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Ecotoxicological information

Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

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Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference
Endpoint:
long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Type of information:
(Q)SAR
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Study period:
09 May 2022 to 14 June 2022
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification
Remarks:
The test item falls within the applicability domain of the model and can therefore be considered as a reliable prediction for CHRONIC TOXICITY TO DAPHNIDS (21-DAY EC10). Therefore, this endpoint value can be considered valid for use in risk assessment and classification and labelling.
Justification for type of information:
1. SOFTWARE
iSafeRat® – in Silico Algorithms For Environmental Risk And Toxicity

2. MODEL (incl. version number)
iSafeRat® daphEC10 v1.5

3. SMILES OR OTHER IDENTIFIERS USED AS INPUT FOR THE MODEL
Clc1ccccc1

4. SCIENTIFIC VALIDITY OF THE (Q)SAR MODEL
See attached QMRF

5. APPLICABILITY DOMAIN
See attached Study Report with QPRF in Annex

6. ADEQUACY OF THE RESULT
See attached Study Report with QPRF in Annex
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 211 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)
Deviations:
not applicable
Remarks:
QSAR model
Principles of method if other than guideline:
The CHRONIC TOXICITY TO DAPHNIDS (21-DAY EC10) was determined using iSafeRat® daphEC10, a validated QSAR model for the Mechanism of Action (MechoA) in question (MechoA 1.1, i.e. non-polar narcosis) (Bauer et al., 2018). The QSAR is based on validated data for a training set of 31 chemicals derived from 21-day test on daphnids, for which the concentrations of the test item had been determined by chemical analyses over the test period.
GLP compliance:
no
Remarks:
QSAR model
Specific details on test material used for the study:
Water Solubility: 5.38E+02 mg/L (Yalkowsky et al., 1979)
Mechanism of action: MechoA 1.1: non-polar narcosis (Bauer et al., 2018)
Analytical monitoring:
no
Remarks:
QSAR model
Details on sampling:
not applicable
Vehicle:
no
Details on test solutions:
not applicable
Test organisms (species):
Daphnia magna
Details on test organisms:
none
Test type:
other: QSAR model
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
21 d
Remarks on exposure duration:
Results from a test duration of 21 days only were used for Daphnia magna.
Post exposure observation period:
not applicable
Hardness:
The QSAR is based on data from studies performed at acceptable hardness to ensure control survival.
Test temperature:
The temperatures varied from approximately 20 to 23 °C. This small difference is not expected to contribute to the variability of the values found in experimental data.
pH:
Test results were taken from studies with measured pHs between 6 - 9.
Dissolved oxygen:
The model is based on data from studies performed at acceptable oxygen concentrations (generally >60%).
Salinity:
not applicable
Conductivity:
not applicable
Nominal and measured concentrations:
Studies were used only where sufficient evidence was presented to determine that the stubstance was stable under test conditions (i.e. maintened within ± 20 % of the nominal) or, if not, the result was based on measured concentrations as geometric mean.
Details on test conditions:
Preferentially results from a flow-through studies were used. However semi-static with daily renewal of test solutions and the control was accepted (preferably accompanied by analytical measurements over the study period). For suspected volatile substances only tests performed in closed vessels were accepted unless accompanying analytical monitoring proved such a design was not necessary.
Reference substance (positive control):
not required
Key result
Duration:
21 d
Dose descriptor:
EC10
Remarks:
equivalent to MATC
Effect conc.:
3.4 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (not specified)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
reproduction
Details on results:
The test item falls within the applicability domain of the model and can therefore be considered as
a reliable prediction for CHRONIC TOXICITY TO DAPHNIDS (21-DAY EC10). Therefore, this endpoint
value can be considered valid for use in risk assessment and classification and labelling.
Results with reference substance (positive control):
not applicable
Reported statistics and error estimates:
95% confidence interval (α = 0.05): 2.5E+00 – 4.5E+00 mg/L

Applicability Domain


 


Descriptor domain                                          


The Subcooled Liquid Water Solubility value (5.38E+02 mg/L or -2.321 in log10 (mol/L)) given as the input to the iSafeRat® daphEC10 model falls within the descriptor domain of the model between a Subcooled Liquid Water Solubility of -5.910 to 1.030 in log10 (mol/L).


 


Structural fragment domain


The variability of structure in the training set is not considered as a relevant domain since the model is based on a mechanistic approach (mechanism of action). Since the MechoA is related to the molecular structure, the following list of chemical moieties can give an overview of the structural domain:



  • Alcohol

  • Alkane

  • Alkene

  • Anthraquinones

  • Aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

  • Ester

  • Ether

  • Halogenated hydrocarbons

  • Ketone


The test item as a halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon can be taken into account by the model.


 


Mechanistic domain:


The iSafeRat® daphEC10 model can reliably predict the aquatic toxicity for chemicals with the following mechanisms of action of toxicity (MechoA):



  • non-polar narcosis (MechoA 1.1)

  • mono-/poly-esters whose hydrolysis products are narcotics (MechoA 2.1)


The MechoA of molecules is predicted directly from the structure. The test item as a halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon is expected to exert a MechoA 1.1 and can be taken into account by the model (Bauer et al., 2018).

Validity criteria fulfilled:
yes
Conclusions:
The CHRONIC TOXICITY TO DAPHNIDS (21-DAY EC10) of the test item was predicted as 3.4E+00 mg/L.
95% confidence interval (α = 0.05): 2.5E+00 – 4.5E+00 mg/L
Statistical characteristics of the model are given in the QMRF report KTS/QMRF/CHR/05.
Executive summary:

A Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) model was used to calculate the CHRONIC TOXICITY TO DAPHNIDS (21-DAY EC10) for the test item. This QSAR model has been validated to be compliant with the OECD recommendations for QSAR modeling (OECD, 2004) and predicts the endpoint value which would be expected when testing the substance under experimental conditions in a laboratory following Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 211, "Daphnia magna Reproduction Test" (OECD, 2012). The criterion predicted was the EC10 (10% Effective Concentration), a concentration which is expected to cause an effect of 10% on reproducibility within a period of 21 days.


 


The CHRONIC TOXICITY TO DAPHNIDS (21-DAY EC10) was determined using iSafeRat® daphEC10, a validated QSAR model for the Mechanism of Action (MechoA) in question (MechoA 1.1, i.e. non-polar narcosis) (Bauer et al., 2018). The QSAR is based on validated data for a training set of 31 chemicals derived from 21-day test on daphnids, for which the concentrations of the test item had been determined by chemical analyses over the test period.


 


The test item falls within the applicability domain of the model and can therefore be considered as a reliable prediction for CHRONIC TOXICITY TO DAPHNIDS (21-DAY EC10). Therefore, this endpoint value can be considered valid for use in risk assessment and classification and labelling.


 


The CHRONIC TOXICITY TO DAPHNIDS (21-DAY EC10) of the test item was predicted as 3.4E+00 mg/L.
95% confidence interval (α = 0.05): 2.5E+00 – 4.5E+00 mg/L.

Description of key information

21d-EC10 (Daphnia magna) = 3.4 mg/L (95% CI: 2.5 - 4.5 mg/L); iSafeRat® High-Accuracy-Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; KREATiS (2022).

21d-NOEC (Daphnia magan) = 2.5 mg/L; Prolonged toxicity test with Daphnia magna; Kuehn (1989).


Based on weight of evidence approach, worst-case value is used as a key value for chemical safety assessment: 21d-NOEC (Daphnia magna) = 2.5 mg/L 


 

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Remarks:
21d
Effect concentration:
2.5 mg/L

Additional information

One High-Accuracy QSAR and one experimental results are available and used in a weight of evidence approach to determine the long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.


Chlorobenzen falls within the applicability domain of the model (iSafeRat®) and was therefore reliably predicted for its chronic toxicity to aquatic invertebrates with a 21-day EC10 of 3.4 mg/L. The experimental study was performed according to a Prolonged toxicity test with Daphnia magna (Provisional test procedure proposal; Dated: 1984-01-01) on Daphnia magna with a NOEC(28d) of 2.5 mg/L. Both results are in the same order of toxicity (>1 mg/L) and confirm the low chronic toxicity of the substance to aquatic invertebrates. The lowest value has been used as worst case value for key value of chemical safety assessment.