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EC number: 233-043-0 | CAS number: 10025-82-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
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- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
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- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
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- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Short-term aquatic toxicity
There were several studies available on short-term aquatic effects of indium trichloride. A total of 12 LC/EC50s, from 9 different species, representing 3 trophic levels (1 algae, 6 invertebrate and 2 fish species). Below is a table showing the species in the indium trichloride acute dataset, the respective LC/EC50 values, species group and the references.
Species |
LC/EC50 mg/L |
Endpoints |
Species group |
Reference |
Oreochromis mossambicus |
19.5 |
48-h, mortality |
Fish |
Lin & Wang, 1998 |
Sillago japonica* |
>20.0 |
24-h, mortality |
Fish |
Onikura et al. 2008 |
Brachionus plicatilis* |
24.4 |
24-h, mortality |
Invert. |
Onikura et al. 2008 |
Artemia salina* |
51.0 |
48-h, mortality |
Invert. |
Onikura et al. 2008 |
Artemia salina |
7.1 |
48-h, mortality |
Invert. |
Onikura et al. 2008 |
Americamysis bahia* |
30.5 |
96-h, mortality |
Invert. |
Onikura et al. 2008 |
Daphnia magna |
>455.5 |
48-h, mortality |
Invert. |
Aecom, 2012 |
Daphnia magna |
31.9 |
24-h, mobility |
Invert. |
Zurita et al. 2007 |
Hyalella azteca |
>3.1 |
7-d, mortality |
Invert. |
Borgmann et al. 2005 |
Hyalella azteca** |
>1 |
7-d, mortality |
Invert. |
Borgmann et al. 2005 |
Macrobrachium nipponense |
6.9 |
96-h, mortality |
Invert. |
Yang et al. 2014 |
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata |
1.6 |
72-h, biomass |
Algae |
Aecom, 2012 |
*Test conducted in marine water; ** soft water.
The lowest acute toxicity value was >1mg In/L, so it was concluded that there is no acute classification for aquatic effects under CLP.
Chronic aquatic toxicity
A total of 11 NOEC/EC10s, from 7 different species, representing 3 trophic levels (1 algae, 4 invertebrates and 2 fish species) were used to derive the PNEC. The species used in the PNEC assessment, the respective NOEC/EC10 values, endpoints, species group and the references are presented in table below.
Species |
NOEC/EC10 µg/L |
Endpoint |
Species group |
Reference |
|||||
Oreochromis mossambicus |
1950 |
16-d, length |
Fish |
Lin & Wang, 1998 |
|||||
Pimephales promelas |
25000 |
14-d, weight |
Fish |
Aecom, 2012 |
|||||
Ceriodaphnia dubia* |
93.92* |
7-d, reproduction |
Invert. |
Aecom, 2011a,b,c; Aecom, 2012c,d |
|||||
Daphnia magna |
410 |
21-d, reproduction |
Invert. |
Aecom, 2012e |
|||||
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus |
825 |
48-h, development |
Invert. |
Nautilus, 2012 |
|||||
Mytilus galloprovincialis |
18100 |
48-h, development |
Invert. |
Nautilus, 2012 |
|||||
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata |
366 |
72-h, biomass |
Algae |
Aecom, 2012g |
*Geometric mean calculated from 5 separate studies.
Additional information
Indium and indium compounds form a data poor substance group. Under neutral real-life water conditions, there was no dosis-respons observed with dissolved In-concentrations. Therefore all results were expressed as total In.
It seemed that higher loading of InCl3 during experiments leads to a shift in pH: addition of In at higher loading (i.e. > 10mg InCl3/L) causes a pH effect, which could influence metal speciation and subsequently the ecotoxicity results.
Acute aquatic toxicity
There were two studies conducted with Daphnia magna as a test species where in a first test pH was adjusted to test conditions and in a second test pH was not adjusted (Aecom 2012). The study with the unadjusted pH (lower pH shift in the higher In concentrations) had a 8.5 times lower LC50 compared to the adjusted pH test. As the higher In concentrations in the unadjusted pH tests had pH lower than 4.5, the LC50 of the adjusted pH test was used as an appropriate toxicity endpoint for acute freshwater toxicity tests.
Several acute studies did not record the pH. For example, Lin and Hwang (1998) tested the toxicity of InCl3 on 3-day-old larvae of Oreaochromis mossambicus. The LC50 observed on Oreochromis mossambicus is 19519 µg total In/L. Lin and Hwang (1998) did not measure pH. High loading with In in the tests (>15 mg In/L) could result in a pH-drop and subsequently contribute to an observed ecotoxicity. However, even if pH were not recorded the data were still used, as this would represent a ‘worst-case’ scenario (i.e. very conservative dataset). Given that all acute data reviewed in the dataset showed LC/EC50 values greater than 1 mg/L, this results in there being no classification.
Chronic aquatic toxicity
The long-term aquatic toxicity database covers 7 different species, representing 3 trophic levels (1 algae, 4 invertebrates and 2 fish species).
Indium precipitates under neutral (6-8) pH conditions. Therefore, no dose-response could be correlated with the observed dissolved In concentrations. The effect concentrations are expressed as total In concentrations. Total and dissolved indium concentrations were measured in 3 tests with Ceriodaphnia and 2 tests with D. magna. In the study of Aecom (2012d) DOC was used in the test medium (nominal concentration of 10 mg C/L). This study clearly indicates that Indium binds strongly to DOC, as the dissolved In concentration was comparable to the total In concentration; whereas in the other studies where no DOC was used, the dissolved concentrations were much less than the total In concentrations. Results are shown in Table below:
Species | NOEC nominal (µg total In/L) | NOEC dissolved (µg In/L) | NOEC total (µg In/L) | DOC | Reference |
Ceriodaphnia dubia | 62 | 3.6 | 52.9 | ND | Aecom (2011a) |
Ceriodaphnia dubia | 62 | 1.9 | 58.1 | ND | Aecom (2012c) |
Ceriodaphnia dubia | 1847 | 1184 | 1710 | 10 | Aecom (2012d) |
Daphnia magna | 1000 | 5.4 | 809 | ND | Aecom (2012e) |
Daphnia magna | <3300 | 3.6 | 2780 | ND | Aecom (2012e) |
The studies of Aecom (2011b,c; 2012 a,c,d,e) also clearly indicate that the ecotoxicity of Indium towards invertebrates is influenced by hardness.
Species | pH | Hardness (mg CaCO3/L) |
DOC (mg C/L) | NOEC (µg total In/L) | EC10 (µg total In/L) |
EC50 (µg total In/L) |
Reference | Remarks |
Fish | ||||||||
Pimephales promelas | 7.8 -8.2 |
ND |
ND |
>25000 |
>25000 |
Aecom (2012a) |
|
|
Oreochromis mossambicus |
ND |
ND |
ND |
1951.9 |
ND |
ND |
Lin and Hwang (1998) |
pH was not measured |
Invertebrate |
||||||||
Ceriodaphnia dubia |
8.0 |
90 |
ND |
10 |
ND |
ND |
Aecom (2011b) |
test was range finder study; test result not used for classification and PNEC deriviation |
Ceriodaphnia dubia |
8.1 |
96 |
ND |
52.9 |
<20.4 |
ND |
Aecom (2011a) |
|
Ceriodaphnia dubia |
8.2 |
90 |
ND |
20 |
<20 |
ND |
Aecom (2011c) |
|
Ceriodaphnia dubia |
7.9 |
402 |
ND |
58.1 |
87.2 |
ND |
Aecom (2012c) |
|
Ceriodaphnia dubia |
7.9 |
90 |
10 |
>1710 |
130 |
ND |
Aecom (2012d) |
NOEC test result not used for PNEC deriviation as lower reproduction in control determines NOEC |
Daphnia magna |
7.3 -8.5 |
170 |
1.55 -2.21 |
809 |
1398 |
412 |
Aecom (2012e) |
Tests conducted in hard water |
Daphnia magna |
6.8 -7.6 |
510 |
1.43 -2.03 |
<2780 |
<2780 |
<2780 |
Aecom (2012e) |
Tests conducted in very hard water |
Algae |
||||||||
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata |
7.4 -9.6 |
14 |
1.39 |
321 |
1164 |
>5025 |
Aecom (2012f) |
|
Given the number of species data and the taxonomic coverage, the PNEC was derived using a species sensitivity distribution approach.
3. Aquatic chronic toxicity: marine water
Two marine species are included in the aquatic chronic dataset, Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) (see Section 6.1). They are neither the most sensitive or tolerant species in the SSD and are included with the freshwater species-sensitivity distribution. Given the lack of difference observed in toxicity in freshwater and marine water, the same PNEC is derived for the marine water.
4. STP
There were two test results available. In a first test, the respiration slugde study was carried out without pH adjustement. This resulted in a NOEC of 460 mg InCl3/L and an EC50 of 680 mg InCl3/L. The pH in the controls and substance series, before addition of sludge was 7.3 at 10 mg/L and decreased to 2.9 at 1000 mg/L. After 3 hours exposure period the pH in the Indium trichloride series was 7.8 at 10 mg/L and decreased to 3.4-3.7 at 1000 mg/L.
In a second test, the pH was adjusted to 7.2. This resulted in a NOEC of 1000 mg/L and an EC50 of >1000 mg InCl3/L. As pH was very low in the pH non adjustement treatment, the results of the pH adjusted treatments were taken to set the PNEC for STP. The NOEC was 1000 mg InCl3/L or 516 mg In/L. Using an AF of 10, this results in a PNEC of 51.6 mg In/L for STP.
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