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EC number: 231-959-5 | CAS number: 7782-50-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Deficiency: Yes.Maternal toxicity not evaluated.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 982
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- maternal effects not stated, treatment period longer than required (2 ½ months plus gestation)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Sodium hypochlorite
- EC Number:
- 231-668-3
- EC Name:
- Sodium hypochlorite
- Cas Number:
- 7681-52-9
- Molecular formula:
- ClO.Na
- IUPAC Name:
- sodium hypochlorite
- Details on test material:
- Hypochloric acidPurity: the chlorine gas to produce the hypochlorite solutions is described as "ultra high purity"
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Age/weight at study initiation: Mature, 225-250 g
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: drinking water
- Vehicle:
- water
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on mating procedure:
- not stated
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 2 1/2 months, prior to and throughout gestation
- Frequency of treatment:
- ad libitum
- Duration of test:
- 2 1/2 months, prior to and throughout gestation
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 6
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- Sex: female
Examinations
- Maternal examinations:
- not determined
- Ovaries and uterine content:
- Examination of uterine content: Number of resorptions
- Fetal examinations:
- No. of dead Foetuses, Foetal WeightSkeletalYesSoft tissueYes
- Statistics:
- Chi-square analysis
Results and discussion
Results: maternal animals
Maternal developmental toxicity
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:not examined
Effect levels (maternal animals)
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- other: effect on dams not reported
- Effect level:
- 0 other: not reported
- Basis for effect level:
- other: not reported
Results (fetuses)
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effectsDetails on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:There was no treatment related effect on viability, external appearance and foetal weight. The percentage of skeletal, soft-tissue and total defects (combined skeletal and soft-tissue) was calculated and presented in the table. The foetuses from the 10 and 100 mg/L groups had a higher percentage of skeletal defects compared with control. However, these did not achieve statistical significance. The highest dose group also showed a higher rate of soft-tissue defects, again without achieving statistical significance when compared to control by chi-square analysis. These defects consisted of three cases of adrenal agenesis, one right-sided heart, one case of improper orientation of the apex of the heart, and one atrio-ventricular valve enlargement. Total defects were statistically higher in the high dose group than in control, whereas the lowest dose produced a lower percentage of defects than control.
Effect levels (fetuses)
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- >= 5.7 mg/kg bw/day
- Basis for effect level:
- other: teratogenicity
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 5.7 mg/kg bw/day
- Basis for effect level:
- other: teratogenicity
Fetal abnormalities
- Abnormalities:
- not specified
Overall developmental toxicity
- Developmental effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Effect of chlorine in drinking water on the formation of skeletal and soft-tissue defects in rat foetuses.
Concentration [ppm] |
Skeletal defects [%]a |
Soft-tissue defects [%]a |
Total defects [%]a |
0 |
34.5 |
7.1 |
21.1 |
1 |
23.8 |
0.0 |
12.2 |
10 |
59.1 |
0.0 |
27.1 |
100 |
57.7 |
19.2 |
38.5b |
a Values represent % of defects for all foetuses in each treatment
b Statistically different from control (p < 0.05), chi-square analysis
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- A NO(A)EL for embryotoxic / teratogenic effects of >= 100 ppm corresponding to 5.7 mg/kg bw/day and a LO(A)EL for embryotoxic / teratogenic effects of > 100 ppm corresponding to 5.7 mg/kg bw/day were found.
- Executive summary:
There were no treatment-related changes in viability, foetal weights and external appearance of all foetuses in all dose groups. Skeletal and soft-tissue defects were in the normal range for all dose groups. If skeletal and soft-tissue defects were combined a statistically significant increase was observed in the highest dose group. In the absence of a clear dose response and a relatively high incidence of defects in control animals, these findings were not considered to be of relevance. The authors conclude that chlorinated drinking water at the tested concentrations is relatively harmless to the rat when fed to pregnant dams. Unfortunately maternal toxicity was not evaluated. However, subchronic studies show that the NOAEL is 50 mg/kg bw/day.
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