1,4-bis[[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]amino]-5,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

1997

Report date:

1997

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Macrolexgrün G was initially screened with one plate per dose using the Salmonella/microsome plate incorporation test for point mutagenic effects in doses of up to and including 5000 µg per plate on five Salmonella typhimurium LT2 mutants. These comprised the histidine-auxotrophic strains TA 1535, TA 100, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 102. The independent repeat was performed as preincubation for 20 minutes at 37°C. Other conditions remained unchanged.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

1,4-bis[[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]amino]-5,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone

EC Number:

225-443-9

EC Name:

1,4-bis[[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]amino]-5,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone

Cas Number:

4851-50-7

Molecular formula:

C34H34N2O4

IUPAC Name:

1,4-bis[(4-tert-butylphenyl)amino]-5,8-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-dione

Specific details on test material used for the study:

name of test substance: MACROLEX Grün G
appearance: dark-green powder
chemical names: 9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,4-bis{[4- (1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]amino}- 5,8-dihydroxy
molecular weight: 534
molecular formula: C34H34N2O4
CAS No.: 4851-50-7

Method

Species / strain

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S9 mix

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

The following doses per plate were evaluated [µg per plate]:
Negative control 0
MACROLEX Grün G 5000
MACROLEX Grün G 1581
MACROLEX Grün G 500
MACROLEX Grün G 158
MACROLEX Grün G 50
MACROLEX Grün G 16

Vehicle / solvent:

MACROLEX Grün G was mixed with DMSO and formed a dark-green suspension.

Controls

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

yes

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

sodium azide

cumene hydroperoxide

other: nitrofurantoin, 4-nitro-1,2-phenylene diamine, 2-amino­ anthracene

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

The initial plate incorporation test followed the directions of Ames. For the mutant count, one plate was used, both with and without S9 mix, for each strain and dose. The independent repeat was performed as preincubation in a water bath at 37°C for minutes. At the end of the preincubation period 2 ml of molten soft agar were added to the tubes, the content mixed and plated.
One plate, filled with the solvent minus the test substance, comprised the negative control. Each positive control also contained one plate per strain. The amount of solvent for the test substance and for the controls was 0.1 ml/plate.

Evaluation criteria:

The following criteria determined the acceptance of an assay:
a) The negative controls had tobe within the expected range, as defined by published data (e.g. Maron and Ames, 1983) and/ or the laboratories' own historical data.
b) The positive controls had to show sufficient effects, as defined by the laboratories' experience.
c) Titer determinations had to demonstrate sufficient bacterial density in the suspension.

Only trials which complied with all three of the above crite­ ria were accepted for assessment. Even if the criteria for points (b) and (c) were not met, a trial was accepted if it showed mutagenic activity of the test compound. Furthermore, an unacceptable trial would have been repeated.

Assessment Criteria
A reproducible and dose-related increase in mutant counts of at least one strain is considered to be a positive result. For TA 1535, TA 100 and TA 98 this increase should be about twice that of negative controls, whereas for TA 1537, at least a threefold increase should be reached. For TA 102 an increase of about 150 mutants should be reached. Otherwise, the result is evaluated as negative. However, these guidelines may be overruled by good scientific judgement.

Results and discussion

Test results

Key result

Species / strain:

other: S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

There was no indication of a bacteriotoxic effect of MACROLEX Grün G at doses of up to and including 5000 µg per plate. The total bacteria counts consistently produced results comparable to the negative controls, or differed only insignificantly. No inhibition of growth was noted as well. At 500 µg per plate, the substance started to precipitate.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Negative. Evidence of mutagenic activity of MACROLEX Grün G was not seen. No biologically relevant increase in the mutant count, in comparison with the negative controls, was observed.

Executive summary:

MACROLEX Grün G was initially screened with one plate per dose using the Salmonella/microsome plate incorporation test for point mutagenic effects in doses of up to and including 5000 µg per plate on five Salmonella typhimurium LT2 mutants. These comprised the  histidine-auxotrophic strains TA 1535, TA 100, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 102. The independent repeat was performed as preincubation for 20 minutes at 37°C. Other conditions remained unchanged.

Doses up to and including 5000 µg per plate did not cause any bacteriotoxic effects: Total bacteria counts remained unchanged and no inhibition of growth was observed. Substance precipitation occurred at the dose 500 µg per plate and above.

Evidence of mutagenic activity of MACROLEX Grün G was not seen. No biologically relevant increase in the mutant count, in comparison with the negative controls, was observed.

The positive controls sodium azide, nitrofurantoin, 4-nitro-1,2-phenylene diamine, cumene hydroperoxide and 2-amino­anthracene had a marked mutagenic effect, as was seen by a biologically relevant increase in mutant colonies compared to the corresponding negative controls.

Therefore, MACROLEX Grün G was considered to be negative (non-mutagenic) without and with S9 mix in the plate incorporation as well as in the preincubation modification of the Salmonella/microsome test.

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