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EC number: 618-347-7 | CAS number: 9003-01-4
- Life Cycle description
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- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
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- Water solubility
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- pH
- Dissociation constant
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- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
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- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
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- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
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- Nanomaterial pour density
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- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Justification for type of information:
- 1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
- Read-across hypothesis: "Different compounds have the same type of effect(s)"
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
- Target chemical: 2-Propenoic acid, homopolymer (purity ≥ 99.0%) = UVCB substance composed of acrylic acid monomers (Mw = 72 g/mol) and 2-carboxyethyl acrylate oligomers (average Mw = 208.8 g/mol)
- Source chemical: Acrylic acid = monoconstituent substance composed of acrylic acid monomers (Mw = 72 g/mol)
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
- Common structure: the constituents of the target and source chemicals share identical functional groups (i.e. one terminal carboxylic acid group and one terminal vinyl group) and only differ in the presence/absence of one or several -CH2-CH2-COO- pattern(s) in their structural backbones. This pattern being introduced as a result of (poly)addition reactions, it is only present in the polymerized units of acrylic acid (average number of -CH2-CH2-COO- patterns per vinyl group: < 3) and is absent from the monomer units.
- Common physico-chemical/fate properties: the target and source chemicals are both hydrophylic substances (log Pow < 1) with a high solubility in water and a low volatility (VP < 5 hPa). Both substances have a low potential for bioaccumulation in living organisms (log Pow < 4) and a low potential for persistence in environmental compartments (rapidly degradable).
- Common mode of action: the toxic effects of the target and source chemicals are expected to result from their acidic character (carboxylic acid group) and from the reactivity of their double bond (vinyl group). As the polyaddition reactions lead only to an increase in the chain length/molecular weight without an increase in the number of reactive functional groups, the low molecular-weight polymerized units of acrylic acid (from the test item) are not expected to exert higher toxicity than the monomer units. As a result, the target chemical, although only partially composed of acrylic acid monomers, is considered at the very worst to be as toxic as the source substance.
Further information (including data matrix) is available in the attached read-across justification document. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.75 mg/L
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (freshwater sp.)
- Remarks:
- read-across from acrylic acid
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.03 mg/L
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (freshwater sp.)
- Remarks:
- read-across from acrylic acid
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.13 - 0.205 mg/L
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Desmodesmus subspicatus (freshwater sp.)
- Remarks:
- read-across from acrylic acid
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.03 - 0.031 mg/L
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Desmodesmus subspicatus (freshwater sp.)
- Remarks:
- read-across from acrylic acid
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 105 mg/L
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Skeletonema costatum (marine sp.)
- Remarks:
- read-across from acrylic acid
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 36 mg/L
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Skeletonema costatum (marine sp.)
- Remarks:
- read-across from acrylic acid
- Conclusions:
- Using a read-across approach, the REACH substance is expected to exhibit a 76-hour 50% effective concentration EC50 in the range >0.1-1 mg/L, and a 76-hour no-observed-effect concentration NOEC in the range >0.01-0.1 mg/L, when exposed to freshwater algae species. Toxic effects are expected to be lower in marine algae species (i.e. 76h-EC50 > 100 mg/L and 76h-NOEC > 10 mg/L).
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study without detailed documentation
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- Desmodesmus subspicatus (previous name: Scenedesmus subspicatus)
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.13 - 0.205 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.03 - 0.031 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- A 50% effective concentration EC50 in the range 0.130-0.205 mg/L and a 10% effective concentration EC10 in the range 0.030-0.031 mg/L were obtained following a 72-hour exposure of freshwater green algae Desmodesmus subspicatus to acrylic acid.
- Executive summary:
The toxicity of acrylic acid to freshwater green algae Desmodesmus subspicatus was determined in a GLP-compliant study performed in accordance with standard methods. A 72-hour 50% effective concentration EC50 in the range 0.130-0.205 mg/L and a 72-hour 10% effective concentration EC10 in the range 0.030-0.031 mg/L were obtained based on measured concentrations.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study without detailed documentation
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- ISO 10253 (Water quality - Marine Algal Growth Inhibition Test with Skeletonema costatum and Phaeodactylum tricornutum)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- Skeletonema costatum
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 105 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 36 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- A 50% effective concentration EC50 of 105 mg/L and a no-observed-effect concentration NOEC of 36 mg/L were obtained following a 72-hour exposure of marine diatoms Skeletonema costatum to acrylic acid.
- Executive summary:
The toxicity of acrylic acid to marine diatoms Skeletonema costatum was determined in a GLP-compliant study performed in accordance with standard methods. A 72-hour 50% effective concentration EC50 of 105 mg/L and a 72-hour no-observed-effect concentration NOEC of 36 mg/L were obtained based on measured concentrations.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study without detailed documentation
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: The Notice on the Test Method Concerning New Chemical Substances < Algal Growth Inhibition Test, Daphnia Acute Immobilization Test, and Fish Acute Toxicity Test >
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Test type:
- not specified
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Test temperature:
- 22.2-24.2°C
- pH:
- 7.3-8.2 (no pH adjustment)
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: control, 0.0032, 0.010, 0.032, 0.10, 0.32, 1.0, 3.2, 10 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM:
- Exposure system: shaking cultivation (100 r/min)
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: test solution volume 100 mL/vessel
- Initial cells density: ca. 10000 cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 6
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS:
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Used the medium shown in OECD guideline for testing of chemicals: 201 Alga, Growth Inhibition Test (1984)
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS:
- Photoperiod: continuous lighting
- Light intensity and quality: 90 - 95 micromol/m2/s (irradiating continuously and uniformly by using white fluorescent lamp) - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.75 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL 0.69-0.82 mg/L
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.03 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Details on results:
- The mean measured concentration obtained by the geometric mean from the measured value of test substance concentration in test solution was used for calculation of result.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- A 50% effective concentration EC50 of 0.75 mg/L (95% CL 0.69-0.82 mg/L) and a no-observed-effect concentration NOEC of 0.03 mg/L were obtained following a 72-hour exposure of freshwater green algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) to acrylic acid.
- Executive summary:
The toxicity of acrylic acid to freshwater green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was determined in a GLP-compliant study performed in accordance with standard methods. A 72-hour 50% effective concentration EC50 of 0.75 mg/L (95% CL 0.69-0.82 mg/L) and a 72-hour no-observed-effect concentration NOEC of 0.03 mg/L were obtained based on measured concentrations.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- no final test / no analytical monitoring / no GLP
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- no final test performed (at the request of the sponsor)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Composition of test material: 2-carboxyethyl acrylate oligomers (= homopolymers of acrylic acid + 2-carboxyethyl acrylate) and acrylic acid
- Analytical purity: 98.4%
- Purity test date: 22 May 2019
- Lot/batch No.: BA9E59810
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: 13 May 2020
- Appearance: Colourless limpid liquid
- Storage: In darkness at room temperature - Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Test temperature:
- 21–24 °C (controlled at ± 2°C)
- pH:
- 7.9-8.9
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 0, 0.0103, 0.047, 0.217 and 1 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: glass Erlenmeyer flasks (300 mL) covered by air-permeable lids
- Fill volume: 100±5 mL
- Initial cells density: 5000 cells/mL
- Control end cells density: 778600 cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 2
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 2
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes (OECD medium)
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: not specified
- Adjustment of pH: not specified
- Photoperiod: permanent illumination
- Light intensity and quality: 75.3-76.9 μE m–2s–1
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
- Determination of cell concentrations: at test end
- Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Details on results:
- No considerable inhibition of the algal growth was observed at the tested concentration levels (up to 1.0 mg test item/L). In none of the concentration levels, deformed and/or damaged algal cells were observed during microscopic inspection.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Mean biomass increase in the control cultures: factor of at least 16 within the 72-hour test period (found: 157). Coefficient of variation of average specific growth rates during test period in replicate control cultures: up to 7% (found: 0.49%).
- Conclusions:
- No considerable inhibition of the algal growth was observed at the tested concentration levels (up to 1.0 mg test item/L).
- Executive summary:
The toxicity of the test item to freshwater green algae Raphidocellis subcapitata was investigated in a non-GLP compliant study performed in accordance with OECD Guideline No. 201. The aim of the study was to screen the toxicity of the test item; only a range-finding test was therefore performed. The test organisms were exposed to test concentrations in the range 0.01-1 mg/L, as well as to a control without the test item, for a test period of 72 hours. No considerable inhibition of the algal growth was observed at the tested concentration levels (up to 1.0 mg test item/L).
Referenceopen allclose all
Cell number per mL (divided by 104) in Raphidocelis subcapitata as dependent on concentration of the test item and time
Concentrations [mg test item/L] |
Control |
0.0103 |
0.0473 |
0.217 |
1.00 |
|
0 h |
Replicates |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
Mean [cells]* |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
72h |
Replicates |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
Mean [cells] |
77.86 |
99.17 |
103.91 |
105.74 |
98.25 |
Mean: arithmetic mean
* nominal initial cell number of 0.5×104cells per mL
Inhibition of Yield: Yield per mL (divided by 104) of Raphidocelis subcapitata in relation to concentration of the test item and % inhibition caused by the test item, after 72 hours.
Nominal concentration [mg test item/L] |
Mean yield [cells] |
Std. Dev. [cells] |
n |
%Inhibition |
Control |
77.86 |
1.952 |
2 |
|
0.0103 |
99.17 |
8.818 |
2 |
-27.36 |
0.0473 |
103.91 |
8.217 |
2 |
-33.46 |
0.217 |
105.74 |
12.990 |
2 |
-35.81 |
1.00 |
98.25 |
9.072 |
2 |
-26.18 |
Mean: arithmetic mean; Std. Dev.: standard deviation; n: number of replicates; negative inhibition represents increas compared to the control values.
Inhibition of Growth Rate: Growth Rate of Raphidocelis subcapitata in relation to concentration of the test item and % inhibition caused by the test item, after 72 hours.
Nominal concentration [mg test item/L] |
Mean growth rate [day-1] |
Std. Dev. [day-1] |
n |
%Inhibition |
Control |
1.6848 |
0.00830 |
2 |
|
0.0103 |
1.7643 |
0.02953 |
2 |
-4.72 |
0.0473 |
1.7800 |
0.02626 |
2 |
-5.65 |
0.217 |
1.7850 |
0.04086 |
2 |
-5.95 |
1.00 |
1.7612 |
0.03067 |
2 |
-4.54 |
Mean: arithmetic mean; Std.Dev.: standard deviation; n: number of replicates; negative inhibition represents increas compared to the control values.
Description of key information
The REACH substance is composed of polymerized units of acrylic acid (identified as "2-carboxyethyl acrylate oligomers") and residual monomers of acrylic acid. As the toxicity of acrylic acid derivates is not expected to increase with their increasing molecular weight, a worst-case analogy was made between the REACH substance and acrylic acid, the latter being considered as its most toxic constituent.
According to the data available on acrylic acid, the REACH substance is expected, by analogy, to exhibit a 72-hour 50% effective concentration ErC50 in the range >0.1-1 mg/L, and a 72-hour no-observed-effect concentration NOErC in the range >0.01-0.1 mg/L, when exposed to freshwater alga species; toxic effects are expected to be lower in marine algae species. This assumption is supported by the results from a range-finding non-GLP study performed to screen the toxicity of the REACH substance to freshwater green algae: no significant inhibition of the algal growth rate was observed at the highest test concentration (1 mg/L) at the end of the 72-hour exposure period. These results confirm that the analogy made between the REACH substance and acrylic acid does not lead to any underestimation of hazards to aquatic algae.
The lowest ErC50 and ErC10 values obtained with acrylic acid (i.e. 0.13 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L, respectively) were used, by analogy, for the environmental hazard assessment of the REACH substance.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 0.13 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 0.03 mg/L
Additional information
The toxicity of the REACH substance to freshwater green algae was screened in a non-GLP compliant range-finding study performed in accordance with standard methods, with deviations. The study is considered as reliable with restrictions (Klimisch 2) and is selected as a supporting study for the endpoint.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
