2-furoic acid

Short-term toxicity to fish

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to fish

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Justification for type of information:

Experimental test result performed according to the guideline.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test)

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

Test chemical concentrations used for the study were 3.125 mg/l, 6.25 mg/l, 12.5 mg/l, 25 mg/l and 50 mg/l,respectively.

Test organisms (species):

Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Zebra Fish
- Source: Anytime Pet
- Length at study initiation (length definition, mean, range and SD): average 1.4 cm
- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): average 0.045 g
- Housing:The fishes were kept in a static tank in tap water passed through reverse osmosis system, under natural conditions along with proper feed and aeration.
- Duration of housing: 15 days
- Photoperiod: 16 hours light and 8 hours dark
- Diet : Standard brand feed, once daily
- Acclimatization: seven days
- Feeding frequency: Once in a day

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Hardness:

155.5 mg of CaCO3

Test temperature:

23.9°C

pH:

7.2

Dissolved oxygen:

7.6 mg/l

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal concentrations: 0, 3.125 mg/l, 6.25 mg/l, 12.5 mg/l, 25 mg/l and 50 mg/l, respectively.

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Aquaria
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 5 liters of plastic aquaria filled with 2 liter of water
- Aeration: Aeration in test vessels was provided 1 day before the start of experiment
- No. of organisms per vessel: 8 fishes

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 16 hours light and 8 hours dark

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

50 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality (fish)

Sublethal observations / clinical signs:

Table 1. Mortality and symptoms:

Nominal Concentration (mg/l)	Number of fish		Mortality (cumulated) after
			3h		6h		24h		48h		72h		96h
			V1	V2	V1	V2	V1	V2	V1	V2	V1	V2	V1	V2
Control	4	4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
3.125	4	4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
6.25	4	4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
12.5	4	4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
25	4	4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
50	4	4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	2	2

Visible Symptoms:

Nominal Concentration (mg/l)

Number of fish

symptom (cumulated) after

3h

6h

24h

48h

72h

96h

V1

V2

V1

V2

V1

V2

V1

V2

V1

V2

V1

V2

Control

4

4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

3.125

4

4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

6.25

4

4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

12.5

4

4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

25

4

4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

50

4

4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS4

NS2

NS2

Explanation of symptoms:

A: apathy

N: Narcotic-like state

C: Swimming near water surface

M: Slow movements compared to control

NS: No abnormal symptoms

S: Surfacing behaviour

L: Loss of equilibrium

SM: Shimming movement

H1: Hyperactivity

H2: Hypo activity

B: Bending behavior

F: Fin rot

IS: Invert Swimming

SB: Swimming behaviour

RF: Respiratory Function

P: Pigmentation

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

Based on the effect of test chemical on mortality of the test organism, the median lethal concentration (LC50 (96 h)) was determined to be 50 mg/l.

Executive summary:

Short term toxicity to fish was conducted for 96 hrs for assessing the effect of test chemical. The test was performed in accordance to OECD guideline No. 203 “Fish Acute Toxicity Test”. Zebra fish (Danio rerio) of average weight 0.045 g and average length of 1.4 cm was used as a test organism for the study. Test fishes were kept in a static tank in tap water passed through reverse osmosis system, under natural conditions along with proper feed and aeration. During the housing period, test fishes were fed once daily with standard brand fed. The test conditions during the housing of the test organisms were oxygen content of 7.6 mg/l, pH 7.5, water temperature 23.9°C and under a photoperiod of 16:8 hr light: dark conditions, respectively. Test was performed using test chemical concentrations of 0, 3.125 mg/l, 6.25 mg/l, 12.5 mg/l, 25 mg/l and 50 mg/l, respectively. Total 8 fishes were exposed to test chemical in a 5 lit bowl aquaria containing 4 liters of potable water. The test vessels were placed in a room at a temperature of 23.9°C, pH 7.2, hardness of water 155.5 mg of CaCO3 and under a photoperiod of 16:8 hr light: dark conditions, respectively. Aeration in test vessels was provided 1 day before the start of the experiment. No mortalities were observed in the control. Test fishes were moving slowly as compared to control. On the basis of effect of test chemical on mortality of the test organism, the median lethal concentration (LC50 (96 h)) was determined to be 50 mg/l. Thus, based on the LC50 value, test chemical was considered as toxic to aquatic fishes. Since the test chemical is readily biodegradable in water, chemical was considered as non-toxic to aquatic fishes at environmental relevant concentrations and hence, considered to be not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.

Description of key information

Short term toxicity to fish was conducted for 96 hrs for assessing the effect of test chemical (Study report). The test was performed in accordance to OECD guideline No. 203 “Fish Acute Toxicity Test”. Zebra fish (Danio rerio) of average weight 0.045 g and average length of 1.4 cm was used as a test organism for the study. Test fishes were kept in a static tank in tap water passed through reverse osmosis system, under natural conditions along with proper feed and aeration. During the housing period, test fishes were fed once daily with standard brand fed. The test conditions during the housing of the test organisms were oxygen content of 7.6 mg/l, pH 7.5, water temperature 23.9°C and under a photoperiod of 16:8 hr light: dark conditions, respectively. Test was performed using test chemical concentrations of 0, 3.125 mg/l, 6.25 mg/l, 12.5 mg/l, 25 mg/l and 50 mg/l, respectively. Total 8 fishes were exposed to test chemical in a 5 lit bowl aquaria containing 4 liters of potable water. The test vessels were placed in a room at a temperature of 23.9°C, pH 7.2, hardness of water 155.5 mg of CaCO3 and under a photoperiod of 16:8 hr light: dark conditions, respectively. Aeration in test vessels was provided 1 day before the start of the experiment. No mortalities were observed in the control. Test fishes were moving slowly as compared to control. On the basis of effect of test chemical on mortality of the test organism, the median lethal concentration (LC50 (96 h)) was determined to be 50 mg/l. Thus, based on the LC50 value, test chemical was considered as toxic to aquatic fishes. Since the test chemical is readily biodegradable in water, chemical was considered as non-toxic to aquatic fishes at environmental relevant concentrations and hence, considered to be not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water fish

Fresh water fish

Effect concentration:

50 mg/L

Additional information

Experimental study of the test chemical and various supporting weight of evidence studies for its read across chemical were reviewed for short term toxicity to fish end point which are summarized as below:

 

In an experimental study from study report, short term toxicity to fish was conducted for 96 hrs for assessing the effect of test chemical. The test was performed in accordance to OECD guideline No. 203 “Fish Acute Toxicity Test”. Zebra fish (Danio rerio) of average weight 0.045 g and average length of 1.4 cm was used as a test organism for the study. Test fishes were kept in a static tank in tap water passed through reverse osmosis system, under natural conditions along with proper feed and aeration. During the housing period, test fishes were fed once daily with standard brand fed. The test conditions during the housing of the test organisms were oxygen content of 7.6 mg/l, pH 7.5, water temperature 23.9°C and under a photoperiod of 16:8 hr light: dark conditions, respectively. Test was performed using test chemical concentrations of 0, 3.125 mg/l, 6.25 mg/l, 12.5 mg/l, 25 mg/l and 50 mg/l, respectively. Total 8 fishes were exposed to test chemical in a 5 lit bowl aquaria containing 4 liters of potable water. The test vessels were placed in a room at a temperature of 23.9°C, pH 7.2, hardness of water 155.5 mg of CaCO3 and under a photoperiod of 16:8 hr light: dark conditions, respectively. Aeration in test vessels was provided 1 day before the start of the experiment. No mortalities were observed in the control. Test fishes were moving slowly as compared to control. On the basis of effect of test chemical on mortality of the test organism, the median lethal concentration (LC50 (96 h)) was determined to be 50 mg/l. Thus, based on the LC50 value, test chemical was considered as toxic to aquatic fishes. Since the test chemical is readily biodegradable in water, chemical was considered as non-toxic to aquatic fishes at environmental relevant concentrations and hence, considered to be not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.

 

In a supporting weight of evidence study, short term toxicity to fish study (from authoritative database, 2018 and secondary source, 1976) was carried out for 96 hrs. Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) (Juvenile) of length of 1.1 to 3.1 cm and 4 to 8 weeks old obtained from the Environmental Research Laboratory was used as a test organism. Fish were acclimated in flowing water 11 cm deep in a holding trough (360 cm long by 58 cm wide by 31 cm deep) for at least 48 hr before the tests. Fishes were acclimated in lake superior water. Test organisms were fed Glencoe trout chow no. 3 granules. Three to five widely spaced test concentrations differing by a factor of 10 or more and a control were used. Test solutions were prepared by adding a weighed amount of chemical' to a 9-1. glass carboy containing 4 lit of Lake superior water. Solution components were thoroughly mixed by shaking and were then poured into two glass battery jars for preparation of the toxicant test concentrations. All chemical concentrations are nominal; none were analyzed to determine concentration levels. Test were tested in both lake superior and reconstituted water. The reconstituted water was prepared by adding NaHC03, CaS04. 2H20, MgS04, and KCl salts to distilled water. The static tests were conducted in 3 lit cylindrical glass battery jars containing 2 lit of test water. A glass cover was placed over each jar to reduce evaporation. Test water was not aerated. Test fishes were not fed during the study.  Test fishes (20 fish/conc.) were exposed to test chemical for 96 hr at a temperature of 18 to 22°C. Complete immobilization of the fish was considered as the biological endpoint and equated with death. Fish mortality was measured after 1, 24, 48, and 96 hr. Standard graphical procedures were followed for determining concentrations that would result in 50% mortality. On the basis of the effect of test chemical on mortality of the test organism Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow), the 96 hr LC50 value was determined to be 32 mg/l. Thus, based on the LC50 value, test chemical was considered as toxic to aquatic fishes. Since the test chemical is readily biodegradable in water, chemical was considered as non-toxic to fishes at environmental relevant concentrations and hence, considered to be 'not classified' as per the CLP classification criteria.

 

For the test chemical from authoritative database (2020), acute toxicity to fish study was carried out. Study was performed following the principles of OECD Guideline 203 (Fish, Acute Toxicity Test). Study was performed under static conditions for a period of 96 hrs. On the basis of the effect of test chemical on mortality of the test organism, the 96 hr LC50 value was determined to be >120 mg/l. Thus, based on the EC50 value, test chemical was considered as non-toxic to aquatic fishes at environmental relevant concentrations and hence, considered to be 'not classified' as per the CLP classification criteria.

 

On the basis of the above results, it can be concluded that the test chemical was considered to be toxic to aquatic fishes. Since the test chemical is readily biodegradable in water, test chemical was considered as non-toxic to aquatic fishes and hence, considered to be not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.