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EC number: 947-404-1 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: oral
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity: oral, other
- Remarks:
- Combined repeated dose & carcinogenicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Justification for type of information:
- Data is from peer reviewed publication
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Repeated dose oral toxicity study of the test chemical
- Author:
- Littlefield et al
- Year:
- 1 989
- Bibliographic source:
- Fd Chem. Toxic.
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Refer below principle
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Combined repeated dose & carcinogenicity study was performed to determine the chronic toxic nature of the test chemical
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- [4-[4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzhydrylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]dimethylammonium chloride
- EC Number:
- 208-953-6
- EC Name:
- [4-[4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzhydrylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]dimethylammonium chloride
- Cas Number:
- 548-62-9
- Molecular formula:
- C25H30N3.Cl
- IUPAC Name:
- (4-(4,4'-Bis(dimethylamino)benzhydrylidene)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)dimethylammonium, chloride
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material : Gentian violet- Molecular formula : C25H30ClN3- Molecular weight : 407.986 g/mol- Substance type: Organic- Physical state: 99%- Impurities (identity and concentrations) : 1% methyl violet
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Fischer 344
- Details on species / strain selection:
- No data
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS- Source: National Center for Toxicological Research- Age at study initiation: No data- Weight at study initiation: No data- Fasting period before study: No data- Housing: The animals were housed in barrier housed conditions containing hardwood chips as cage bedding in filter topped cages- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Feed ad libitum- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Drinkng water ad libitum- Acclimation period: No dataENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS- Temperature (°C): 22.2 ± -16.6 °C- Humidity (%): 50 ±5 %- Air changes (per hr): 14-16 changes of air/hr- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hrs light/dark cycleIN-LIFE DATES: From: To: No data
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Details on route of administration:
- No data
- Vehicle:
- other: Feed
- Details on oral exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: The test chemical was dissolved in ethanol and sprayed directly into the feed in a sanitized chamber at dose levels of 0, 100, 300 or 600 ppm (Males: 0, 30, 80 or 160 mg/Kg bw and Females: 0, 40, 100 or 200 mg/Kg bw). Ethanol was subsequently removed from the prepared feed during a 30 min blending process using a vacuumDIET PREPARATION- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): Mixing of the test chemical into the feed was done on a weekly basis and feed was used in less than 30 days after mixing. - Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): Purina 5010M autoclavable, Purina MIlles, Inc. Richmong IN, USA- Storage temperature of food: No dataVEHICLE- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): Feed- Concentration in vehicle: Males: 0, 30, 80 or 160 mg/Kg bw Females: 0, 40, 100 or 200 mg/Kg bw- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): No data- Lot/batch no. (if required): No data- Purity: No data
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- No data
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 80 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Males: 0, 30, 80 or 160 mg/Kg bw Females: 0, 40, 100 or 200 mg/Kg bw
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Total: 11400 mg/Kg bw: 210 males and 210 females30 (males) and 40 (females) mg/Kg bw: 120 males and 120 females100 (males) and 80 (females) mg/Kg bw: 120 males and 120 females200 (males) and 160 (females) mg/Kg bw: 120 males and 120 females
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: No data- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): F0 animals were randomly divided into dose groups- Rationale for selecting satellite groups: No data- Post-exposure recovery period in satellite groups: No data- Section schedule rationale (if not random): No data
- Positive control:
- No data
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes- Time schedule: Weekly- Cage side observations checked in table [No.?] were included. Mortality and morbundityDETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes- Time schedule: WeeklyBODY WEIGHT: Yes- Time schedule for examinations: WeeklyFOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): Yes- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No dataFOOD EFFICIENCY:- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No dataWATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No data- Time schedule for examinations: No dataOPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No data- Time schedule for examinations: No data- Dose groups that were examined: No dataHAEMATOLOGY: No data- Time schedule for collection of blood: No data- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: No data- Animals fasted: No data- How many animals: No data- Parameters checked in table [No.?] were examined. No dataCLINICAL CHEMISTRY: No data- Time schedule for collection of blood: No data- Animals fasted: No data- How many animals: No data- Parameters checked in table [No.?] were examined. No dataURINALYSIS: No data- Time schedule for collection of urine: No data- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: No data- Animals fasted: No data - Parameters checked in table [No.?] were examined. No dataNEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No data- Time schedule for examinations: No data- Dose groups that were examined: No data- Battery of functions tested: sensory activity / grip strength / motor activity / other: No dataOTHER: No data
- Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes, the animals were subjected to complete necropsyHISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes
- Other examinations:
- No data
- Statistics:
- The statistical procedure (CHRONIC) used in the analysis of the data are described by Kodell et al. This procedure is a computer program for statistical analysis of carcinogenesis data that was developed into a Statistical Analysis System Procedure. This program follows a unified approach for the estimation and testing of the time to onset, prevalence and mortality distribution functions. The onset and mortality functions represent "net" rather than 'crude" probabilities in that they are adjusted for mortality from causes of death other than the tumour of interest. The prevalence function represents a probability filrther adjusted tbr mortality caused by the tumour. Specifically, the mortality function characterizes the mortality rate due to a tumour, the prevalence function characterizes the incidental (non-fatal) tumour rate and the time-to-onset function characterizes the distribution of time to histological appearance of the tumour (disease of interest). CHRONIC performs age-adjusted comparisons of tumour rates between each dose group and the controls and also provides an overall test for a dose response as described by Peto et al. In reporting statistical significance, the Bonferroni correction was applied to the nominal 0.05 significance level to adjust the false positive error rate for multiple comparisons with the controls, in this case requiring a P-value of less than 0.053 – 0.0167 for statistical significance with a false positive rate less than 0.05.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- not specified
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not specified
- Urinalysis findings:
- not specified
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not specified
- Immunological findings:
- not specified
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not specified
- Gross pathological findings:
- not specified
- Neuropathological findings:
- not specified
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Other effects:
- not specified
- Details on results:
- Clinical signs and mortality: Clinical signs: 253 rats were found to be in the moribund stage throughout the study period.Mortality: At the end of 24 months, mortality was approximately 33% for both males and females in the control group and approximately 66% for females and 48% for males in the highest 200 or 160 mg/Kg bw dosed group for males and females respectively. At the end of the dosing period, the mortality rates in the females were 33, 38, 60 and 66% for the controls and 30, 80 and 160 mg/Kg dose groups, respectively. For males, the same respective dose groups had mortality rates after 104 wk of 33, 33, 48 and 39% for 0, 40, 100 or 200 mg/kg bw.The mortality in females was significantly different from the controls at the 0.001 level in the 80 mg/Kg bw (P = 0.00007) and 160 mg/Kg bw groups (P= 0.00005). In males, only the 100 mg/Kg bw (P = 0.0057) had a higher mortality than the control animals at the 0.05 levels. Body weight and weight gain: Female: The body weights increased gradually throughout the study in 0, 30, 80 or 160 mg/Kg bw dosed group. However, the rate of increase was lower in the 160 mg/Kg bw group. After about 85 wk, the body weight of animals fed the 80 mg/Kg bw increased at a lower rate than the 30 mg/Kg bw and control groups. Males: At 200 mg/Kg bw dose group, a lower average body weight was noted than those for any other dose group. Body weights of male rats of 40 and 100 mg/Kg bw groups peaked at about 460g at about 70wk and then started a gradual decline at about 85 wk.Food consumption and compound intake: Food consumption at week 1-20 showed a rapid decrease, then became stable, except for an unexplained increase after 90 wk. Consumption in the controls and test groups was essentially the same and stabilized at about 30-35 g food/kg body weight forthe females and 25-30 g food/kg body weight for the males. Based on the consumption rates, the dosage of GV remained relatively constant following the rapid growth stage in the first 20 wk.Food efficiency: No dataWater consumption and compound intake: No dataOpthalmoscopic examination: No dataHaematology: No dataClinical chemistry: No dataUrinanalysis: No dataNeurobehaviour: No dataOrgan weights: No dataGross pathology: No dataHistopathology: No dose-related pathology was noted in rats necropsied at 12 months. Although statistical analysis of the incidence of hepatocellular adenomas in females showed a significant difference in the 80 mg/Kg bw dose group, the incidence was very low and there was no significant difference in the160 mg/Kg bw group.The incidence of follicular cell adenocarcinomas of the thyroid gland in female rats at the 24-month necropsy was 1, 1, 5 and 8% in the controls, and 30, 80 and 160 mg/Kg bw groups, respectively. The 80 and 160 mg/kg bw dose groups were significantly different from the controls.The incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia appeared to be a time-related response, that is, the leukemia showed a dose response in female rats administered GV in the diet for 18 months, but these effects were not observed in those rats necropsied at 24 months.Incidences of leukemia were high in all groups of female rats fed GV for 24 months and statistical analysis showed no significant differences overall or in the dose groups.In the males fed GV for 24 months, the only statistically significant differences from the controls for neoplastic lesions were noted in the 100 and 200 mg/Kg bw dosed groups for hepatocellular adenomas and in the high-dose group for follicular cell adenocarcinomas of the thyroid gland. The incidence of follicular cell adenocarcinomas of the thyroid gland in rats fed GV for 24 months was 1, 5, 3 and 6% in the controls and 40, 100 and 200 mg/Kg bw dosed groups, respectively.No incidence of mononuclear cell leukaemia show a dose response in male rats fed GV for either 18 or 24 months.No non neoplastic effects related to administration of the test substance were observed at the 12- and 18-month necropsies in male and female rats. Most non-neoplastic lesions in the female rats that showed a dose response at 24 months were located in the liver. Lesions in the liver included eosinophilic foci, haematopoietic cell proliferation, mixed cell foci, regeneration, centrilobular necrosis and bile duct hyperplasia. In non-neoplastic lesions noted in the liver of male rats included clear cell foci, eosinophilic foci, mixed cell loci, regeneration and centrilobular necrosis. Lesions in other organs included follicle cyst of the thyroid gland, red pulp hyperplasia of the spleen and hyperplasia of the mesenteric lymph nodes.
Effect levels
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 40 mg/kg bw (total dose)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Changes noted in mortality, body weight, Gross pathology effects
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 30 mg/kg bw (total dose)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Changes noted in mortality, body weight, Gross pathology effects
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table: Incidence of neoplastic lesions in male Fischer F344 rats fed the test chemical in the diet for 18 and 24 months
Site and type of neoplastic lesion | Incidence according to dose (ppm)* | |||||||
18 months | 24 months | |||||||
0 | 100 | 300 | 600 | 0 | 100 | 300 | 600 | |
Liver |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hepatocellular adenoma | 0/15 (0) | 1/15 (7) | 0/15 (0) | 0/14 (0) | 1/179 (0/5) | 1/90 (1) | 3/88 (3) | 4/89 (4) |
Testes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Malignant mesothalioma | 0/15 (0) | 0/15 (0) | 1/15 (7) | 1/15 (7) | 0/177 (0) | 0/90 (0) | 0/87 (0) | 1/90 (1) |
Thyroid |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Follicular cell adenocarcinoma | 0/15 (0) | 0/15 (0) | 0/14 (0) | 0/13 (0) | 1/163 (1) | 4/84 (5) | 2/74 (3) | 5/79 (6) |
Follicular cell adenoma | 0/15 (0) | 0/15 (0) | 1/15 (7) | 1/15 (7) | 1/163 (1) | 0/84 (0) | 0/74 (0) | 2/79 (3) |
Follicular cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma | 0/15 (0) | 0/15 (0) | 1/15 (7) | 1/15 (7) | 2/163 (1) | 4/84 (5) | 2/74 (3) | 2/78 (9) |
Multiple organs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mononuclear cell leukemia | 6/15 (40) | 1/15 (7) | 3/15 (20) | 4/15 (27) | 104/180 (58) | 66/90 (73) | 69/90 (77) | 51/90 (57) |
*Significant trend at 0.05 level for overall; 0.05.3 for control v. dose comparison (Bonferroni corrected). Significant trend at 0.01 level for overall: 0.001/3 for control dose comparison (Bonferrom corrected). Significant trend at 0.001 level for overall: 0.001/3 for control dose comparison (Bonferroni corrected).
This significance value arises from the small number of tumours; the result was determined using Fisher's exacl test
Table: Incidence of neoplastic lesions in female Fischer F344 rats fed GV in the diet for 18 and 24 months
Site and type of neoplastic lesion | Incidence according to dose (ppm) | |||||||
18 months | 24 months | |||||||
0 | 100 | 300 | 600 | 0 | 100 | 300 | 600 | |
Liver |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hepatocellular adenoma | 0/15 (0) | 0/11 (0) | 0/10 (0) | 0/14 (0) | 1/170 (0) | 1/90 (1) | 2/84 (2) | 1/87 (1) |
Heart |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mononuclear cell leukemia | 0/15 (0) | 0/11 (0) | 0/10 (0) | 2/14 (14) | 27/169 (16) | 16/90 (18) | 19/83 (23) | 22/87 (25) |
Thyroid |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Follicular cell adenocarcinoma | 0/15 (0) | 0/11(9) | 0/10 (0) | 0/14 (0) | 1/159 (1) | 1/83 (1) | 4/76 (5) | 6/77 (8) |
Follicular cell adenoma | 0/15 (0) | 0/11 (0) | 0/10 (0) | 0/14 (0) | 1/159 (1) | 2/83 (2) | 3/76 (4) | 3/77 (4) |
Follicular cell adenoma and adenocarcinoma | 0/15 (0) | 1/11 (9) | 0/10 (0) | 0/14 (0) | 2/159 (1) | 3/83 (4) | 7/76 (9) | 9/77 (12) |
Multiple organs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mononuclear cell leukemia | 0/15 (0) | 2/11(18) | 2/10 (20) | 6/14 (43) | 77/171 (45) | 38/90 (42) | 45/87 (52) | 40/87 (46) |
*Significant trend at 0.05 level for overall; 0.05.3 for control v. dose comparison (Bonferroni corrected). Significant trend at 0.01 level for overall: 0.001/3 for control dose comparison (Bonferrom corrected). Significant trend at 0.001 level for overall: 0.001/3 for control dose comparison (Bonferroni corrected).
This significance value arises from the small number of tumours; the result was determined using Fisher's exacl test
Table. Incidence of non-neoplastic lesions in Fischer 344 rats fed GV in the diet for 24 months
Site and type of non- neoplastic lesion | Incidence according to dose (ppm) | |||
24 months | ||||
0 | 100 | 300 | 600 | |
Liver |
|
|
|
|
Clear cell foci | 6/179 (3) | 5/60 (6) | 5/88 (6) | 8/89 (9) |
Eosinophilic foci | 7/179 (4) | 5/90 (6) | 20/88 (23) | 33/89 (37) |
Mixed cell foci | 32/179 (18) | 26/90 (29) | 28/88 (24) | 47/89 (53) |
Regeneration | 7/179 (4) | 11/90 (12) | 21/88 (24) | 15/89 (17) |
Centrilobular necrosis | 5/179 (3) | 4/90 (4) | 8/88 (9) | 11/89 (12) |
Thyroid gland |
|
|
|
|
Follicular cysts | 18/163 (11) | 7/84 (8) | 9/74 (12) | 17/79 (22) |
Spleen |
|
|
|
|
Red pulp hyperplasia | 11/175 (6) | 7/88 (8) | 9/74 (12) | 17/79 (2) |
Lymph node |
|
|
|
|
Mesenteric hyperplasia | 8/168 (5) | 9/86 (10) | 5/84 (6) | 11/81 (14) |
Females | ||||
Liver |
|
|
|
|
Clear cell foci | 1/170 (1) | 1/90 (1) | 3/84 (4) | 1/87 (1) |
Eosinophilic foci | 0/170 (0) | 0/90 (0) | 6/84 (7) | 10/87 (11) |
Mixed cell foci | 29/170 (17) | 23/90 (36) | 39/84 (46) | 30/87 (34) |
Regeneration | 4/170 (2) | 9/90 (10) | 20/84 (24) | 18/87 (21) |
Centrilobular necrosis | 7/170 (4) | 8/90 (9) | 6/84 (7) | 20/87 (23) |
Thyroid gland |
|
|
|
|
Follicular cysts | 8/159 (5) | 9.83 (11) | 8/76 (11) | 7/77 (9) |
*Incidence is expressed as the no. animals with the specified non-neoplastic lesion/no. animals at risk. Values in parentheses represent the incidence of the non-neoplastic lesion expressed as percentage of the no. animals surviving
Table: Incidence of non-neoplastic lesions expressed as levels of significance [P-values] in Fischer 344 rats fed GV in the diet for 24 months
Lesion | Significance level (p-values)* | |||
Overall | 100 ppm dose level | 300 ppm dose level | 600 ppm dose level | |
Males | ||||
Liver |
|
|
|
|
Clear cell foci | 0.00023 | 0.189 | 0.074 | 0.00044 |
Eosinophilic foci | 0.00005 | 0.136 | 0.00005 | 0.00005 |
Mixed cell foci | 0.00005 | 0.0061 | 0.00005 | 0.00005 |
Regeneration | 0.0001 | 0.004 | 0.00005 | 0.00016 |
Centrilobular necrosis | 0.165 | 0.0335 | 0.001 | 0.183 |
Thyroid gland |
|
|
|
|
Follicular cysts | 0.003 | 0.582 | 0.207 | 0.007 |
Spleen |
|
|
|
|
Red pulp hyperplasia | 0.0004 | 0.276 | 0.556 | 0.0006 |
Lymph node |
|
|
|
|
Mesenteric hyperplasia | 00.005 | 0.037 | 0.277 | 0.001 |
Females | ||||
Liver |
|
|
|
|
Clear cell foci | 0.128 | 0.266 | 0.005 | 0.149 |
Eosinophilic foci | 0.00005 |
| 0.00005 | 0.00005 |
Mixed cell foci | 0.00009 |
| 0.080 | 0.0009 |
Regeneration | 0.00005 | 0.0001 | 0.00005 | 0.00005 |
Centrilobular necrosis | 0.00005 | 0.003 | 0.00005 | 0.00005 |
Thyroid gland |
|
|
|
|
Follicular cysts | 0.00005 | 0.070 | 0.1448 | 0.00005 |
*Significant trend at 0.05 level for overall: 005/3 for control dose comparison (Bonferroni corrected)
Significant trend at 0 01 level for overall: 0.01/3 for control dose comparison (Bonferroni corrected)
Significant trend at 0 001 level lot overall: 0001/3 for control dose comparison (Bonferroni corrected]
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The No Observed Adverse Effect level (NOAEL) for the test chemical in male and female rats is considered to be 40 and 30 mg/Kg bw respectively.
- Executive summary:
Combined repeated dose & carcinogenicity study was performed to determine the mutagenic nature of the test chemical. The study was performed using male and female Fischer F344 rats. Male and female weanling animals (F0) were randomly divided into four groups under barrier conditions and administered 0 (control), 100, 300 or 600 ppm (Males: 0, 30, 80 or 160 mg/Kg bw and females: 0, 40, 100 or 200 mg/Kg bw) test chemical in their feed for at least 80 days. All rats had access to feed and drinking-water ad lib. While receiving dosed feed, the females were mated with males (one male/ female) of the same dose level. Brother/sister matings were avoided. Two males and two females were selected randomly from each litter (F1a generation) and allocated three animals per cage as weanlings to the chronic study. Litter mates were not assigned to the same cage. The F1a animals continued on the same dose levels as their respective parents for 12, 18 or 24 months. The animals were observed for changes in body weight, food consumption, mortality and morbundity and the presence of lesions.
In females, the body weights increased gradually throughout the study in 0, 30, 80 or 160 mg/Kg bw dosed group. However, the rate of increase was lower in the 160 mg/Kg bw group. After about 85 wk, the body weight of animals fed the 80 mg/Kg bw increased at a lower rate than the 30 mg/Kg bw and control groups. In males, at 200 mg/Kg bw dose group, a lower average body weight was noted than those for any other dose group. Body weights of male rats of 40 and 100 mg/Kg bw groups peaked at about 460g at about 70wk and then started a gradual decline at about 85 wk.
Food consumption at week 1-20 showed a rapid decrease, then became stable, except for an unexplained increase after 90 wk. Consumption in the controls and test groups was essentially the same and stabilized at about 30-35 g food/kg body weight for the females and 25-30 g food/kg body weight for the males.
253 rats were found to be in the moribund stage throughout the study period. At the end of the dosing period, the mortality rates in the females were 33, 38, 60 and 66% for the controls and 30, 80 and 160 mg/Kg dose groups, respectively. For males, the same respective dose groups had mortality rates after 104 wk of 33, 33, 48 and 39% for 0, 40, 100 or 200 mg/kg bw. The mortality in females was significantly different from the controls at the 0.001 level in the 80 mg/Kg bw (P = 0.00007) and 160 mg/Kg bw groups (P= 0.00005). In males, only the 100 mg/Kg bw (P = 0.0057) had a higher mortality than the control animals at the 0.05 levels.
No dose-related pathology was noted in rats necropsied at 12 months. Although statistical analysis of the incidence of hepatocellular adenomas in females showed a significant difference in the 80 mg/Kg bw dose group, the incidence was very low and there was no significant difference in the 160 mg/Kg bw group. The incidence of follicular cell adenocarcinomas of the thyroid gland in female rats at the 24-month necropsy was 1, 1, 5 and 8% in the controls, and 30, 80 and 160 mg/Kg bw groups, respectively. The 80 and 160 mg/kg bw dose groups were significantly different from the controls. The incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia appeared to be a time-related response, that is, the leukemia showed a dose response in female rats administered the test chemical in the diet for 18 months, but these effects were not observed in those rats necropsied at 24 months. Incidences of leukemia were high in all groups of female rats fed the test chemical for 24 months and statistical analysis showed no significant differences overall or in the dose groups. In the males fed the test chemical for 24 months, the only statistically significant differences from the controls for neoplastic lesions were noted in the 100 and 200 mg/Kg bw dosed groups for hepatocellular adenomas and in the high-dose group for follicular cell adenocarcinomas of the thyroid gland. The incidence of follicular cell adenocarcinomas of the thyroid gland in rats fed the test chemical for 24 months was 1, 5, 3 and 6% in the controls and 40, 100 and 200 mg/Kg bw dosed groups, respectively. No incidence of mononuclear cell leukaemia show a dose response in male rats fed the test chemical for either 18 or 24 months. No non neoplastic effects related to administration of the test substance were observed at the 12- and 18-month necropsies in male and female rats. Most non-neoplastic lesions in the female rats that showed a dose response at 24 months were located in the liver. Lesions in the liver included eosinophilic foci, haematopoietic cell proliferation, mixed cell foci, regeneration, centrilobular necrosis and bile duct hyperplasia. Innon-neoplastic lesions noted in the liver of male rats included clear cell foci, eosinophilic foci, mixed cell loci, regeneration and centrilobular necrosis. Lesions in other organs included follicle cyst of the thyroid gland, red pulp hyperplasia of the spleen and hyperplasia of the mesenteric lymph nodes.
Based on the observations made, the No Observed Adverse Effect level (NOAEL) for the test chemical in male and female rats is considered to be 30 and 40 mg/Kg bw respectively.
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