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Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 007
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
Test material
Constituent 1
Method
Species / strainopen allclose all
- Species / strain / cell type:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- S9 mix
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- Pre-Experiment/Experiment I: 3; 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 Lg/plate
Experiment II: 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 Lg/plate - Vehicle / solvent:
- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: water
Controlsopen allclose all
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- sodium azide
- Remarks:
- TA 1535, TA 100; without metabolic activation
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: 4-nitro-o-phenylene-diamine, 4-NOPD
- Remarks:
- TA 1537, TA 98; without metabolic activation
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- methylmethanesulfonate
- Remarks:
- WP2 uvrA; without metabolic activation
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: 2-aminoanthracene, 2-AA
- Remarks:
- TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100, WP2 uvrA; with metabolic activation
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION:
The following materials were mixed in a test tube and poured onto the selective agar plates:
100 μL Test solution at each dose level, solvent (negative control) or reference mutagen solution (positive control),
500 μL S9 mix (for test with metabolic activation) or S9 mix substitution buffer (for test without metabolic activation),
100 μL Bacteria suspension (cf. test system, pre-culture of the strains),
2000 μL Overlay agar
In the pre-incubation assay 100 μL test solution, 500 μL S9 mix / S9 mix substitution buffer and 100 μL bacterial suspension were
mixed in a test tube and shaken at 37 ºC for 60 minutes. After pre-incubation 2.0 mL overlay agar (45 ºC) was added to each tube. The
mixture was poured on selective agar plates. After solidification the plates were incubated upside down for at least 48 hours at 37 ºC in
the dark.
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: Triplicates
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: To evaluate the toxicity of the test item a pre-experiment was performed with strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100, and
WP2 uvrA. Eight concentrations were tested for toxicity and mutation induction with three plates each. The experimental conditions in
this pre-experiment were the same as described below for the experiment I (plate incorporation test). Toxicity of the test item results in
a reduction in the number of spontaneous revertants or a clearing of the bacterial background lawn. - Evaluation criteria:
- A test item is considered as a mutagen if a biologically relevant increase in the number of revertants exceeding the threshold of twice
(strains TA 98, TA 100, and WP2 uvrA) or thrice (strains TA 1535 and TA 1537) the colony count of the corresponding solvent control
is observed. A dose dependent increase is considered biologically relevant if the threshold is exceeded at more than one
concentration. An increase exceeding the threshold at only one concentration is judged as biologically relevant if reproduced in an
independent second experiment. A dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies below the threshold is regarded as an
indication of a mutagenic potential if reproduced in an independent second experiment. However, whenever the colony counts remain
within the historical range of negative and solvent controls such an increase is not considered biologically relevant.
Results and discussion
Test resultsopen allclose all
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1537
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- The plates incubated with the test item showed normal background growth up to 5000 Lg/plate with and without S9 mix in both
experiments.
No toxic effects, evident as a reduction in the number of revertants, occurred in the test groups with and without metabolic activation.
Any other information on results incl. tables
No substantial increase in revertant colony numbers of any of the five tester strains was observed following treatment with the test item at any dose level, neither in the presence nor absence of metabolic activation (S9 mix). There was also no tendency of higher mutation rates with increasing concentrations in the range below the generally acknowledged border of biological relevance.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- In conclusion, it can be stated that during the described mutagenicity test and under the experimental conditions reported, the test item did not induce gene mutations by base pair changes or frameshifts in the genome of the strains used. Therefore, the test item is considered to be non-mutagenic in this Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay.
- Executive summary:
This study was performed to investigate the potential of the test item to induce gene mutations in the plate incorporation test (experiment I) and the pre-incubation test (experiment II) using the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, and TA 100, and the Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA. The assay was performed in two independent experiments both with and without liver microsomal activation. Each concentration, including the controls, was tested in triplicate. The test item was tested at the following concentrations:
Pre-Experiment/Experiment I: 3; 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 Lg/plate; Experiment II: 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 Lg/plate. The plates incubated with the test item showed normal background growth up to 5000 Lg/plate with and without metabolic activation in both independent experiments. No toxic effects, evident as a reduction in the number of revertants, occurred in the test groups with and without metabolic activation. No substantial increase in revertant colony numbers of any of the five tester strains was observed following treatment with the test item at any dose level, neither in the presence nor absence of metabolic activation (S9 mix). There was also no tendency of higher mutation rates with increasing concentrations in the range below the generally acknowledged border of biological relevance. Appropriate reference mutagens were used as positive controls and showed a distinct increase of induced revertant colonies. In conclusion, it can be stated that during the described mutagenicity test and under the experimental conditions reported, the test item did not induce gene mutations by base pair changes or frameshifts in the genome of the strains used.
Therefore, the test item is considered to be non-mutagenic in this Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay.
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