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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 203-490-6 | CAS number: 107-43-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Additional information
Based on the existing data on betaine, the chemical safety assessment of the substance does not indicate the need to investigate the ecotoxicological effects on terrestrial organisms. One justification is that betaine occurs in nature (plants) and is extracted from plant material (sugar beet). According to the study presented by Weibing & Rajashekar (2001) betaine is known to accumulate in a wide range of plants, typically when plants are exposed to salt and drought stress. The results also showed that glycine betaine accumulates in large quantities to test plants during water stress. The glycine betaine content is increased in Arabidopsis thaliana and other plants (i.e. barley, wheat, Puma rye) and improves the freezing tolerance of the plants during cold acclimation and water stress.
Toxicity testing on terrestrial organisms is scientifically unnecessary because betaine is not bioaccumulative and not expected to be persistent (partition coefficient Log Kow is -3.1 < 3). It is also very soluble in water, and readily biodegradable in water (mineralisation in 28 d is 88% ). According to degradation and migration studies presented by Salminen & Kalevi (2009), this substance was also rapidly biodegraded in sand soil columns. Based on these results neither betaine nor its organic degradation compounds were likely to enter groundwater. Ammonium and nitrite concentrations in soil effluent indicated that ammonium was oxidised to nitrate. This resulted in very low concentrations of ammonium and in elevated concentrations of nitrate in the soil leachates. Toxicity testing on terrestrial organisms was also considered to be scientifically unjustified because this substance is an approved fertilizer in agriculture. Betaine is a registered fertilizer product in accordance with Annex 1B 3 of the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry regulation No 12/2007. This national legislation is based on the regulation (EC) No 2003/2003 of the European Parliament and the Council relating to fertilizers and based on the regulation (EC) no 1174/2002 of the European Parliament and the Council laying down health rules concerning animal by-products not intended for human consumption.
Exposure to terrestrial organisms was considered unlikely based on the existing data on the substance described above.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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