3-hydroxy-p-anisaldehyde

Short-term toxicity to fish

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

1981

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPP 72-1 (Fish Acute Toxicity Test)

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Ninety-six-hour flow-through exposures using 28- to 36-d-old juvenile fathead minnows were conducted; flow-through method with analytical monitoring of concentrations.

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Source and lot/batch No.of test material: Eastman Kodak Co.

OTHER SPECIFICS:
Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material:
- Name of test material (as cited in study report): vanillin
- Smiles notation (if other than submission substance): COc1cc(C=O)ccc1O
- InChl (if other than submission substance): InChI=1/C8H8O3/c1-11-8-4-6(5-9)2-3-7(8)10/h2-5,10H,1H3
- Structural formula attached as image file (if other than submission substance): see Fig. in attached report.
- Properties: log P = 1.21

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

- Concentrations: 5 concentrations per test, up to 263 mg/L.
- Sampling method: All test exposure chambers were sampled at approximately mid-depth at 0 and 96 h and one of each duplicate exposure chamber at 24, 48 and 72 h
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: All samples were analysed immediately or adequately preserved for later analysis.

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Lake Superior water served as the diluent source for all test compounds.
- Controls: blank control.

Test organisms (species):

Pimephales promelas

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Juvenile fathead minnows
- Source: Environmental Research Laboratory Duluth
- Age at study initiation: 29-31 days old
- Length at study initiation: 1.1 to 3.1 cm

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: at least 48 h.
- Acclimation conditions: same as test.
- Type and amount of food during acclimation: During acclimation the fish were fed Glencoe trout chow no. 3 granules.

FEEDING DURING TEST: no.

Test type:

flow-through

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Hardness:

51 - 53 mg/L CaCO3.

Test temperature:

25 ± 1ºC.

pH:

7 ± 0.5

Dissolved oxygen:

6.2 - 7.2 mg/L

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal concentrations, 5 concentrations per test, various tests performed.

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: glass, fill volume 6.3 L
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): Flow-through exposures were conducted using cycling proportional [31], modified Benoit, or electronic diluters.

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: Compounds which dissociated in water causing a change in pH were stabilised prior to analysis by addition of a buffer solution. The buffer consisted of 5 mM solution of Na2CO3 adjusted to a mean pH of 10.2 with HCl. One ml buffer was added to 10 ml of standards and samples prior to analysis.

Reference substance (positive control):

yes

Remarks:

Reference toxicants such as octanol, pentachlorophenol, phenol, and carbaryl.

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

57 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: test 1 (1980)

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

123 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: test 2 (1981)

Details on results:

- Behavioural abnormalities: In test 1, affected fish stopped schooling, became hypoactive, swam at the surface, and lost equilibrium prior to death; in test 2, affected fish lost equilibrium prior to death.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Median lethal concentrations (LC50s) were calculated using the Trimmed Spearman–Karber Method, with 95% confidence intervals being calculated when possible.

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

Table 1. Test 1. Tank concentrations

Date	Control		A		B		C		D		E
Nominal	0		34		56		94		157		261
11/11/80	< 0.2	-	20.1	17.7	31.6	31.6	57.1	53.9	91.1	93.0	171	176
11/12/80	-	< 0.2	-	17.7	-	29.3	-	45.6	-	81.6	-	161
11/13/80	< 0.2		18.4	-	29.8	-	51.2	-	84.6	-	-	-
11/14/80		< 0.2	-	18.9	-	31.0	-	55.3	-	87.6	-	-
11/15/80	< 0.2	< 0.2	20.5	18.1	31.6	31.0	56.7	55.9	-	-	-	-
Average	< 0.2	< 0.2	19.7	18.1	31.0	30.7	55.0	52.7	87.8	87.4	171	169
Cor Ave	< 0.2	< 0.2	20.2	18.5	31.8	31.5	56.4	54.0	90.0	89.5	175	173
Recovery %	97.6 (3.7)

 

Table 2. Test 1. Mortality.

Hour	Control		A		B		C		D		E
Initial	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25
0.5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0
1.5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0
3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	0	6	0
6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	0	15	16
12	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	0	25	25
24	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	2	25	25
28	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	10	6	25	25
48	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	2	25	23	25	25
52	-	-	-	-	-	-	8	2	25	23	25	25
72	-	-	-	-	-	-	16	4	25	25	25	25
96	-	-	-	-	-	-	16	4	25	25	25	25

 

 Table 3. Test 2. Tank concentrations.

Date	Control		A		B		C		D		E
Nominal	0		23		38		64		107		178
02/10/81	< 0.1	< 0.1	12.7	11.2	19.9	19.5	44.5	38.0	70.0	48.5	138	138
02/11/81	-	< 0.1	-	8.30	-	16.9	-	40.1	61.5	61.2	-	133
02/12/81	< 0.1	-	10.4	-	17.1	-	41.0	-	64.5	64.5	128	-
02/13/81	-	< 0.2	-	9.92	-	19.6	-	46.0	-	64.5	-	130
12/14/81	0.40	< 0.2	11.1	10.3	19.1	20.1	43.5	40.8	68.5	65.5	133	131
Average	< 0.2	< 0.2	11.4	9.9	18.7	19.0	43.0	41.2	66.1	69.5	133	133
Cor Ave	< 0.2	< 0.2	11.5	10.1	18.9	19.3	43.5	41.7	66.9	61.8	135	135
Recovery %	98.8 (2.5)

 

Table 4. Test 2. Mortality.

Hour	Control		A		B		C		D		E
Initial	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25	25
6	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	0
12	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	0
24	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	4
48	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	5	7
54.5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	12
72	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	12	15
96	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	12	15

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The 96h-LC50 for the test item on Pimephales promelas is 90 mg/L (mean value of 2 tests, basis for effect: mortality).

Executive summary:

The study of acute toxicity of the analogue substance vanillin to the fathead minnow in Lake Superior water was performed by a method similar to OECD TG 203 (non-GLP). Two 96h flow-through studies were conducted at 5 test item concentrations each. Blank controls were run in parallel, analytical verification of concentrations was performed by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The LC50 values obtained were 57 mg/L (CL 53.0 - 61.3 mg/L) and 123 mg/L (CL 104 - 146 mg/L), based on mortality. The 96h-LC50 for the test item on Pimephales promelas is 90 mg/L (mean value of 2 tests, basis for effect: mortality).

Reference 2

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

From February 1973 to July 1974.

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPP 72-1 (Fish Acute Toxicity Test)

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)

GLP compliance:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Source: Curtin Matheson Scientific Inc.
- Purity: all compounds were reagent-grade chemicals.

Analytical monitoring:

no

Details on sampling:

- Concentrations: Three to five widely spaced test concentrations differing by a factor of 10 or more and a control were used.

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Lake Superior water served as the diluent source for all test compounds. Additional tests with reconstituted laboratory water were performed. Test solutions were prepared by
adding a weighed amount of chemical to a 9-L glass carboy containing 4 L of Lake Superior water. Solution components were thoroughly mixed by shaking and were then poured into two glass battery jars for preparation of the toxicant test concentrations.

Test organisms (species):

Pimephales promelas

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Juvenile fathead minnows
- Source: Environmental Research Laboratory Duluth
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 4 to 8 weeks old.
- Length at study initiation (length definition, mean, range and SD): 1.1 - 3.1 cm

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: at least 48h.
- Acclimation conditions: fish were acclimated in flowing water 11 cm deep in a holding through (360 cm long by 58 cm wide by 31 cm deep)
- Type and amount of food during acclimation: During acclimation the fish were fed Glencoe trout chow no. 3 granules.

FEEDING DURING TEST: no

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Test temperature:

18-22ºC.

pH:

> 5.9

Dissolved oxygen:

4.0 mg/l or less.

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal concentrations:

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: the static tests were conducted in 3 L cylindrical glass battery jars.
- Type: a glass cover was placed over each jar to reduce evaporation.
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: glass, size 3 L, fill volume 2 L.
- Aeration: no.
- No. of organisms per vessel: 10
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 2
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 2
- Replicate tests were conducted with vanillin in both diluent waters. Comparative tests were also conducted with vanillin in reconstituted water for minnows acclimated in lake and reconstituted waters.

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: The test compound was tested in Lake Superior water and in soft reconstituted water, to compare the toxic response. The reconstituted water was prepared by adding NaHCO3, CaSO4·2H20, MgSO4, and KCl salts to distilled water in quantities specified by the Committee on Methods for Toxicity Tests with Aquatic Organisms (1975).

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: Complete immobilization of the fish was considered as the biological endpoint and equated with death. Fish mortality was measured after 1, 24, 48, and 96 hr.

TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 10 or more.
- Test concentrations: 3 - 5 widely spaced test concentrations.

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

116.5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: Lake Superior water.

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

104.5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: Reconstituted water.

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

110.5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: Mean value.

Details on results:

The results are the mean value of two tests, individual values on table 1.

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Standard graphical procedures were followed for determining concentrations that would result in 50% mortality (American Public Health Association, 1971).

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

Table 1. Results for vanillin, Individual values.                  

Test	LC50 (mg/L)
	24h	48h	96h
Lake Superior water 1 (a)	131	123	121
Lake Superior water 2 (a)	125	116	112
Reconstituted water 1 (a,c)	100	97	88
Reconstituted water 2 (a, c)	127	121	121
Reconstituted water 3 (a, d)	125	116	116

 (a) Dissolved oxygen measured < 4.0 mg/L during test; (c) acclimated in Lake Superior water; (d) acclimated in reconstituted water.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

no

Remarks:

oxygen conc. ≤ 4 mg/L.

Conclusions:

The 96h-LC50 for the test item on Pimephales promelas was 110.5 mg/L, based on mortality.

Executive summary:

The acute toxicity of vanillin to the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) was studied by a method similar to OECD TG 203 (non-GLP). Static tests were performed in Lake Superior water (2 tests) and reconstituted water (3 tests), exposing 20 fish per concentration to 3 to 5 widely spaced concentrations (factor 10 or higher) of test item. All concentrations reported are nominal, as there was no analytical verification; and the oxygen concentration at the end of the test was below 4mg/L. Under test conditions, the 96h-LC50 for the test item was 110.5 mg/L, based on mortality.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Justification for type of information:

REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See 'Attached justification'.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

90 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: mean

Remarks:

Read-across from analogue.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

Based on the read-across approach, the (96 h) LC50 for Pimephales promelas for the target substance is 90 mg/L (mean value of 2 tests, basis for effect: mortality).

Executive summary:

The study of acute toxicity of the analogue substance vanillin to the fathead minnow in Lake Superior water was performed by a method similar to OECD TG 203 (non-GLP). Two 96h flow-through studies were conducted at 5 test item concentrations each. Blank controls were run in parallel, analytical verification of concentrations was performed by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The LC50 values obtained were 57 mg/L (CL 53.0 - 61.3 mg/L) and 123 mg/L (CL 104 - 146 mg/L), based on mortality. The 96h-LC50 for the test item on Pimephales promelas is 90 mg/L (mean value of 2 tests, basis for effect: mortality). Based on the read-across approach, the 96h-LC50 of the target substance in freshwater fish is 90 mg/L.

Reference 4

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Justification for type of information:

REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See 'Attached justification'.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

110.5 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

estimated

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Remarks on result:

other: Mean value.

Remarks:

Read-across from analogue.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

no

Conclusions:

Based on the available information for the read-across approach, the 96h-LC50 for the target substance on Pimephales promelas was 110.5 mg/L, based on mortality.

Executive summary:

The acute toxicity of vanillin to the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) was studied by a method similar to OECD TG 203 (non-GLP). Static tests were performed in Lake Superior water (2 tests) and reconstituted water (3 tests), exposing 20 fish per concentration to 3 to 5 widely spaced concentrations (factor 10 or higher) of test item. All concentrations reported are nominal, as there was no analytical verification; and the oxygen concentration at the end of the test was below 4mg/L. Under test conditions, the 96h-LC50 for the test item was 110.5 mg/L, based on mortality. Based on the available information for the read-across approach, the 96h-LC50 for the target substance in fish is 110.5 mg/L.

Description of key information

Based on the available information for the read-across approach, the target substance has a 96h-LD50 = 90 mg/L for freshwater fish (worst case).

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water fish

Fresh water fish

Effect concentration:

90 mg/L

Additional information

Weight of evidence. Based on the available information for the read-across approach, the target substance has a 96h-LD50 = 90 mg/L for freshwater fish (worst case).

A flow-through acute aquatic toxicity study of the analogue substance vanillin on Fathead Minnow by Brooke (1981), was performed by a method similar to OECD 203 (non-GLP). Two 96h flow-through studies were conducted at five test item concentrations each in Lake Superior water. Blank controls were run in parallel, analytical verification of concentrations was performed by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The 96h-LC50 values obtained were 57 mg/L (CL 53.0 - 61.3 mg/L) and 123 mg/L (CL 104 - 146 mg/L), based on mortality, giving a mean value of 90 mg/L. A static acute aquatic toxicity study of the analogue substance vanillin on Fathead Minnow was performed by Mattson (1976), by a method similar to OECD 203 (non-GLP). 20 fish per dose were exposed to up to 5 widely spaced concentrations of test item or a control in Lake Superior water (2 tests) or reconstituted water (3 tests). All concentrations reported are nominal, as there was no analytical verification; and the oxygen concentration at the end of the test was below 4mg/L. Under test conditions, the mean 96h-LC50 value for the test item was 110.5 mg/L, based on mortality. Based on the available information for the read-across approach, the LD50 for isovanillin to freshwater fish is 90 mg/L (worst-case scenario).