Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

Stability:

Hydrolysis:

Half life of hydrolysis of test chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate was estimated by suing OECD QSAR tool box v3.4 and considering five closest read across chemical with log Kow as primary descriptor. The half life of hydrolysis of test chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate was estimated to be 422.22 days. On the basis of this half life value it is concluded that Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate is not hydrolysable.

Biodegradation:

Biodegradation in water:

Percent biodegradation of test chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo) benzenesulphonate was observed to be  9.0 %  and 15 % in low spike  that is 1 mg/mL concentration  and high spike that is 5 mg/L concentration of test chemical by  considering test material analysis by HPLC  as parameter.  On the basis of percent degradation it is concluded that this test material is not readily biodegradable.

Biodegradation in water and sediments:

Estimation Programs Interface (EPI Suite, 2017) prediction model was run to predict the half-life in water and sediment for the test compound sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate (CAS No.6406 -56 -0). If released in to the environment, 5.57 % of the chemical will partition into water according to the Mackay fugacity model level III and the half-life period of test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate in water is estimated to be 60.0 days (1440 hrs). The half-life (60 days estimated by EPI suite) indicates that the chemical is persistent in water and the exposure risk to aquatic animals is moderate to high whereas the half-life period of test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate in sediment is estimated to be 541.6 days (13000  hrs). Based on this half-life value, it indicates that test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate is persistent in sediment.

Biodegradation in Soil:

The half-life period of test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate(CAS No. 6406 -56 -0) in soil was estimated using Level III Fugacity Model by EPI Suite version 4.1 estimation database (EPI suite, 2017). If released into the environment, 57.6 % of the chemical will partition into soil according to the Mackay fugacity model level III. The half-life period of test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate in soil is estimated to be 120 days (2800 hrs). Based on this half-life value of test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate, it is concluded that the chemical is not persistent in the soil environment and the exposure risk to soil dwelling animals is moderate to low.

Bioaccumulation:

Bioaccumulation: aquatic /sediment:

Using BCFBAF Program (v3.00) model of EPI suite 2017 the estimated bio concentration factor (BCF) for sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate  (CAS No.6406-56-0) is 3.162 L/kg wet-wt at 25 deg. c which does not exceed the bioconcentration threshold of 2000. Therefore it is concluded that test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate is non bioaccumulative in food chain.

Transport and distribution:

Adsorption /desorption:

Adsorption coefficient of test chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate was determined to be 8.30. On the basis of this this adsorption coeffiicent Koc value was determined to be 20.75 (log Koc=1.3170). On the basis of this log KOc value it is concluded that this test chemical has negligible sorption to sewage and has rapid migration potential to ground water.

Additional information

Stability:

Hydrolysis:

Predicted data study for target chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1 naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl }diazenyl)benzenesulfonate (CAS no. 6406-56-0) and experimental study for its structurally similar read across chemical are summarized below for hydrolysis endpoint

 

In a predicted data study the Half life of hydrolysis of test chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate was estimated by suing OECD QSAR tool box v3.4 and considering five closest read across chemical with log Kow as primary descriptor. The half life of hydrolysis of test chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate was estimated to be 422.22 days. On the basis of this half life value it is concluded that Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate is not hydrolysable.

 

Next study was experimental study done from authoritative data base (HSDB, 2017) in this study the read across chemical disodium 6-hydroxy-5-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-2-sulfonate (CAS no.2783-94-0) is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions On the basis of this it is concluded that this test chemical is not hydrolysable.

 

On the basis of both the studies it is concluded that test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate can be considered as not hydrolysable.

Biodegradation:

Biodegradation in water:

 Experimental studies from different sources and one predicted data have been conducted for target chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo) benzenesulphonate (Acid Red 151) CAS no. 6406-56-0 and one experimental studies also conducted for its read across chemical results af all studies are summarized below for biodegradation in water endpoint.

 

The first experimental study have been conducted from Chemosphere Vol 22 pp 107-119 1991 by Glenn M Shaul, Thomas J Holdsworth, Clyde R. Dempsey, and Kenneth A. Dostal in this study the biodegradability of test chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo) benzenesulphonate (Acid Red 151) was determined by analyzing percent recovery of test material. This test material is dye and inoculums used for biodegradation was obtained from Screened raw waste water from greater Cincinnati Mill Creek sewage treatment plant was used as influent (INF) to three pilot scale activated sludge biological treatment systems (Two experimental and one control). Each system consists of primary clarifier, complete mix aeration basin and secondary clarifier. Influent was spiked with test material at concentration of 1 mg/L and 5 mg/L. Then Dye analytical studies were conducted by purified dye compound in organic free influent waste water and mixed liquor. Then influent, primary influent filtrate was passed through column packed with resin. The filter paper and resin were soaked in an ammonia – acetonitrile solution and then soxhlet extracted with ammonia – acetonitrile. The extract was concentrated and brought upto 50 ml volumn with methanol/dimethyl formamaide solution. All extracted samples were analyzed by HPLC with ultraviolet detector.

Percent recovery and Percent adsorbed of test chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonatewas observed was 82% and 50 % in low spike of test chemical and 70 % and 58% at high spike of test chemical respectively. On the basis of percent recovery value biodegradation of dye was 9.0 % at low spike and 15 % at high spike of test chemical. On the basis of percent degradation it is concluded that this test material is not readily biodegradable.

 

 

 Next experimental study was done from Bioresource Technology 92 (2004) 143–149 by German Buitron , Maribel Quezada, Gloria Moreno in this study an experiment was conducted to determined biodegradation efficiency of test chemical Acid red 151. The system consisted in an aerated SBB made of acrylic with a total volume of 9.8 l, of which 6 l were working volume (liquid). The packing material (3.8 l) was a porous volcanic rock (puzolane) with a diameter from 2.0 to 2.5 cm. Each cycle of the SBB consisted of four periods controlled by a timer: fill and draw (3 and 13 min, respectively), reaction (variable) and settle (30 min). The exchange rate in each cycle was 75% of the total volume. The temperature was maintained at 25oC. Activated sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant was used as inoculum (2500 mg/l as volatile suspended solids, VSS). The pH was maintained at approximately 7 and mineral salts were added according to AFNOR (1985). The operation of the SBB was followed during 667 days. Two initial concentrations were used (25 and 50 mg AR 151/l) as a sole source of carbon and energy. Reaction times of 24, 12, 8 and 4 h were tested. For each concentration, the reaction time was varied to acclimate the microorganisms. Thus, the reaction time was maintained for 24 h until a constant degradation rate, qv, was observed. Then , the reaction times were reduced to 12, 8 and 4 h. Final AR151 concentration, obtained when 70% or more of the initial Acid Red 151 was removed from the system, mg/l. A maximal biodegradation efficiency of 99% was obtained when the reactor was fed with a concentration of 25 mg AR151/l and 12 h of cycle. The biodegradation efficiencies varied between 60% and 99% with an average value of 88%. A maximal degradation rate of 247 mg AR151/(lreactor d) was obtained. On the basis of this degradation rate of Acid Red 151 it is concluded that Acid red 151 is degradable in specific conditions with acclimated organisms this degradation efficiency was also due to adsorption of Acid red 151.

 

 One more experimental study was done from Rasayan journal Vol.3, No.4 (2010), 731-735 by Praveen Sharma, Lakhvinder Singh and Jyoti Mehta in this study an experiment was conducted to determine biodegradability of test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate for this experiment the bacterial strains were isolated from dye-contaminated soil collected from within the premises of a textile industry the isolated bacteria were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Achromobacter xyloxidans bacteria. Stock solution of test chemical was prepared at 1000 mg/L concentration then it was diluted to desired concentration and inoculated with isolated bacteria then Erlenmeyer flask were incubated for 7 days then the COD of the samples was determined by standard dichromate reflux method. The percent COD removal of test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate was determined to be 81 percent in 7days. On the basis of this COD removal value it is conclude that this test chemical is readily biodegradable.

 

 Next study was predicted data study in this study the Biodegradability of test chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate (CAS no. 6406 -56 -0) was predicted by using OECD QSAR tool box v3.4 considering six closest read across chemicals with log Kow as primary descriptor. The percent biodegradability of test chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate was determined to 2.33% by considering BOD as parameter and microorganisms as inoculum in 28 days. On the basis of percent biodegradability value it is concluded that test chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate is not readily biodegradable.

 

 Last study was also experimental study done for structurally similar read across chemical done fromauthoritative data base (HSDB, 2017) in this study the read across chemical disodium 6-hydroxy-5-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-2-sulfonate (CAS no. 2783-94-0) showed 0.0% biodegradation by considering BOD as parameter in 5 days, and by taking sewage as inoculums. So it is concluded that test chemical disodium 6-hydroxy-5-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-2-sulfonate is not readily biodegradable.

 

 By considering results of all the studies mentioned above it was observed that in first experimental study target chemical showed very less percent biodegradability and in another study it showed very high value of efficiency of biodegradation in specific conditions and duration of study was also not mentioned properly so from this study it is clear that target chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate is biodegradable but not readily in third experimental study target chemical have shown 81 % biodegradation in 7 days according to this results target chemical can be considered as readily biodegradable but organisms used in this study were specifically isolated for degradation of target chemical and they are Bacillus subtilis and Achromobacter xyloxidans these two bacteria got acclimated to target chemical and these are resistant to dyes. Next study was prediction for target chemical it showed very less biodegradability and to corroborate this results structurally similar read across chemical of target chemical also showed very less biodegradability. On the basis of all the results it is concluded that target chemical is not readily biodegradable.

Biodegradation in water and sediments:

Estimation Programs Interface (EPI Suite, 2017) prediction model was run to predict the half-life in water and sediment for the test compound sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate (CAS No.6406 -56 -0). If released in to the environment, 5.57 % of the chemical will partition into water according to the Mackay fugacity model level III and the half-life period of test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate in water is estimated to be 60.0 days (1440 hrs). The half-life (60 days estimated by EPI suite) indicates that the chemical is persistent in water and the exposure risk to aquatic animals is moderate to high whereas the half-life period of test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate in sediment is estimated to be 541.6 days (13000  hrs). Based on this half-life value, it indicates that test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate is persistent in sediment.

Biodegradation in Soil:

The half-life period of test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate(CAS No. 6406 -56 -0) in soil was estimated using Level III Fugacity Model by EPI Suite version 4.1 estimation database (EPI suite, 2017). If released into the environment, 57.6 % of the chemical will partition into soil according to the Mackay fugacity model level III. The half-life period of test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate in soil is estimated to be 120 days (2800 hrs). Based on this half-life value of test chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate, it is concluded that the chemical is not persistent in the soil environment and the exposure risk to soil dwelling animals is moderate to low.

Bioaccumulation:

Bioaccumulation: aquatic /sediment:

Predicted data for target chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate  (CAS No.6406-56-0) and supporting weight if evidence study for its read across chemical have been studied and their results are summarized below.

 

The first weight of evidence study was done by Using BCFBAF Program (v3.00) model of Estimation Program Interface (EPI suite 2017) in this study the estimated bio concentration factor (BCF) for sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate  (CAS No.6406-56-0) is 3.162 L/kg wet-wt at 25 deg. c which does not exceed the bioconcentration threshold of 2000.

 

Next weight of evidence study was done by using Bio-concentration Factor (v12.1.0.50374) module of Advanced Chemistry Development (ACD) / I lab predictive module in this study the Bio-concentration Factor at range pH 3-14  of the chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate (CAS no.6406 -56 -0) estimated to be 1.0 dimensionless. This value indicates that the chemical sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate is nonbioaccumulative in aquatic organisms as this value does not exceed 2000 criteria.

 

Next weight of evidence study was done from CompTox Chemistry Dashboard using OPERA (OPEn (quantitative) structure-activity Relationship Application)  V1.02 model in which calculation based on PaDEL descriptors (calculate molecular descriptors and fingerprints of chemical)  the bioaccumulation i.e BCF for test substance sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate (CAS no.6406 -56 -0) was estimated to be 21.9 dimensionless . The predicted BCF result was based on the 5 OECD principles. Thus based on the result it is concluded that the test substance sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate is non-bioaccumulative in nature, because the bioconcentration factor in fish is less than 2000.

 

Last weight of evidence study was done from authoritative database (HSDB, 2017) for structurally similar read cross chemical in this study the ionic character of read across disodium 6-hydroxy-5-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]naphthalene-2-sulfonate(CAS no. 2783-94-0) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is expected to be low.

 

On the basis of all the studies mentioned above it observed that BCF value was in range of 1- 21.9 dimensionless on the basis of this value it can be concluded that target chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate (CAS no. 6406-56-0) is non bioaccumulative in nature as this range value is far less than 2000 criteria.

Transport and distribution:

Adsorption /desorption:

One predicted data study and one experimental study for target chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate (CAS no. 6406-56-0) and two experimental studies for its structurally similar read across chemical have been conducted from different sources and results of all the studies are summarized below for adsorption endpoint.

 

The first study was done from Environ. Sci. Techno. 1989, 23, 1092-1097 by Richard A. Dobbs, Leping Wang, and Rakesh Govind in this study an experiment was performed to determine adsorption coefficient of test chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate (CAS no. 6406-56-0) on Wastewater solids were collected from three different municipal wastewater treatment plants within a 50 -mi radius of the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio and a stock slurry that contained purged distilled water and wastewater solids was prepared to give the desired concentration of solids for the isotherm test by using visible spectroscopy at 512 nm. The adsorption coefficient of test chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate was determined to be 8.30. On the basis of this this adsorption coeffiicent Koc value was determined to be 20.75 (log Koc=1.3170). On the basis of this log KOc value it is concluded that this test chemical has negligible sorption to sewage sludge and has rapid migration potential to ground water.

 

Next study was predicted data study in this study the Soil Adsorption Coefficient i.e Koc value of test substance sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate (CAS no. 6406 -56 -0) was estimated using Adsorption Coefficient module (v12.1.0.50374) program of Advanced Chemistry Development (ACD) /I –lab predictive module as Koc 1.99 dimensionless (log Koc= 0.3). This log Koc value indicates that the test substance sodium 4-({4-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)benzenesulfonate has a negligible sorption to soil and show rapid migration potential to groundwater.

 

Another study was experimental study done from UERL labaoratory (2017) in this study the adsorption coefficient Koc in soil and in sewage sludge read across chemical Sodium 3-(panilinophenylazo) benzenesulphonate (CAS No.587-98-4) was determined by the Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method according to OECD Guideline No. 121 for testing of Chemicals. The reference substances were chosen according to functional similarity with the read across substance and calibration graph prepared. The reference substances were N-methylaniline, 2 - nitrophenol, Nitrobenzene, 4 -Nitrobenzamide, N,N-dimethylbenzamide, N-methylbenzamide, Benzamide having Koc value ranging from 1.239 to 2.47 The Log Koc value was determined to be 1.697 ± 0.002at 25°C.

This value indicates that the read across substance has low sorption to soil and sediment, moderate migration to ground water.

 

Based on the study from an authoritative database [HSDB(Hazardous Substances Data Bank) (2017)], the Koc of another read across chemical C.I. Acid Red 18 is estimated as approximately 9, using an experimental water solubility of 80,000 mg/l and a regression-derived equation. According to a recommended classification scheme, the estimated Koc value of 9 suggests that C.I. Acid Red 18 has very high mobility in soil.

 

 By compiling results of all the studies mentioned above it is concluded that target chemical Sodium 4-(4-(2-hydroxynaphthalenylazo)phenylazo)benzenesulphonate (CAS no. 6406-56-0)has negligible sorption to soil and has rapid migration potential to ground water.