality. For vanadium this value would be 0.16 mg/L based upon the 7-days test with zebrafish using mortality as criterion. According to Holdway and Sprague (1979) the sublethal threshold for vanadium toxicity to flagfish is 0.08 mg/L, a value very similar to ours.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

Acute toxicity of sodium metavanadate to Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) was determined under semi-static conditions. The study followed requirements of Guideline 84/449/EEC by Comission of the European Communities (Methods for determination of ecotoxicity). LC50 (96h) = 2.9 mg V/L (19.8 mg VAA/L), NOLC (No Observed Lethal Concentration, 96h) = 0.6 mg V/L (4.1 mg VAA/L).
Additional results under same test conditions obtained for Guppy (Poecilia reticulata): LC50 (96h) = 6.1 mg V/L, NOLC (96h) =.2.6 mg V/L.

Executive summary:

Acute toxicity of sodium metavanadate to Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) was determined under semi-static conditions. The study followed requirements of Guideline 84/449/EEC by Comission of the European Communities (Methods for determination of ecotoxicity). Toxicity parameter were determined after exposure periods of 48, 96 and 168 hours. For acute tests 5 fishes are randomly assigned to each of duplicate 1-L beakers filled with 1 L of test solution and subjected to the test conditions for 96 or 168 h. The fishes are transferred to new test medium after 48 and 96 h. Beside LC50 also NOLC (No Observed Lethal concentrations) values were calculated. In general, the measured vanadium concentrations correspond within 10% of the initial amount of the metal added to each test container. Therefore, all LC50 and NOEC values are reported in terms of the nominal vanadium concentrations. A control and at least five vanadium concentrations are selected on the basis of a logarithmic expansion. No details about tested concentration range reported.

Results (concentrations in mg V/L were converted to the target substance vanadium acetyl acetonate - VAA): LC50 (96h) = 2.9 mg V/L (19.8 mg VAA/L), NOLC (No Observed Lethal Concentration, 96h) = 0.6 mg V/L (4.1 mg VAA/L). After an exposure period of 48 h, LC50 amounts to 8.0 mg V/L (54.7 mg VAA/L) and NOLC was 1.0 mg V/L. A prolongation of the test period to 168 h (1 week) revealed following effect concentrations: LC50 = 2.3 mg V/L (15.7 mg VAA/L); NOLC = 0.3 mg V/L (2.1 mg VAA/L).

Additional results under same test conditions obtained for Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) in mg V/L:

LC50: 14.2 (48 h), 6.1 (96 h) and 3.3 (168 h).

NOLC: 6.3 (48 h), 2.6 (96 h) and 0.8 (168 h).

Description of key information

The parent compound Vanadium-tris-acetylacetonate is rapidly hydrolysed to 2,4 -pentanedione (CAS no. 123 -54 -6) and Vanadyl acetylacetonate (CAS no. 3153 -26 -2) in the presence of water (> 80% hydrolysis after 1h at pH 1.2, 4, 7 and 9). Hence, the half life is e.g. max. 1/48 of the test duration when put into aqueous test systems (e.g. daphnia (48 h test duration) or algae (72 h test duration) acute toxicity tests). Accordingly, the substance as such does not need to be tested in those systems and reliable data gained with the hydrolysis products 2,4-Pentadione (Cas no. 123-54-6) and Vanadyl acetylacetonate (3153-26-2) or comparable inorganic Vanadium compounds are used to adress the endpoint, which is entirely appropriate to draw conclusions on the toxicity of Vanadium-tris-acetylacetonate to fish.

freshwater species

Brachydanio rerio (Zebrafish), NaVO₃, semi static, freshwater, LC50 (96 h) = 2.9 mg V/L - VAA LC50 (96 h) = 19.8 mg VAA/L

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) - eyed eggs, V₂O₅, semi static, freshwater, LC50 (96 h) = 118 mg/L - VAA LC50 (96 h) = 451.8 mg VAA/L

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), 2,4 -pentanedione, flow-through, freshwater, LC50 (96 h) = 71.6 mg/L

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), 2,4 -pentanedione, flow-through, freshwater, LC50 (96 h) = 71.7- 92.4 mg/L

Leuciscus idus melanotus (Golden orfe), 2,4 -pentanedione, static, freshwater, LC50 (96 h) = 116 - 146 mg/L

marine species

Limanda limanda(Dab), NH₄VO₃, flow-through, saltwater, LC50 (96 h) = 27.8 mg/L - VAA LC50 (96 h) = 83.6 mg VAA/L

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water fish

Fresh water fish

Effect concentration:

19.8 mg/L

Marine water fish

Marine water fish

Effect concentration:

83.6 mg/L