Amines, N-C12–14 (even numbered)-alkyltrimethylenedi-, reaction products with chloroacetic acid and diethylenetriamine, N-C12–14 (even numbered)-alkyl derivs.

Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity

Administrative data

Endpoint:

developmental toxicity

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2001

Report date:

2001

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)

Version / remarks:

(1981)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Limit test:

no

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Amines, N-C12–C14(even numbered)-alkyltrimethylenedi-, reaction products with chloroacetic acid

Molecular formula:

n.a. (UVCB substance)

IUPAC Name:

Amines, N-C12–C14(even numbered)-alkyltrimethylenedi-, reaction products with chloroacetic acid

Constituent 2

Reference substance name:

Water

EC Number:

231-791-2

EC Name:

Water

Cas Number:

7732-18-5

Molecular formula:

H2O

IUPAC Name:

water

Test material form:

solid - liquid: aqueous solution

Details on test material:

- Name of test material: DOPA-Glycinate

Test animals

Species:

rat

Strain:

other: Wistar rats Crl: (WI) BR (outbred, SPF-Quality)

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River, Sulzfeld, Germany
- Age at study initiation: Approx. 10 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: 221–310 g
- Housing: in groups of 5 during acclimatisation, durung mating females were caged together with males on a one-to-one-basis; individually during study
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): standard pelleted laboratory animal diet (from Car-51 Quality BVBA, Oud-Turnhout, Belgium), ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): tap water, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 12 d prior to mating

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19-25
- Humidity (%): 30-100
- Air changes (per hr): 15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

water

Details on exposure:

VEHICLE
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 5 mL/kg bw

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Analysis of the formulations revealed values for accuracy within the range of 99% and 103% of nominal for the week 1 formulations, and between 88% and 119% of nominal for the week 3 formulations. This was considered to represent an acceptable level for formulations of this type.
The low and high dose formulations were considered to be stable over 4 hours and sufficiently homogenous.
Method of analysis: TOC analysis; this is considered suitable in view of the fact that the test substance was the only organic constituent in the dosing solutions.

Details on mating procedure:

- Impregnation procedure: cohoused
- If cohoused:
- M/F ratio per cage: 1:1
- Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug / sperm in vaginal smear referred to as day 0 of pregnancy

Once mating had occurred, the female was separated from the male and vaginal smearing was discontinued. When sufficient mated females were obtained for each dose group, the surplus females were removed from the study.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

Day 6–16 of gestation

Frequency of treatment:

daily

Duration of test:

21 d

No. of animals per sex per dose:

24 females

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Examinations

Maternal examinations:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: No

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily
- mortality/viability: twice daily

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
On day 0 and 3, daily from day 6 to day 17 inclusive and on day 21 post-coitum

FOOD CONSUMPTION: Yes
during days 0–3, 3–6, 6–9, 9–13, 13–17 and 17–21 post-coitum

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day #21
ovaries and uterine content

Ovaries and uterine content:

The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes

Fetal examinations:

Number and distribution of live and dead foetuses
Number and distribution of embryo-foetal deaths
Weight of each live foetus and corresponding placenta
Sex of each foetus
Externally visible macroscopic foetal abnormalities
Skeleton
Soft tissue

Statistics:

If the variables could be assumed to follow a normal distribution, the Dunnett-test (many-to-one t-test) based on a pooled variance estimate was applied for the comparison of the treated groups and the control groups.
The Steel-test (many-to-one rank test) was applied instead of the Dunnett-test if the data can not be assumed to follow a normal distribution.
The exact Fisher-test was applied for 2x2 tables if variables could be dichotimized without loss of information.
The Student’s t test was applied on placenta data to test the difference between the treatment and the control groups.
All tests will be two-sided and in all cases p < 0.05 were accepted as the lowest level of significance.

Indices:

Implantation index, Implantation site scar index, Embryonic/foetal death index, Embryonic resorption index, Foetal resorption index, Total foetus index, Live foetus index, Dead foetus index, Abnormal foetus index, Percentage males, Percentage females, Percentage live males, Percentage live females

Results and discussion

Results: maternal animals

Maternal developmental toxicity

Details on maternal toxic effects:

Maternal toxic effects:yes

Details on maternal toxic effects:
No deaths occurred among treated and control females.
Four animals treated with 250 mg/kg bw/day showed incidental findings (hunched posture, laboured respiration, rales, brown discolouration of the snout, salivation and piloerection) which were however considered to be related to treatment. One animal treated with 40 mg/kg bw showed scabs on the nose and one which received 100 mg/kg bw showed piloerection. These effects were considered not to be treatment related. Alopecia was observed in all animals of all dose groups. Alopecia is commonly seen in animals of this strain used in this type of study and therefore no toxicological significance was attached to this finding.
Females receiving 250 mg/kg bw/day showed a decrease in body weight and body weight gain, which was statistically significant on gestation days 13 to 17 and 11 to 17, when compared to the control group. After correction of the uterus weight, a decrease in weight gain was noted in the 250 mg/kg bw dose group when compared to the control. However, this was not statistically significant due to the high standard deviation in this treated group.
Females treated with 250 mg/kg bw/day showed a statistically significant decrease in food consumption on gestation days 6 to 17. This finding was considered to be caused by the test substance. Females receiving 100 mg/kg bw/day showed a slight, statistically significant decrease in food consumption from gestation days 6–9 and 13–17 when compared to the control. However, this difference was considered to be unrelated to treatment because the mean of relative food consumption of females of this dose group were comparable with the control values.
No treatment-related macroscopic lesions were observed upon necropsy.
One female treated with 100 mg/kg bw/d did not become pregnant and was excluded from further calculations. The statistically significant differences seen in pre-implantation loss and implantation index of the 40 and 250 mg/kg bw/d dose group were considered to be unrelated to treatment, since treatment started on gestation day 6, which is after implantation. No treatment related effects were seen on post-implantation loss.
Results are presented in Table A6.8.1- 5 and Table A6.8.1- 6.

Effect levels (maternal animals)

1

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect level:

other: maternal toxicity

2

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

40 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect level:

other: developmental toxicity

3

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

20 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

act. ingr.

Basis for effect level:

other: maternal toxicity

4

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

8 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

act. ingr.

Basis for effect level:

other: developmental toxicity

Maternal abnormalities

Abnormalities:

no effects observed

Results (fetuses)

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:

Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:yes

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
The number of live foetuses observed in the treatment and control groups remained within biologically normal limits for rats of this age and strain and no treatment related differences were observed. In addition, no treatment-related effects on sex ratio were observed.
Foetal weights and of dams and placental weights of live foetuses of the 40 mg/kg bw/d group were significantly decreased when compared to the control group. Due to absence of a dose-relation, this change was considered to be unrelated to treatment.
External examination of the foetuses did not reveal any findings among foetuses of litters treated with the test substance that were considered to be an adverse effect of the test substance. There are minor morphological changes amongst all litters across all dose groups as well as the control. In general there were no indications of any consistent treatment or dose related effects on any of the parameters investigated, some of which are tabulated in A6.8.1-4 for illustrative purposes. However, in the 100 and 250 mg/kg bw/d dose groups there appeared to be a treatment related increase in the incidence of unilateral hydroureter compared with the concurrent controls in conjuction with interparietal and supraoccipital delayed ossification. There was also a slight increase in unilateral renal pelvic cavitation with treatment.

Effect levels (fetuses)

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

8 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

act. ingr.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: increases in the incidence of unilateral hydroureter compared with the concurrent controls in conjuction with interparietal and supraoccipital delayed ossification; slight increase in unilateral renal pelvic cavitation at the two higher doses

Fetal abnormalities

Abnormalities:

not specified

Overall developmental toxicity

Developmental effects observed:

no

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table A6.8.1-3: Rat Maternal and Foetal Observations made at necropsy.

Parameter	Control	40 mg/kg/d	100 mg/kg/d	250 mg/kg/d
Number of dams examined	24	24	23^a	24
Mortality of dams	0	0	0	0
Mean body weight [g] at day 0	262	267	256	261
Mean body weight [g] at day 17	364	377	352	341**
Mean body weight [g] at day 21	439	455	423	418
Mean body weight gain [%] day12	23	24	23	19**
Mean body weight gain [%] day 17	39	41	38	31**
Mean food consumption [g/rat/day], day 6–9	27	28	25*	23**
Mean food consumption [g/rat/day], day 9–13	28	28	26	22**
Mean food consumption [g/rat/day], day 13–17	29	30	26*	23**
Relative food consumption [g/kg bw/day], day 13–17	85	86	80	70**
Number of pregnant females	24/24	24/24	23/24	24/24
Abortions	0	0	0	0
No. of litters totally resorbed	0	0	0	0
No. of litters with viable foetuses	24	24	23	24
No. of corpora lutea/dam	18.6 ± 2.8	19.7 ± 2.9	17.9 ± 2.8	17.8 ± 2.1
No. of implantations/dam	15.5 ± 2.9	17.3 ± 2.4	15.0 ± 2.8	16.0 ± 2.6
Mean% pre-implantation loss	16.6	11.9^#	16.5	10.1^##
No. of resorptions/litter	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.9
Mean% post-implantation loss	3.5	2.9	4.1	5.5
Viable foetuses (total)	359	404	330	363
Viable foetuses/litter	15.0 ± 2.9	16.8 ± 2.3	14.3 ± 3.0	15.1 ± 3.2
Dead foetuses (total)	0	1	0	0
Foetal weight-males (g)	5.3 ± 0.5	5.3 ± 0.6	5.4 ± 0.4	5.4 ± 0.5
Foetal weight-females (g)	5.0 ± 0.5	4.9 ± 0.8	5.1 ± 0.4	5.1 ± 0.5
Foetal weight-sexes combined (g)	5.2 ± 0.5	5.1 ± 0.7	5.2 ± 0.4	5.2 ± 0.5
Sex ratio (M%:F%)	48:52	48:52	50:50	52:48
Mean placental weight (g)	0.51 ± 0.06	0.47 ± 0.06	0.53 ± 0.06	0.50 ± 0.06

a) one animal (female 51) did not become pregnant after mating.

* : Dunnett-test based on pooled variance significant at 5% level

** : Dunnett-test based on pooled variance significant at 1% level

#: Fisher’s Exact Test significant at level 5%

##: Fisher’s Exact Test significant at level 1%

 

Table A6.8.1-4: Incidence of Selected Rat Foetal Parameters*(Caesarean section data from day 21).

Parameter	Control	40 mg/kg/d	100 mg/kg/d	250 mg/kg/d
Number of foetuses (no. of litters) examined
visceral examination	182 (24)	201 (24)	162 (23)	180 (24)
skeletal examination	185 (24)	202 (24)	168 (23)	183 (24)
Visceral Examination - affected foetuses (no. of litters)
small additional vessel arising from aorta	1 (1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0
small additional liver lobe	14 (12)	12 (9)	14 (7)	14 (11)
kidney and adrenal gland displaced	7 (6)	9(5)	4(4)	5(5)
↑ renal pelvic cavitation: unilateral	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (1)	2 (2)
↑ renal pelvic cavitation: bilateral	1(1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
hydroureter: unilateral            % of total foetuses:	4 (3) 2.2	5 (4) 2.5	12 (9) 7.1	17 (9) 9.3
hydroureter: bilateral	4 (2)	4 (3)	0 (0)	6 (5)
Skeletal Examination - affected foetuses (no. of litters)
delayed ossification interparietal            % of total foetuses:	23 (13) 12.4	23 (13) 11.4	31 (10) 18.5	42 (13) 23.0
delayed ossification supraoccipital            % of total foetuses:	4 (2) 2.2	7 (5) 3.5	12 (7) 7.1	19 (10) 10.4
delayed ossification hyoid	2 (2)	1 (1)	8 (6)	6 (3)
delayed ossification sternebrae (≥3)	2 (2)	3 (3)	1 (1)	6 (5)
anomalous sternabrae	9 (6)	7 (7)	7 (7)	14 (11)
Head Examination – affected foetuses (no. of litters)
bilateral slightly folded retina	1 (1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (1)
*Some of the effects seen multiple times at any dose are recorded here. There was no consistent relationship between dose and any of the recorded effects noted in the original pathologist‘s report except for the incidence of hydroureter. Numbers in parenthesis indicate the number of litters in which that effect is found.

 

Visceral Examination

A number of anomalies were recorded in all groups, the types, incidences and group distribution of which did not indicate any association with treatment.

In the intermediate and high dose groups (100 and 250 mg/kg body weight/day) there appeared to be a marginal increase in the incidence of unilateral hydroureter compared with the concurrent controls and the low dose group (40 mg/kg body weight/day), however, as no increases were recorded in the incidences of bilateral hydroureter or renal pelvic cavitation it was considered that this finding did not represent a toxicologically significant response to treatment.

In the high dose group (250 mg/kg body weight/day) one litter contained four fetuses with an accessory blood vessel associated with the superior pole of the kidney and a second litter contained one small foetus with cranial abnormalities and immature gonads. The isolated nature of these observations did not suggest any association with treatment.

 

Skeletal Examination

Compared with the concurrent controls and the low dose group (40 mg/kg body weight/day), there appeared to be indications of reduction in foetal ossification in the high dose group (250 mg/kg body weight/day) and, to a lesser extent, in the intermediate dose group (100 mg/kg body weight/day). Parameters affected included a number of cranial bones, viz. supraoccipital, interparietal, squamosal, jugal. maxilla(e) and hyoid, the caudal vertebral arches and humerus(i). Other ossification parameters were similar in all groups.

 

Morphological parameters

A number of foetuses in all groups showed minor morphological changes, but there were no indications of any consistent treatment or dose related associations or trends.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Dams treated with 250 mg/kg bw/day DOPA-Glycinate (20% a.i.) showed maternal toxicity comprising a decrease in body weight and body weight gain, which were statistically significant on gestation days 13 to 17 and 11 to 17, when compared to the control group. Females treated with 250 mg/kg bw/day showed a statistically significant decrease in food consumption on gestation days 6 to 17. Four animals out of 24 in the high dose group showed generalised clinical findings including hunched posture, laboured respiration, rales, brown discolouration of the snout, salivation and piloerection. The maternal NO(A)EL is set at 100 mg/kg bw/day (corresponding to 20 mg a.i. /kg bw/day).

External examination of the foetuses did not reveal any findings among foetuses of litters treated with the test substance that were considered to be an adverse effect of the test substance. There are minor morphological changes amongst all litters across all dose groups as well as the control. In general there were no indications of any consistent treatment or dose related effects on any of the parameters investigated. However, in the 100 and 250 mg/kg bw/d dose groups there appeared to be a treatment related increase in the incidence of unilateral hydroureter compared with the concurrent controls in conjuction with interparietal and supraoccipital delayed ossification. There was also a slight increase in unilateral renal pelvic cavitation with treatment. There were no increases recorded in the incidences of bilateral hydroureter or bilateral renal pelvic cavitation. Oral administration of DOPA-Glycinate (20% a.i.) to pregnant Wistar rats during the period of organogenesis at dose levels up to 40 mg/kg bw/day (corresponding to 8 mg a.i./kg bw/day) did not result in any adverse effects during foetal development.

Executive summary:

The potential of DOPA-Glycinate (20% a.i.) to induce embryotoxic effects in the rat (Wistar rats Crl: (WI) BR (outbred, SPF-Quality)) was investigated at 0 (control), 40, 100 and 250 mg/kg bw/day in water, administered from day 6 to day 16 post coitum, according to OECD guideline 414 (1981). Furthermore, the conduct of the study was consistent to the recent OECD guideline 414 (2001) in all important aspects, except that test substance was administered solely during the period of organogenesis.

 

Visceral Examination

A number of anomalies were recorded in all groups, the types, incidences and group distribution of which did not indicate any association with treatment.

In the intermediate and high dose groups (100 and 250 mg/kg body weight/day) there appeared to be an increase in the incidence of unilateral hydroureter compared with the concurrent controls and the low dose group (40 mg/kg body weight/day).

In the high dose group (250 mg/kg body weight/day) one litter contained four fetuses with an accessory blood vessel associated with the superior pole of the kidney and a second litter contained one small foetus with cranial abnormalities and immature gonads. The isolated nature of these observations did not suggest any association with treatment.

 

Skeletal Examination

Compared with the concurrent controls and the low dose group (40 mg/kg body weight/day), there appeared to be indications of a reduction in foetal ossification in the high dose group (250 mg/kg body weight/day) and, to a lesser extent, in the intermediate dose group (100 mg/kg body weight/day). Parameters affected included a number of cranial bones, viz. supraoccipital, interparietal, squamosal, jugal. maxilla(e) and hyoid, the caudal vertebral arches and humerus(i). Other ossification parameters were similar in all groups.

 

Morphological Examination

A number of foetuses in all groups showed minor morphological changes, but there were no indications of any consistent treatment or dose related associations or trends.

 

Dams treated with 250 mg/kg bw/d showed maternal toxicity comprising clinical signs, reduced body weight gain and food consumption during the treatment period. Based on the results of this study, DOPA-Glycinate (20% a.i.) is considered not to be teratogenic when orally administered to Wistar rats at levels up to and including 40 mg/kg bw/d.

The maternal no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 100 mg/kg bw/d, corresponding to 20 mg a.i./kg bw/d.

The NOAEL for survival, growth and development in utero was 40 mg/kg bw/d, corresponding to 8 mg a.i./kg bw/d.