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Toxicological information

Basic toxicokinetics

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Administrative data

Endpoint:
basic toxicokinetics in vivo
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
review article or handbook
Title:
Betaine in human nutrition
Author:
Stuart AS Graig
Year:
2004
Bibliographic source:
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80:539-49

Materials and methods

Objective of study:
metabolism
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Review article of a well-established metabolism route for betaine, oxidation product of choline within the human body.
GLP compliance:
no

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
Betaine
EC Number:
203-490-6
EC Name:
Betaine
Cas Number:
107-43-7
Molecular formula:
C5H11NO2
IUPAC Name:
(trimethylammonio)acetate

Test animals

Species:
human
Sex:
male/female

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:
oral: feed
Vehicle:
not specified

Results and discussion

Main ADME results
Type:
metabolism
Results:
Completely metabolized by liver and kidney cells by methylation to dimethylglycine and ultimately to serine.

Metabolite characterisation studies

Metabolites identified:
yes
Details on metabolites:
Dimethylglycine

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:
Betaine is completely metabolized by liver and kidney cells, a very small amount is passed in urine.
Executive summary:

Completely metabolized by liver and kidney cells by methylation to dimethylglycine and ultimately to serine; a very small amount is passed in urine.