Disodium 3-[(2,4-dimethyl-5-sulphonatophenyl)azo]-4-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulphonate

Endpoint summary

Additional information

Biodegradation in water:

Various studies and prediction data relating to the target chemical Ponceau SX and its read across data has been reviewed to determine the biodegradation potential of the test compound. The sumaary is as below:

Biodegradation study (King- Thom et al, 1978) of Ponceau SX (CAS no 4548 -53 -2) was performed. The test is carried at a temperature of37ᵒCwith a duration period of 150 min.Among the tested bacterial strains, Fusobacterium sp. 2 (Fine- gold CA-8/c-18) and Bacteroides thetaitaomi- cron (C20-14) were able to completely degrade (100%) and (62%) of the test substance Ponceau SX whereas partial degradation of the test substance occurred by the bacterial strains such asCitrobacter sp. (C20-36), Peptostreptococcus productus I (C20-44), Acidaminococcus fermen- tans (C20-9), Coprococcus catus (C20-4), Thus, the test substance is not readily biodegradable in water. The bacteria which are unable to degrade the Ponceau SX are Fusobacterium prausnitzii (C20-10), Bifidobacterium infantis (C20-21), Peptostreptococcus produc- tus II.

The test compound FD and C Red No 4 (CAS no 4548 -53 -2) is not readily biodegradable as predicted by EPI suite, 2016.

The biodegradation test was conducted by Sen et al, 2003 to study the degradability of chemical Acid red 14 (RA CAS no 3567 -69 -9). The biodegradation of dye Acid red 14 was studied with fluidized bed reactor with pumice as the support material.Mixed anaerobic cultures with mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentrations of 72.776.8 and26.03 71.37 g/l, respectively, was obtained from the anaerobic sludge digesters of the Ankara wastewater treatment plant. The feed contained methanol, glucose and yeast extract as well as basal medium (BM) during the start-up period.Basal medium contained all the necessary micro- and macro-nutrients for an optimum anaerobic microbial growth During the start-up period the COD loading was gradually raised by increasing the feed rate while keeping the influent COD constant at around5000 mg/ l. The yeast extract concentration in the feed was 20 mg/l and the remaining COD was supplied by methanol and glucose at different ratios. The effect of operational conditions such as organic loading rate (OLR), hydraulic retention time (HRT), influent glucose concentration as the co-substrate, etc. was investigated to achieve the maximum color removal efficiency in the reactor. Results indicated that anaerobic treatment of textile wastewater studied was possible with the supplementation of an external carbon source in the form of glucose (about 2 g/l). The % color removal was found to be 86% in 24 hrs. of hydraulic retention time. Hence, the chemical Acid red 14 was found to be readily biodegradable with 86% color removal of product in 24-hrs of time.

The biodegradation test was conducted by Sadeghi et al, 2014 to study the degradability of chemical carmoisine (RA CAS no 3567 -69 -9). This study aims to study the bioconversion potential of commonly available Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the two textile dyes of Carmoisine and Reactive Black 5. Reaction mixtures for biotransformation of dyes included 50 mg/l Carmoisine or 25 mg/l Reactive Black 5 and 1% dried harvested cells of S. cerevisiae (bread’s yeast) were tested. Harvested cells of S. cerevisiae were investigated in the reaction mixtures to study the ability for biotransformation of carmoisine. The biotransformation of chemical carmoisine was found to be 85% within 24-hrs of sampling time. The chemical carmoisine was found to be readily biodegradable with 85% biotransformation of product in 24-hrs of time.

The aerobic biodegradation test was conducted by Khare et al, 2015 to study the degradability of chemical Acid red 14 (RA CAS no 3567 -69 -9). The effect of ozonation on the degradation process of azo dyes CI Acid Red14, has been studied in the semi batch rector and parameters such as pH, Color, Absorbance(at maximum wavelength, λmax ), COD, TOC, BOD5 were monitored during process at 0,20,40,60,80 min time interval.

Relatively high dye concentrations of 1000 mgl-1 for AR14 aqueous solutions were prepared in double distilled water in order to investigate the effect of ozonation on color, COD, TOC, biodegradability and effect of aerobic biodegradation on ozonated dye solutions. Rector was filled with 500 ml dye solution, prepared in BOD dilution water and flow of oxygen to ozone generator was set to 0.5 l min-1. To prepare microbial seed acclimatized to ozonated compounds, for first 10 days domestic wastewater (volume 400ml) was aerated with 50 ml fresh domestic wastewater replaced each day after 30 min settling of biomass, to ensure rapid biomass growth. From 11 th day onwards 25% of influent to the reactor was replaced by corresponding 30 min ozonated compound. This proportion was increased to 50%, 75% and 100% at interval of 5 days. For 100 % proportion of compound feed solutions were prepared with BOD dilution water to maintain required nutrient for biomass growth. Two similar aerobic reactors were also run for at least one month for biodegradability study of model compounds Acid red 14. For aerobic biodegradation, dye solutions were ozonated for 20, 40, 60 and 80 min separately. Ten aerobic reactors were operated simultaneously (five for each AR14 and CR). Each reactor fed with 100 ml ozonated feed and 5 ml of acclimatized seed of the appropriate type and aeration started. Reactors were maintained at average retention time of 2.5 days, i.e., 40 ml of effluent was extracted and 40 ml of feed added each day. Reactors were operated at these final influent COD concentrations for more than 40 days and steady-state COD removal in each reactor recorded. BOD, COD and TOC values BOD5 data reveal that partial ozonation of all selected dyes increases the biodegradability of the dye solutions. The chemical Acid red 14 was found to be readily biodegradable with 76% COD removal and 91% for TOC removal in 80 min.