(±)-menthone

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

Repeated dose toxicity: oral

The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone (menthone) is found to be < 200 mg/Kg bw/day using SPF Wistar male and female rats and the low Observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) is found to be 200 mg/Kg bw/day.

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
A short-term toxicity study does not need to be conducted because exposure of humans via inhalation in production and/or use is not likely as based on the provided thorough and rigorous exposure assessment.

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal
The acute dermal toxicity value for 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone (as provided in section 7.2.3) is >2000 mg/kg body weight. Also, given the use of the chemical; repeated exposure by the dermal route is unlikely since the use of gloves is common practice in industries. Thus, it is expected that 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone shall not exhibit 28 day repeated dose toxicity by the dermal route. In addition, there is no data available that suggests that 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone shall exhibit repeated dose toxicity by the dermal route. Hence this end point was considered for waiver.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Repeated dose toxicity: via oral route - systemic effects

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

data from handbook or collection of data

Remarks:

tom

Justification for type of information:

Data is from peer reviewed publication

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Refer below principle

Principles of method if other than guideline:

28 days repeated dose oral toxicity test was performed on rats using menthone.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Limit test:

no

Specific details on test material used for the study:

- Name of test material: Menthone racemic
- IUPAC name: 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone
- Molecular formula: C10H18O
- Molecular weight: 154.2512 g/mol
- Substance type: Organic
- Physical state: Solid
- Impurities (identity and concentrations): 97% pure

Species:

rat

Strain:

other: SPF wistar

Details on species / strain selection:

No data

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Mollegaards Breeding Centre Ltd., Ejby
- Age at study initiation: 4-week-old
- Weight at study initiation: No data
- Fasting period before study: No data available
- Housing: Housed 2/cage in stainless steel wire cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): pelleted diet (Chow 101) ad lib.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): acidified water (citric acid, pH 3.5) ad lib.
- Acclimation period: No data available

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 23°C + 1° C
- Humidity (%): 60% ± 5%
- Air changes (per hr): 6-8 times/h
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): Electric light from 21.00-09.00 h.

IN-LIFE DATES: From: To: No data available

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Details on route of administration:

No data

Vehicle:

other: Soy bean oil

Details on oral exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: Menthone was dissolved in soy bean oil to give four dosing concentrations 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg menthone/kg b.w. /day respectively.

DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): No data available
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): Pelleted diet (Chow 101)
- Storage temperature of food: No data available

VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): Soy bean oil
- Concentration in vehicle: Actual dose: 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg menthone/kg b.w. /day
Males: 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg menthone/kg b.w. /day
Females: 0, 200, 400 and 671 mg menthone/kg b.w. /day
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): No data available
- Lot/batch no. (if required): No data available
- Purity: Food grade

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

not specified

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

No data

Duration of treatment / exposure:

28 days

Frequency of treatment:

Daily

Remarks:

Actual dose: 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg menthone/kg b.w. /day
Males: 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg menthone/kg b.w. /day
Females: 0, 200, 400 and 671 mg menthone/kg b.w. /day

No. of animals per sex per dose:

Total: 80
0 mg/Kg bw/day: 10 males and 10 females
200 mg/Kg bw/day: 10 males and 10 females
400 mg/Kg bw/day: 10 males and 10 females
800 (males) or 671 (females): mg/Kg bw/day: 10 males and 10 females

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

No data available

Positive control:

No data available

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: No data available
- Cage side observations checked in table [No.?] were included. Mortality of rats was observed.

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: No data

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: No data

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No data available

FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No data available

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): yes
- Time schedule for examinations: No data available

OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No data available
- Time schedule for examinations: No data available
- Dose groups that were examined: No data available

HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: last day of the dosing period
- Anesthetic used for blood collection: No data available
- Animals fasted: No data available
- How many animals: No data available
- Parameters checked in table [No.?] were examined. Reticulocyte in whole blood was observed.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes / No / No data
- Time schedule for collection of blood: last day of the dosing period
- Animals fasted: No data available
- How many animals: No data available
- Parameters checked in table [No.?] were examined. Concentration of bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase activity was determined in plasma.

URINALYSIS: No data available
- Time schedule for collection of urine: No data available
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: No data available
- Animals fasted: No data available
- Parameters checked in table [No.?] were examined. No data available

NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No data available
- Time schedule for examinations: No data available
- Dose groups that were examined: No data available
- Battery of functions tested: sensory activity / grip strength / motor activity / other: No data available

OTHER: No data

Sacrifice and pathology:

GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes, The rats were killed after 4 weeks of dosing by exsanguination in CO2-anaesthesia. A thorough autopsy was performed and the following organs were excised and weighed: kidneys, adrenals, spleen, heart, liver and brain.

HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes, kidneys, adrenals, spleen, heart, liver and brain lung, aorta, mesenterial lymph node, thymus, stomach, jejunum, colon, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, testis, ovary, uterus, spinal cord and ischiatic nerve were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, prepared for light microscopy and stained with haematoxylin-eosin (all), PerI (liver) and PAS (liver). Frozen sections were prepared from the liver and stained with Oil Red O.

Other examinations:

No data

Statistics:

Body weights, food and water consumption were compared by means of Student’s t-test. Analysis of variance was performed on haematoiogical parameters,
clinicochemical parameters and absolute and relative organ weights. The mean values were compared by the method of Tukey.

Clinical signs:

effects observed, treatment-related

Mortality:

mortality observed, treatment-related

Body weight and weight changes:

effects observed, treatment-related

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

effects observed, treatment-related

Food efficiency:

not specified

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not specified

Ophthalmological findings:

not specified

Haematological findings:

not specified

Clinical biochemistry findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Urinalysis findings:

not specified

Behaviour (functional findings):

not specified

Immunological findings:

not specified

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

effects observed, treatment-related

Gross pathological findings:

not specified

Neuropathological findings:

not specified

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

effects observed, treatment-related

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not specified

Other effects:

not specified

Details on results:

Clinical signs and mortality
Clinical signs: 400 mg/Kg bw/day dosed female rats showed pale mucous membranes and showed signs of pain after 19 days of dosing

Mortality: 4 animals died during the study due to accidental intratracheal dosing.

Body weight and weight gain: The reduced food consumption was accompanied by a decrease in body weight gain. The terminal body weights in both males and females were decreased. The decrease was dose-dependent and statistically significant

Food consumption and compound intake: Food consumption was reduced in male rats in 800 mg/Kg bw/day group for entire period while in female rats food consumption was reduced in first 2 week in all dosed animals and for 400 mg/Kg bw/day in 3rd week.

Food efficiency: No data available

Water consumption and compound intake: No data available

Opthalmoscopic examination: No data available

Haematology: No data available

Clinical chemistry: Dose-dependent decrease of creatinine concentration and a dose dependent increase of both alkaline phosphatase activity and bilirubin content in blood plasma was observed.

Urinanalysis: No data available

Neurobehaviour: No data available

Organ weights: A statistically significant dose-related increase of the relative weight of the kidneys, spleen, liver and brain of the female groups and of the spleen, liver and brain of the male groups was observed

Gross pathology: No data available

Histopathology: Histological examination revealed dose-related alterations in the brain. Cyst-like spaces appeared scattered in the white matter of the cerebellum in the two highest dosed groups (males: 400 and 800 mg/Kg bw/day and females: 400 or 671 mg/Kg bw/day)

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

< 200 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: Significant changes in liver weight and bilirubin content of plasma at 200 mg/Kg bw/day

Dose descriptor:

LOAEL

Effect level:

200 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: Significant changes in liver weight and bilirubin content of plasma at 200 mg/Kg bw/day

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Table 1: Body Weight and Relative Organ Weights of Rats Dosed w ith 0, 200, 400 and 800^aMg Menthone/Kg bw/day for 28 Days

	Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
	0	200	400	800^a
Number of animals
Female	10	9	8	10
Male	10	10	9	10
Body weight (g)
Female	187±18	176±13	168±9	166±11**
Male	286±29	258±21	243±25	234±26**
Kidneys (mg/g)
Female	7.08±0.44	7.58±0.52	7.68±0.48	7.16±0.42*
Spleen (mg/g)
Female	2.73±0.36	3.15±0.42	3.39±0.79	3.53±0.48*
Male	2.36±0.29	2.47±0.27	3.13±0.52	3.10±0.52***
Liver (mg/g)
Female	31.14±1.10	34.37±2.01	37.53±1.51	40.21±2.14***
Male	31.46±2.18	34.28±2.61	37.19±1.67	42.40±2.42***
Brain (mg/g)
Female	9.84±0.74	10.44±0.84	10.73±0.59	10.91±0.92*
Male	6.84±0.46	7.14±0.91	7.93±0.62	8.35±0.56***

Means±SD (* P<0.05, ** P< 0.01; *** P< 0.001).

^aDose reduced to 400 mg/kg in the female group on day 19.

Table 2:Clinical Chemical Parameters in Rats Dosed with Menthone (N = 8/Sex/Group)

	Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
	0	200	400	800^a
Creatinine^a(µmol/L)
Female	68.8±7.6	62.9±1.3	59.4±5.5	50.5±7.6 ***
Male	64.2±6.3	66.1±6.8	59.6±6.5	49.2±5.5 ***
Alkaline phosphatase^b(U/L)
Female	159±38	225±68	211±64	346±149**
Male	260±55	363±178	440±120^e	451±144**
Bilirubin^b(mg/100 mL)^c
Female	0.19±0.06	0.23±0.06	0.30±0.19	0.35±0.14***
Male	0.13±0.06	0.20±0.06	0.26±0.05	0.44±0.19***

Results are mean±SD. (** P < 0.01; *** P< 0.001).

^aAfter 21 days of dosing.

^bAfter 28 days of dosing.

^cDose reduced to 400 mg/kg in the female group on day 19.

^d5 animals.

^e7 animals.

 

Table: 3 Number of Animals with Histological Changes in the Cerebellum After Administration of Menthone for 28 Days

	Dose (mg/kg bw/day)
	0	200	400	800^a
Female	0 (10)	0 (9)	1 (8)	7 (10)
Male	0 (10)	0 (10)	3 (9)	5 (10)

^aIn the female group the dose was reduced to 400 mg/kg after 19 days of dosing.

Conclusions:

The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone (menthone) is found to be < 200 mg/Kg bw/day using SPF Wistar male and female rats and the low Observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) is found to be 200 mg/Kg bw/day.

Executive summary:

Subacute repeated dose oral toxicity test was performed for the test chemical menthone ( IUPAC name: 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone) on SPF Wistar rats at dose concentration 0, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day for 28 days. 10 male and 10 female were grouped in each dose level. Chemical was given orally in form of gavage dissolved in soy bean oil. As the female rats in the highest dose group showed serious weakening, pale mucous membranes and signs of pain and hence after 19 days of dosing the dose was reduced to 400 mg/kg. The average doses for the female groups were 0, 200, 400 and 671 mg/kg b.w./day.

 

A significant reduction of food consumption and body weight was noted in 800 mg/Kg/day males and all dose group female animals and was considered a result of a general toxic effect of the substance. The dose-related increase of the relative brain weight was due to growth depression. The increase of relative kidney (female), spleen and liver weight reflected a true increase as a function of dosing and indicated a toxic effect of the substance at the highest dose (800 mg/Kg/day for males and 671 mg/Kg/day for females). Marked dose-related increase of bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase concentration was noted resulting in an adverse effect on the liver. No histopatholical signs were observed in liver but may express subcellular changes resulting in intrahepatic cholestasis. A decrease in blood creatinine was observed at the highest dose (800 mg/Kg/day for males and 671 mg/Kg/day for females) and might be related to biochemical changes in the liver.

The encephalopathy induced in the rats dosed with menthone at 400 or 800 mg/kg b.w./day was confined to the white matter of the cerebellum. The lesions were cyst like spaces, which caused no cellular reaction in the adjacent tissue. The spaces were not surrounded by a membrane and did not seem to occur intracellularly. The pathomorphological picture indicated that the observed cyst-like spaces were present between unbroken myelin sheets. The encephalopathy produced no clinical symptoms that could be observed by a general clinical inspection. The increase in liver weight and bilirubin content of plasma was statistically significant even at 200 mg/Kg bw/day.

 

The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) is considered to be < 200 mg/Kg bw/day and the low Observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) is found to be 200 mg/Kg bw/day for menthone when exposed to SPF Wistar rats by the oral route of exposure.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

200 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subacute

Species:

rat

Quality of whole database:

Data is from K2 peer reviewed publication (NOAEL < 200 mg/kg bw)

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - systemic effects

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

short-term repeated dose toxicity: inhalation

Data waiving:

other justification

Justification for data waiving:

a short-term toxicity study does not need to be conducted because exposure of humans via inhalation in production and/or use is not likely as based on the provided thorough and rigorous exposure assessment

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation - local effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - systemic effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal - local effects

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

Repeated dose toxicity: oral
The key and supporting study for 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone (CAS 1074-95-9) has been investigated for repeated oral toxicity to a greater or lesser extent. Often are the studies based on in vivo experiments data in rodents, i.e. most commonly in rats.

In key study from Toxicology letters 32, 147-152 (1986), subacute repeated dose oral toxicity test was performed for the test chemical menthone ( IUPAC name: 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone) on SPF Wistar rats at dose concentration 0, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day for 28 days. 10 male and 10 female were grouped in each dose level. Chemical was given orally in form of gavage dissolved in soy bean oil. As the female rats in the highest dose group showed serious weakening, pale mucous membranes and signs of pain and hence after 19 days of dosing the dose was reduced to 400 mg/kg. The average doses for the female groups were 0, 200, 400 and 671 mg/kg b.w./day. A significant reduction of food consumption and body weight was noted in 800 mg/Kg/day males and all dose group female animals and was considered a result of a general toxic effect of the substance. The dose-related increase of the relative brain weight was due to growth depression. The increase of relative kidney (female), spleen and liver weight reflected a true increase as a function of dosing and indicated a toxic effect of the substance at the highest dose (800 mg/Kg/day for males and 671 mg/Kg/day for females). Marked dose-related increase of bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase concentration was noted resulting in an adverse effect on the liver. No histopatholical signs were observed in liver but may express subcellular changes resulting in intrahepatic cholestasis. A decrease in blood creatinine was observed at the highest dose (800 mg/Kg/day for males and 671 mg/Kg/day for females) and might be related to biochemical changes in the liver. The encephalopathy induced in the rats dosed with menthone at 400 or 800 mg/kg b.w./day was confined to the white matter of the cerebellum. The lesions were cyst like spaces, which caused no cellular reaction in the adjacent tissue. The spaces were not surrounded by a membrane and did not seem to occur intracellularly. The pathomorphological picture indicated that the observed cyst-like spaces were present between unbroken myelin sheets. The encephalopathy produced no clinical symptoms that could be observed by a general clinical inspection. The increase in liver weight and bilirubin content of plasma was statistically significant even at 200 mg/Kg bw/day. 
The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) is considered to be < 200 mg/Kg bw/day and the low Observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) is found to be 200 mg/Kg bw/day for menthone when exposed to SPF Wistar rats by the oral route of exposure.

In a supporting study cited in International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) 2003, a 13-week study with an unspecified number of rats of an unspecified strain were given diets containing 2-sec-butylcyclohexanone (CAS No. 14765-30-1) at a concentration calculated to provide an average daily intake of 0, 160, 370 or 900 mg/kg bw per day. Some dose-dependent depression in body-weight gain was reported, which was attributed in part by the authors to the presumed unpalatability of the food. No adverse effects were observed at the two lower doses. An increased mortality rate was reported among rats at 900 mg/kg bw per day, but no details were given. The dose of 370 mg/kg bw per day that resulted in no adverse effects is more than 1 000 000 times the daily per capita intake ("eaters only") of 0.1 μg/kg bw from its use as a flavouring agent in Europe and the USA. Thus, the NOEL for 2-sec-Butyl cyclohexanone(CAS No. 14765-30-1) via oral route of administration was determined to be 370 mg/kg/bw for rats on the basis of no effects on body weight gain; food consumption and mortality.

On the basis of evidence from above study, it can be presumed that there is no potential of 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone to be harmful to rat following repeated exposure. Also, the substance estimated no specific target organ toxicity at or below the dose/concentration guidance value for animal testing (based on rat study only). Hence, based on the above study summarized it can be that 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone is not classified as toxic on Repeated dose exposure via oral route.

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
A short-term toxicity study does not need to be conducted because exposure of humans via inhalation in production and/or use is not likely as based on the provided thorough and rigorous exposure assessment.

Repeated dose toxicity: dermal
The acute dermal toxicity value for 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone (as provided in section 7.2.3) is >2000 mg/kg body weight. Also, given the use of the chemical; repeated exposure by the dermal route is unlikely since the use of gloves is common practice in industries. Thus, it is expected that 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone shall not exhibit 28 day repeated dose toxicity by the dermal route. In addition, there is no data available that suggests that 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone shall exhibit repeated dose toxicity by the dermal route. Hence this end point was considered for waiver.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on the data summarized, Menthone is not likely to classify as a toxicant upon repeated exposure by oral route of exposure.