1,4-Benzenedisulfonic acid, 2,2'-[1,2-ethenediylbis[(3-sulfo-4,1-phenylene)imino[6-[3-substituted-heteroalkyl]-1,3,5-triazine-4,2-diyl]imino]]bis-, sodium salt

Toxicological Summary

Workers - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

59.22 mg/m³

Most sensitive endpoint:

repeated dose toxicity

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

12.5

Modified dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEC

Value:

740.25 mg/m³

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEC (human worker) = NOAEL * (1/0.38 m³/kg bw) * 6.7 m³/10 m³* (7/5) = 300*(1/0.38)*6.7/10*7/5 = 740.25 (0.38 m³/kg bw: default respiratory volume for the rat corresponding to the daily duration of human exposure. For workers a correction is needed for the difference between respiratory rates under standard conditions and under conditions of light activity. Since worker are exposed 5 days per week and the rats were exposed 7 days per week a factor 7/5 was included.). Thus, the corrected starting point for workers was 740.25 mg/m³/d for inhalation.

AF for dose response relationship:

1

Justification:

good data about curve dose/response

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

1

Justification:

starting point is from a chronic study

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

1

Justification:

NAEC Human worker

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

Justification:

remaining differences

AF for intraspecies differences:

5

Justification:

NAEC Human worker

AF for the quality of the whole database:

1

Justification:

GLP studies compliant with international guideline

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Justification:

100% adsorption for inhalative route for animal and human is assumed

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Most sensitive endpoint:

acute toxicity

Route of original study:

By inhalation

DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Most sensitive endpoint:

skin irritation/corrosion

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Most sensitive endpoint:

skin irritation/corrosion

DNEL related information

Workers - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

84 mg/kg bw/day

Most sensitive endpoint:

repeated dose toxicity

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

50

Modified dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEL

Value:

4 200 mg/kg bw/day

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

Dermal adsorption has been evaluated as negligible, due to the general characteristic of the substance. The substance is in fact a big very polar molecule. Adsorption studies demonstrate that recovery of the substance after dermal application reach a maximum of 2 %. At least a factor of 0.1 can be applied to extrapolate from oral to dermal toxicity

AF for dose response relationship:

1

Justification:

good data about curve dose/response

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

1

Justification:

starting point is from a chronic study

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

4

Justification:

allometric factor rat to man

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

AF for intraspecies differences:

5

AF for the quality of the whole database:

1

Justification:

GLP studies compliant with international guideline

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Most sensitive endpoint:

acute toxicity

Route of original study:

Dermal

DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Most sensitive endpoint:

carcinogenicity

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Most sensitive endpoint:

acute toxicity

Workers - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Additional information - workers

The structural analogue substances do not show acute toxic effects after oral, inhalation, and dermal administration. They are neither irritant to skin nor eyes, nor genotoxic in-vitro and in-vivo, nor sensitizing. The only evidence of systemic effects, even if at relevant high doses, has been reported only in a Rabbit developmental study.

The developmental toxicity of CAS 16470-24-9 has been tested in New Zealand White rabbits and Sprague-Dawley rats.

Rabbits were dosed with 100, 400 and 800 mg/kg bw/day by gavage from gestation Days 7 - 28, and rats were dosed with 100, 400 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day by gavage from gestation days 6 - 19. The highest dose administered in the rat study (1000 mg/kg bw/day) did not cause toxicity to maternal animals or the developing foetus. In rabbits, the NOELs for maternal and foetotoxicity were 100 mg/kg bw/day, and the NOAEL for teratogenicity was 400 mg/kg bw/day). Exposure to 400 mg/kg bw/day was associated with early delivery in 2 does, abortion in 1 doe, and soft foeces and discoloured stool in general. Mean body weights of all foetuses and male foetuses from does treated with 400 mg/kg bw/day were significantly lower than control. These changes may have been secondary to the maternal toxicity observed in this study and were not considered to be an indication of developmental toxicity.

In the two generation study on rat performed with CAS 16470-24-9 a NOAEL of 300 mg/kg bw/day has been set for parental toxicity.

For hazard assessment, the NOAEL of 300 mg/kg bw/day based on the parental toxicity in the rat two generation study has been considered as representative.

 

Representative NOAEL = 300 mg/kg bw/day

 

The DNELs for inhalation and dermal long-term exposure are derived from the no observed effect level obtained from this oral toxicity study with this substance. In general, the calculation of DNEL is based on the observed effect level which has to be modified. To correct the interspecies difference between rat and human the no observed effect level has to be corrected as follows.

 

Corrected starting point for the inhalation route for workers: = NOAEL * (1/0.38 m³/kg bw) * 6.7 m³/10 m³* (7/5) (0.38 m³/kg bw: default respiratory volume for the rat corresponding to the daily duration of human exposure. For workers a correction is needed for the difference between respiratory rates under standard conditions and under conditions of light activity. Since worker are exposed 5 days per week and the rats were exposed 7 days per week a factor 7/5 was included). Thus, the corrected starting point for workers was 740.25 mg/m³/day for inhalation.

 

Subsequently other assessment factors are listed, which have to be taken into account for the final DNEL calculation: remaining differences (2.5), intraspecies differences: worker (5). No AF for duration has been added since NOAEL comes from a chronic study. This results in an overall assessment factor of 12.5. The DNEL for long-term inhalation exposure, systemic effects is therefore 59.22 mg/m³.

 

Corrected starting point for the dermal route for workers: = NOAEL*10*(7/5) = 4200 mg/kg bw/day. An additional assessment factor 10 was used to consider the difference in dermal and oral absorption. Dermal adsorption has been evaluated as negligible, due to the general characteristic of the substance. The substance is in fact a big very polar molecule. Adsorption studies demonstrate that recovery of the substance after dermal application reach a maximum of 2%. The factor 10 has been chosen in a conservative approach, since not data for all substances are available. Since worker are exposed 5 days per week and the rats were exposed 7 days per week a factor 7/5 was included.). Subsequently, following assessment factors are taken into account for the final DNEL calculation of systemic dermal effects: interspecies differences: human-rat (4), remaining differences (2.5), intraspecies differences: worker (5). No AF for duration has been added since NOAEL comes from a chronic study.

This results in an overall assessment factor of 50. The resulting DNEL for long-term dermal systemic effects for the Stilbene fluorescent whitening agents was 84 mg/kg bw/day for workers.

General Population - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

10.44 mg/m³

Most sensitive endpoint:

repeated dose toxicity

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

25

Modified dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEC

Value:

261 mg/m³

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

Corrected starting point for the inhalative route for general population: =NOAEL * (1/1.15 m³/kg bw/day) (1.15 m³/kg bw/day: default respiratory volume for the rat corresponding to the daily duration of human exposure. Thus, the corrected starting point for the general population was 261 mg/m³ for inhalation

AF for dose response relationship:

1

Justification:

good data about curve dose/response

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

1

Justification:

starting point is from a chronic study

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

1

Justification:

NAEC Human worker

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

Justification:

remaining differences

AF for intraspecies differences:

10

Justification:

NAEC Human worker

AF for the quality of the whole database:

1

Justification:

GLP studies compliant with international guideline

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Justification:

100% adsorption for inhalative route for animal and human is assumed

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Most sensitive endpoint:

skin irritation/corrosion

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

30 mg/kg bw/day

Most sensitive endpoint:

repeated dose toxicity

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

100

Modified dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEL

Value:

300 mg/kg bw/day

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

Dermal adsorption has been evaluated as negligible, due to the general characteristic of the substance. The substance is in fact a big very polar molecule. Adsorption studies demonstrate that recovery of the substance after dermal application reach a maximum of 2 %. At least a factor of 0.1 can be applied to extrapolate from oral to dermal toxicity

AF for dose response relationship:

1

Justification:

good data about curve dose/response

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

1

Justification:

starting point is from a chronic study

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

4

Justification:

allometric factor rat to man

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

AF for intraspecies differences:

10

Justification:

general population

AF for the quality of the whole database:

1

Justification:

GLP studies compliant with international guideline

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Most sensitive endpoint:

acute toxicity

Route of original study:

Dermal

DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Most sensitive endpoint:

skin irritation/corrosion

General Population - Hazard via oral route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)

Value:

3 mg/kg bw/day

Most sensitive endpoint:

repeated dose toxicity

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

DNEL derivation method:

ECHA REACH Guidance

Overall assessment factor (AF):

100

Modified dose descriptor starting point:

NOAEL

Value:

300 mg/kg bw/day

Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

No extrapolation

AF for dose response relationship:

1

Justification:

good data about curve dose/response

AF for differences in duration of exposure:

1

Justification:

starting point is from a chronic study

AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):

4

Justification:

allometric factor rat to man

AF for other interspecies differences:

2.5

AF for intraspecies differences:

10

Justification:

general population

AF for the quality of the whole database:

1

Justification:

GLP studies compliant with international guideline

AF for remaining uncertainties:

1

Acute/short term exposure

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Most sensitive endpoint:

acute toxicity

Route of original study:

Oral

DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:

no hazard identified

Additional information - General Population

The strucural analogue substances do not show acute toxic effects after oral, inhalation, and dermal administration. They are neither irritant to skin nor eyes, nor genotoxic in-vitro and in-vivo, nor sensitizing. In the 24 month chronic toxicity study in the rat, conducted on the acid form, no treatment-related clinical symptoms and no signs of systemic toxicity were observed throughout the study. The only evidence of systemic effects, even if at relevant high doses, has been reported only in a Rabbit developmental study.

The developmental toxicity of CAS 16470-24-9 has been tested in New Zealand White rabbits and Sprague-Dawley rats.

Rabbits were dosed with 100, 400 and 800 mg/kg bw/day by gavage from gestation days 7 – 28, and rats were dosed with 100, 400 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day by gavage from gestation days 6 – 19. The highest dose administered in the rat study (1000 mg/kg bw/day) did not cause toxicity to maternal animals or the developing foetus. In rabbits, the NOAELs for maternal and foetotoxicity were 100 mg/kg bw/day, and the NOAEL for teratogenicity was the highest dose tested (800 mg/kg bw/day). Exposure to 400 mg/kg bw/day was associated with early delivery in 2 does, abortion in 1 doe, and soft foeces and discoloured stool in general. Mean body weights of all foetuses and male foetuses from does treated with 400 mg/kg bw/day were significantly lower than control. These changes may have been secondary to the maternal toxicity observed in this study and were not considered to be an indication of developmental toxicity.

In the two generation study on rat performed with CAS 16470-24-9 a NOAEL of 300 has been set for parental toxicity.

For hazard assessment, the NOAEL of 300 mg/Kg bw/day based on the parental toxicity in the rat two generation study has been considered as representative.

 

Representative NOAEL = 300 mg/kg bw/day

 

The DNELs for inhalation and dermal long-term exposure are derived from the no observed effect level obtained from this oral toxicity study with this substance.

In general, the calculation of DNEL is based on the observed effect level which has to be modified. To correct the interspecies difference between rat and human the no observed effect level has to be corrected as follows.

Corrected starting point for the inhalation route for general population: =NOAEL * (1/1.15 m³/kg bw/day) (1.15 m³/kg bw/day: default respiratory volume for the rat corresponding to the daily duration of human exposure. Thus, the corrected starting point for the general population was 261 mg/m³ for inhalation. Subsequently other assessment factors are listed, which have to be taken into account for the final DNEL calculation: remaining differences (2.5), intraspecies differences: general population (10). No AF for duration has been added since NOAEL comes from a chronic study. The DNEL for long-term inhalation exposure, systemic effects is therefore considered to be 10.44 mg/m³.

 

Corrected starting point for the dermal route for general population: = NOAEL/0.1 = 3000 mg/kg bw/day. An additional assessment factor 10 was used to consider the difference in dermal and oral absorption. Dermal adsorption has been evaluated as negligible, due to the general characteristic of the substance. The substance is in fact a big very polar molecule. Adsorption studies demonstrate that recovery of the substance after dermal application reach a maximum of 2 %. The factor 10 has been chosen in a conservative approach, since not data for all substances are available. Subsequently, the following assessment factors are taken into account for the final DNEL calculation of systemic dermal effects: interspecies differences: human-rat (allometric scaling factor of 4), remaining differences (2.5), intraspecies differences: general population (10). No AF for duration has been added since NOAEL comes from a chronic study.

The resulting DNEL for long-term dermal systemic effects of stilbene fluorescent whitening agents was 30 mg/kg bw/d for general population.

 

Corrected starting point for the oral route for general population: = NOAEL = 300 mg/kg bw/day

Subsequently, following assessment factors are taken into account for the final DNEL calculation of systemic dermal effects: interspecies differences: human-rat (allometric scaling factor of 4), remaining differences (2.5), intraspecies differences: general population (10). No AF for duration has been added since NOAEL comes from a chronic study.

The resulting DNEL for long-term oral systemic effects of Stilbene fluorescent whitening agents was 3 mg/kg bw/day for general population.