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EC number: 306-238-4 | CAS number: 96690-44-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Based on the results of the 90-day and 28 -day studies with the read across substance, Coco TMAC and C16 -TMAC in rats respectively, the NOAEL of 40.3 mg a.i./kg bw/day has been considered further for the hazard assessment of the test substance, Quaternary ammonium compounds, C12-14 alkyltrimethyl, Me sulfates. Overall, considering that the available studies revealed NOAELs based on reduction in body weight and body weight gain (consistent with decreased food consumption), it can be concluded that all effects could be attributed to local gastrointestinal irritaton/corrosion and consequent reduced food intake without observing any primary systemic effect. Therefore, the derivation of a DNEL for systemic effects was deemed inappropriate.
With regard to the dermal route, due to deficiencies in the available 28 -day dermal toxicity study with read across substance, C16 TMAC (reduced number of test animals per group and limited histopathology), the 90-day oral study with read across substance can be considered for the systemic hazard assessment of the test substance, Quaternary ammonium compounds, C12-14 alkyltrimethyl, Me sulfates.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Repeated dose toxicity: via oral route - systemic effects
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From 29 October, 2001 to 18 June, 2002
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- KL2 due to RA study
- Justification for type of information:
- Refer to section 13 for details on the read-across justification. The study with the read across substance is considered sufficient to fulfil the information requirements as further explained in the provided endpoint summary.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 408 (Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.26 (Sub-Chronic Oral Toxicity Test: Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPPTS 870.3100 (90-Day Oral Toxicity in Rodents)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: Sprague-Dawley, Crl:CD® (SD) IGS BR
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- - Source: Charles River (UK) limited, Margate, Kent
- Age at study initiation: 6 wk
- Weight at study initiation: Males: 141-183 g, females: 132-161 g
- Acclimation period: 14 d
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 21±2 °C
- Humidity: 55±15%
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 h/12 h - Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- other: mixed with diet
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Mean dietary admixture concentrations were within acceptable limits for the purpose of the study (Gas chromatography).
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 90 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily in feed
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 100, 500 and 2,000 ppm (i.e., equivalent to 22, 113 and 273 mg/kg bw/day after correction for 35.5% purity); the highest dose of 2,000 ppm was reduced to 1,000 ppm from Day 29 onwards due to deterioration in health of treated animals at 2,000 ppm.
Basis:
nominal in diet - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10 males and 10 females per dose
- Control animals:
- yes, plain diet
- Details on study design:
- - Post-exposure recovery period in satellite groups: None
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: once daily
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: once daily
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Day 0 (the day before start of treatment) and weekly thereafter
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): Weekly throughout the study
FOOD EFFICIENCY: Yes
WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: daily for each cage group
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Before start of treatment and before termination of treatment (during week 12)
- Dose groups that were examined: All
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: End of treatment (Day 90)
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: End of treatment (Day 90)
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Day 0 (the day before start of treatment) and weekly thereafter
- Dose groups that were examined: All
- Battery of functions tested: Sensory activity - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes, all animals
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes, Macroscopic lesions, Adrenals, Aorta, Bone and bone marrow (femur including stifle joint), Bone and bone marrow (sternum), Brain (including cerebrum, cerebellum and pons), Cecum, Colon, Duodenum, Epididymides, Eyes, Gross lesions, Heart, ileum, Jejunum, Kidneys, Liver, Lungs (with bronchi), Lymph nodes (cervical and mesenteric), Mammary gland, Muscle (skeletal), Oesophagus, Ovaries, Pancreas, Pituitary gland, Prostate, Rectum, Salivary glands (submaxillary), Sciatic nerve, Seminal vesicles, Skin (hind limb), Spinal cord (cervical), Spleen, Stomach, Testes, Thymus, Thyroid/parathyroid, Tongue, Trachea, Urinary bladder, Uterus. - Statistics:
- Data were processed to give group mean values and standard deviation where appropriate. Haematological, blood chemical, organ weight, weekly body weight gain and quantitative functional performance and sensory reactivity data were assessed for control and test substance treatment groups for dose response relationship by linear regression analysis, followed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) incorporating Levene's test for homogeneity of variance. Where variances were shown to be homogenous, pairwise comparisons were conducted using Dunnett's test. Where Levene's test showed unequal variances, the data were analysed using non-parametric methods: Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Mann-Whitney 'U' test.
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food efficiency:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- no effects observed
- Ophthalmological findings:
- no effects observed
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- no effects observed
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Details on results:
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY: No mortality occurred during the study period.
Clinical signs - High dose animals developed clinical signs of toxicity from Day 7 onwards. These included hunched posture, pilo-erection, tiptoe gait, diarrhoea and red/brown staining of external body surface. Due to these effects, the dose level was reduced to 1000 ppm from Day 29 onwards. Clinical signs persisted following the reduction in dose level and included two incidents of pallor of extremities together with generalised fur loss. No clinically observable signs of toxicity were detected at the mid and the high doses.
Behavioural assessment: Detailed open-field observations conducted during the study confirmed the clinical signs of hunched posture, pilo-erection and tiptoe gait detected in high dose animals. No such effects were detected at the mid or low dose levels.
Functional performance test: No treatment-related changes were detected.
Sensory Reactivity Assessments: High dose females showed an increase in startle reflex parameters compared with controls. No such effects were detected for high dose males or for animals of either sex treated with the lower doses.
BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN: Reduced body weight gain was detected for high dose animals of either sex during the first five weeks of the study compared with controls. Mid dose males were similarly affected but this was confined to week 1 and 2 only. Body weight gain recovered following reduction in the dose level and was comparable with controls thereafter but terminal bodyweights for high dose animals and mid dose males remained lower than controls. No adverse effect on bodyweight gain was detected for 500 ppm females or for animals of either sex treated with the low dose.
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): Reduced food intake was observed in the high and mid dose animals throughout the study period compared with controls.
FOOD EFFICIENCY: Food efficiency was reduced over the first three weeks of the study but this was confined to the high dose group only. No adverse effect on dietary intake or food efficiency was detected at the low dose.
WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No appreciable intergroup differences were detected. High dose animals showed a reduced water intake on Day 6 of the study which recovered thereafter.
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No treatment-related effects.
HAEMATOLOGY: No treatment-related effects.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: No treatment-related effects.
ORGAN WEIGHTS: No toxicologically important organ weight changes were detected. The reductions in absolute weight (including heart, kidneys, liver and thymus weight at the high dose and heart weight at the mid dose) and increases in relative weight (including high dose brain epididymides, kidneys, spleen, testes and ovaries weight), were all considered to be a result of reduced bodyweight development rather than test substance toxicity.
GROSS PATHOLOGY: No treatment-related macroscopic abnormalities.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC: Treatment-related changes were observed in the spleen and kidneys. Lower severities of pigment accumulation were observed in the spleen of high dose male rats but not for the females (p <0.05). A higher incidence of pigment accumulation was observed in the kidneys of the high and mid dose male rats. In both tissues the pigment reacted positively to Perl's staining technique and was considered to be haemosiderin.
Haemosiderin is normally observed in kidneys of aged rats, where it accumulates in tubular epithelium. There are no indications of bleeding (black faeces, increase spleen weight, accelerated erythropoiesis). - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- ca. 40 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- act. ingr.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Clinical signs of toxicity, reduced body weight gain, reduced food efficiency and occurence of haemosiderine in kidneys of high dose animals.
- Remarks on result:
- other: reduction of body weight and food consumption can be considered secondary compared to the corrosive properties of the test substance; Haemosiderin is normally observed in kidneys of aged rats, where it accumulates in tubular epithelium.
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Based on the results of the read across study, a similar NOAEL of 40.3 mg/kg bw/day can be considered for the test substance, Quaternary ammonium compounds, C12-14 alkyltrimethyl, Me sulfates.
- Executive summary:
A 90-day oral repeat dose study was conducted to determine the oral repeated dose toxicity of the read across substance, Coco TMAC (active ingredient: 35.5%), according to OECD Guideline 408 and EU Method B.26, in compliance with GLP. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered the test substance at dose levels of 0, 100, 500 or 2000 ppm (corresponding to 0, 22, 113 and 273 mg/kg bw/day in males and 0, 25, 121, 297 mg/kg bw/day in females) through the diet for 90 d. The active ingredient equivalence of the doses were calculated to be 0, 7.9, 40.3 and 96.9 mg a.i./kg bw/day in males and 8.8, 42.9, 105.3 mg a.i./kg bw/day in females. The highest dose of 2000 ppm was reduced to 1000 ppm from Day 29 onwards due to deterioration of health of the test animals. At the highest dose, the treatment-related findings were clinical signs of toxicity, reduced body weight gain and food efficiency, organ weight changes and microscopic changes in the spleen and kidneys. At the mid dose, reduced body weight gain (males) and reduced food consumption, reduced absolute heart weight and higher incidence of haemosiderin accumulation in the kidneys of males was observed. No treatment-related effects were observed at the lowest dose.Based on the results of the study, dietary administration of the test substance to rats for a period of 90 d at levels up to 273 mg/kg bw/day resulted in toxicologically significant effects at the high dose and marginal effects at the next lower dose of 113 mg/kg bw/day (500 ppm). No such effects were demonstrated at the lowest dose of 22 mg/kg bw/day (100 ppm).The changes observed at the mid dose (500 ppm) were considered to be minor, isolated effects associated with the reduced palatability of the test substance and were considered not to represent an adverse health effect.Therefore, based on effects on body weight, food efficiency and clinical signs the study authors established the NOAEL at the mid dose level of 500 ppm (equivalent to 40.3 mg ai./kg bw/day) (Jones, 2002).
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1991
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- Refer to section 13 for details on the read-across justification. The study with the read across substance is considered sufficient to fulfil the information requirements as further explained in the provided endpoint summary.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 407 (Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents)
- Version / remarks:
- see 'Principles of method if other than guideline'
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats received test substance by oral gavage at the dose levels of 0, 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg bw/day for 28d. In addition, 5 male and 5 female animals were included in control and high dose group (recovery group). Animals were observed for clinical signs of toxicity, body weight changes, food and water consumption, haematological and biochemical parameters. Animals were necropsied and analysed for any visible abnormalities. Several tissues/organs were subjected to histopathological investigations in control and high dose group. Ophthalmological examination was also performed.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 28 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once daily
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg bw/day
Basis: other: The test substance used was a 24-26% aqueous solution but it is not clear if the doses mentioned are corrected for undiluted test substance. - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10 per sex per dose in main groups; 5 per sex in recovery groups (vehicle and highest dose group)
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Rationale for selecting satellite groups: To check the reversibility of the effects, if any
- Post-exposure recovery period in satellite groups: at least 27d - Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- Animals were observed for clinical signs of toxicity. Body weight, food and water consumption were recorded. Haematological and biochemical parameters were analysed. All animals were necropsied and checked for macroscopically visible abnormalities. Several tissues/organs were preserved and processed for histopathological investigations in control and high dose group. Additionally, eyes were examined with slit lamp microscope for any treatment-related abnormality.
- Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes - Other examinations:
- Animals in the recovery groups were observed for at least 27d after termination of the treatment.
- Statistics:
- Yes, no detail available in the summary.
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Symptoms of local irritation were observed in the high dose group during the last week of treatment.
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence):
- No deaths occurred throughout the study.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Total body weight gain was comparable to control in test groups.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The mean food consumption in all treated groups was comparable to the control.
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Water consumption was significantly increased in all animals of the high dose group.
- Ophthalmological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The examination of the eyes by slit lamp microscope showed no treatment-related effects.
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The haematological examinations revealed no substance related variation from the control values.
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The highly significant increase in ALT-activity in the high dose group. The observed increase of the ALT-activity is considered to be an isolated finding as no other parameter is correlated with this deviation. Therefore, this finding is interpreted as incidental.
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The absolute and relative organ weights such as spleen and adrenals showed some substance related changes in the males of high dose group.
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The macroscopical examination of the organs displayed substance related effects such as oedema of the mucosa of the forestomach, thickening of the mucosa and indication of ulceration in the animals of high dose group. Some additional observations like hydronephrosis, hydrometra and discolouration of the thymus showed no dose dependence and were therefore considered to be spontaneous. The observed irritative effects at the mucosa of the forestomach have been disappeared in the male and female animals of the recovery group 27d after termination of the treatment.
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The forestomach of the male and female animals of the high dose group showed effects indicating local irritation like inflammatory oedema of the submucosa, sporadic ulceration and acanthosis of the mucosa up to papillomatous hyperplasia. These observations were considered to be due to the irritating properties of test substance and were considered not to be symptoms of a systemic toxicity. The animals of the recovery group of high dose showed a complete and regular regeneration of the forestomach mucosa.
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- the test substance used was a 24-26% aqueous solution but it is not clear if the doses mentioned were corrected for undiluted test substance.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: overall effects: no dose-dependent toxicologically significant effects up to the highest dose tested.
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Conclusions:
- Based on the results of the read across study, the rat 28d NOAEL for systemic effects was determined to be 300 mg/kg bw/day.
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted to determine the oral repeated dose toxicity of the read across substance, C16 TMAC, according to a method similar to OECD Guideline 407, in compliance with GLP. Groups of 10 male and female rats were administered 0, 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg bw/day of the test substance by oral gavage for 28 d. The test substance used was a 24-26% aqueous solution but it is not clear if the doses mentioned were corrected. There were no treatment-related changes at the 30 and 100 mg/kg bw/day. In the high dose there was an increase in water consumption, changes in the absolute and relative weights of the adrenals and spleens (in males) without corresponding changes in haematology, clinical chemistry and lesions in histopathology. The forestomach of the high-dose group showed few microscopic changes, however animals in the high-dose recovery group showed a complete and regular regeneration of the forestomach mucosa. Hence, the forestomach effects were considered to be due to the irritating properties of the test substance rather than symptoms of systemic toxicity. Based on the results of the read across study, the 28 d NOAEL was determined to be 300 mg/kg bw/day (Potokar, 1991).
Referenceopen allclose all
The high dose showed clear effects related to palatability (esp. low food intake first week, clear increase after lowering dose level, lower BW gain), and clinical signs of discomfort starting after about 2 weeks leading to hunched posture of all animals, and red/brown staining of fur and piloerection in most day. This improved a little with lowering of dose. No specific toxicity was observed in haematology and clinical chemistry, terminal necropsy (besides stained fur in half of the animals and irritation stomach in one female), and organ weight (high dose are affected in a pattern consistent with lower BW, not considered indicative for organ toxicity). Histopathology only reported possible treatment related effects of haemosiderin accumulation in spleen and kidney. Generally, increased deposition of haemosiderin is followed from haemolytic effects.
Typically in cases of haemolytic anaemia higher grades of severity for both splenic extramedullary haemopoiesis and for splenic haemosiderin accumulation would be expected and this is often associated with accumulations of haemosiderin in the renal tubules. However, haemosiderin does not usually appear in excess in the renal tubules until a threshold increase in the spleen has been exceeded.
In this case, there was no evidence of increased haemolysis from the blood haematology parameters, and also no indication for an increased extramedullary haemopoiesis. Additionally, there was no Kupffer cell hemosiderin pigmentation of the liver. Haemosiderin is normally observed in kidneys of aged rats, where it accumulates in tubular epithelium. However, there are no indications of bleeding (black faeces, increase spleen weight, accelerated erythropoiesis). Other study parameters essentially did not show treatment-related effects. Also, as far as it is known, for haemosiderin deposition no significant difference is generally seen between males and females.
So in this case, there was no indication of extramedullary haemopoiesis, no effects in blood haematology, and if anything, the haemosiderin deposition seemed to decrease with dose in both males and females. In view that all reported levels are only minimal or incidental slight, levels in the males remain below levels in female, and normally there is no difference between male and females, it can be concluded that the reported statistical difference between control and dosed groups in the males are of no toxicological relevance. Therefore, in line with the study authors the NOAEL can be established at 500 ppm (i.e., equivalent to 40 mg a.i./kg bw/day).
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 40.3 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subchronic
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- The information requirements for this tonnage band is sufficiently met with the available data.
Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - systemic effects
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
- Data waiving:
- study scientifically not necessary / other information available
- Justification for data waiving:
- other:
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- data waiving: supporting information
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- data waiving: supporting information
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - local effects
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
- Data waiving:
- study scientifically not necessary / other information available
- Justification for data waiving:
- other:
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- data waiving: supporting information
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- data waiving: supporting information
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - systemic effects
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: dermal
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1979
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- Refer to section 13 for details on the read-across justification. The study with the read across substance is considered sufficient to fulfil the information requirements as further explained in the provided endpoint summary.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 410 (Repeated Dose Dermal Toxicity: 21/28-Day Study)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- New Zealand White
- Sex:
- male/female
- Type of coverage:
- open
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on exposure:
- TEST SITE
- Area of exposure:
- % coverage: 25% of the body surface area.
- Time intervals for shavings or clipplings: all rabbits was abraded with a clipper head prior to the start of each application
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): Following the exposure period, the treated skin surface was cleaned with water
TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 0 or 10 mg/kg bw/day
- Concentration (if solution): 0 or 0.5% aqueous solutions, respectively. The dosage volume was 2.0 mL/kg bw
USE OF RESTRAINERS FOR PREVENTING INGESTION: yes, The animals were restrained with collars during the exposure period - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 6.5 to 7 hours
- Frequency of treatment:
- 5 days/week for 4 wks
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations: 0 or 10 mg/kg/day
Basis: no data - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5 New Zealand albino rabbits/sex/group
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: All rabbits were examined daily for clinical signs and mortality. Dermal irritation readings were recorded daily. The animals were weighed weekly during the exposure period. Blood was collected for haematology measurements before initiation of dosing and prior to termination. Liver and kidneys were weighed at necropsy. A complete list of tissues
was collected for histopathological evaluation
- Frequency of observations and weighing: weekly
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes - Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes / No / No data
- Time schedule: twice daily
DERMAL IRRITATION (if dermal study): Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Daily
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Weekly
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: Blood was collected for haematology measurements before initiation of dosing and prior to termination
OTHER:
Mortality : twice daily - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes Liver and kidneys were weighed at necropsy. A complete list of tissues was collected for histopathological evaluation - Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Dermal irritation:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Treated areas of the skin that showed mild to marked acanthosis with active mitosis, hyperkeratosis, and partial to extensive necrosis of the epidermis and hair follicles, partly with encrustation and exudate
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Neuropathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Details on results:
- - Two control group animals died during the study.
- Slight to moderate erythema was observed in all treated rabbits between days 4 and 8, but disappeared in 4 rabbits by day 17. Very slight to slight oedema was observed between days 6 and 12 in 4 rabbits and subsided by day 17. Two rabbits had intermittent slight oedema during week 4, and one rabbit developed oedema on day 20. No evidence of desquamation or leather-like skin was present in these animals. In the other rabbits, slight atonia occurred up to week 4 in 3 animals. Slight skin fissuring was observed in most of the rabbits but typically disappeared by the end of the study. There were no treatment-related effects on body weight, haematology, organ weight, gross necropsy findings or histopathology, except for treated areas of the skin that showed mild to marked acanthosis with active mitosis, hyperkeratosis, and partial to extensive necrosis of the epidermis and hair follicles, partly with encrustation and exudate. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 10 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- dermal irritation
- other: see 'Remark'
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Based on the results of the read across study, the NOAEL for test substance, Quaternary ammonium compounds, C12-14 alkyltrimethyl, Me sulfates, can be considered to be 10 mg/kg bw/day.
- Executive summary:
A 28-day repeat dose study was conducted to determine the repeated dose dermal toxicity of the read across substance, C16 TMAC, in New Zealand albino rabbits (both sexes)according to a method similar to OECD Guideline 410. The purity was not specified and the study included a lower than recommended number of animals (10/group rather than 20/group as per the guideline) and histopathology was performed only on limited organs. The test substance (at 0 and 10 mg/kg bw/day) was applied to the shaved, intact skin of groups of five New Zealand albino rabbits/sex/group up to7 h, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Dermal irritation effects were recorded daily. The animals were weighed weekly during the exposure period. Blood was collected for haematology measurements before initiation of dosing and prior to termination. Liver and kidneys weights were recorded at necropsy and limited histopathology was conducted. There were no systemic treatment-related effects on body weights, haematology, organ weights, gross necropsy findings or histopathology. Treated areas of the skin showed mild to marked acanthosis with active mitosis, hyperkeratosis, and partial to extensive necrosis of the epidermis and hair follicles, partly with encrustation and exudate.Under the study conditions, the 28 d NOAEL for male and female rabbits was found to be 10 mg/kg bw/day (Spicer, 1979).
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 10 mg/kg bw/day
- Study duration:
- subacute
- Species:
- rabbit
Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - local effects
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Oral
Study 1:
A 90-day oral repeat dose study was conducted to determine the oral repeated dose toxicity of the read across substance, Coco TMAC (active ingredient: 35.5%), according to OECD Guideline 408 and EU Method B.26, in compliance with GLP. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered the test substance at dose levels of 0, 100, 500 or 2000 ppm (corresponding to 0, 22, 113 and 273 mg/kg bw/day in males and 0, 25, 121, 297 mg/kg bw/day in females) through the diet for 90 d. The active ingredient equivalence of the doses were calculated to be 0, 7.9, 40.3 and 96.9 mg a.i./kg bw/day in males and 8.8, 42.9, 105.3 mg a.i./kg bw/day in females. The highest dose of 2000 ppm was reduced to 1000 ppm from Day 29 onwards due to deterioration of health of the test animals. At the highest dose, the treatment-related findings were clinical signs of toxicity, reduced body weight gain and food efficiency, organ weight changes and microscopic changes in the spleen and kidneys. At the mid dose, reduced body weight gain (males) and reduced food consumption, reduced absolute heart weight and higher incidence of haemosiderin accumulation in the kidneys of males was observed. No treatment-related effects were observed at the lowest dose. Based on the results of the study, dietary administration of the test substance to rats for a period of 90 d at levels up to 273 mg/kg bw/day resulted in toxicologically significant effects at the high dose and marginal effects at the next lower dose of 113 mg/kg bw/day (500 ppm). No such effects were demonstrated at the lowest dose of 22 mg/kg bw/day (100 ppm). The changes observed at the mid dose (500 ppm) were considered to be minor, isolated effects associated with the reduced palatability of the test substance and were considered not to represent an adverse health effect. Therefore, based on effects on body weight, food efficiency and clinical signs the study authors established the NOAEL at the mid dose level of 500 ppm (equivalent to 40.3 mg ai./kg bw/day) (Jones, 2002).
Study 2:
A study was conducted to determine the oral repeated dose toxicity of the read across substance, C16 TMAC, according to a method similar to OECD Guideline 407, in compliance with GLP. Groups of 10 male and female rats were administered 0, 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg bw/day of the test substance by oral gavage for 28 d. The test substance used was a 24-26% aqueous solution but it is not clear if the doses mentioned were corrected. There were no treatment-related changes at the 30 and 100 mg/kg bw/day. In the high dose there was an increase in water consumption, changes in the absolute and relative weights of the adrenals and spleens (in males) without corresponding changes in haematology, clinical chemistry and lesions in histopathology. The forestomach of the high-dose group showed few microscopic changes, however animals in the high-dose recovery group showed a complete and regular regeneration of the forestomach mucosa. Hence, the forestomach effects were considered to be due to the irritating properties of the test substance rather than symptoms of systemic toxicity. Based on the results of the read across study, the 28 d NOAEL was determined to be 300 mg/kg bw/day (Potokar, 1991).
As per the Biocides assessment report on Coco TMAC, which was published by the Italian authorities in April 2016, similar results were obtained from subchronic feeding study with the read across substance, DDAC in rats where the critical effect upon oral exposure was identified as decreased body weight gain, leading to a NOAEL of 42 mg/kg bw/day. Further, results from repeated dose stduies in dogs with DDAC do not indicate species differernce towards this mechanism of toxicity by quaternary ammonium compounds. The 90-day dog study with DDAC resulted in a NOAEL of 15 mg ai./kg bw/day, the highest tested dosage tested (ECHA biocides assessment report, 2016).
Overall, considering the available studies with read across substances, Coco TMAC and C16 TMAC, which revealed NOAELs based on reduction in body weight and body weight gain (consistent with decreased food consumption), it can be concluded that all effects are due to local gastrointestinal irritaton/corrosion and consequent reduced food intake without observing any primary systemic effect. Therefore, the derivation of a DNEL for systemic effects was deemed inappropriate.
Dermal
A 28-day repeat dose study was conducted to determine the repeated dose dermal toxicity of the read across substance, C16 TMAC, in New Zealand albino rabbits (both sexes) according to a method similar to OECD Guideline 410. The purity was not specified and the study included a lower than recommended number of animals (10/group rather than 20/group as per the guideline) and histopathology was performed only on limited organs. The test substance (at 0 and 10 mg/kg bw/day) was applied to the shaved, intact skin of groups of five New Zealand albino rabbits/sex/group up to 7 h, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Dermal irritation effects were recorded daily. The animals were weighed weekly during the exposure period. Blood was collected for haematology measurements before initiation of dosing and prior to termination. Liver and kidneys weights were recorded at necropsy and limited histopathology was conducted. There were no systemic treatment-related effects on body weights, haematology, organ weights, gross necropsy findings or histopathology. Treated areas of the skin showed mild to marked acanthosis with active mitosis, hyperkeratosis, and partial to extensive necrosis of the epidermis and hair follicles, partly with encrustation and exudate. Under the study conditions, the 28 d NOAEL for male and female rabbits was found to be 10 mg/kg bw/day (Spicer, 1979).
Justification for classification or non-classification
Based on the effects observed in the repeat dose toxicity studies with the read across substances, the test substance Quaternary ammonium compounds, C12-14 alkyltrimethyl, Me sulfates, does not warrant classification for STOT RE according to EU CLP (EC/1272/2008) criteria.
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