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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.

The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.

Diss Factsheets

Toxicological information

Basic toxicokinetics

Currently viewing:

Administrative data

Endpoint:
basic toxicokinetics in vivo
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
review article or handbook
Title:
Betaine in human nutrition
Author:
Stuart AS Graig
Year:
2004
Bibliographic source:
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80:539-49

Materials and methods

Objective of study:
metabolism
Principles of method if other than guideline:
Review article of a well-established metabolism route for betaine, oxidation product of choline within the human body.
GLP compliance:
no

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
Betaine
EC Number:
203-490-6
EC Name:
Betaine
Cas Number:
107-43-7
Molecular formula:
C5H11NO2
IUPAC Name:
(trimethylammonio)acetate

Test animals

Species:
human
Sex:
male/female

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:
oral: feed
Vehicle:
not specified

Results and discussion

Main ADME results
Type:
metabolism
Results:
Completely metabolized by liver and kidney cells by methylation to dimethylglycine and ultimately to serine.

Metabolite characterisation studies

Metabolites identified:
yes
Details on metabolites:
Dimethylglycine

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:
Betaine is completely metabolized by liver and kidney cells, a very small amount is passed in urine.
Executive summary:

Completely metabolized by liver and kidney cells by methylation to dimethylglycine and ultimately to serine; a very small amount is passed in urine.