Decan-1-ol

Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Endpoint:

short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: The study was conducted according to sound scientific principles, there was no mention of GLP and no analytical monitoring was conducted.

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)

Deviations:

not applicable

Principles of method if other than guideline:

The methodology described provides a low level of detail, however the husbandry and experimental set up appear to be in accordance with OECD guideline 202. The test was conducted according to sound scientific principles.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

yes

Details on test solutions:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)

- Method: Bentsson (1984) reports that alcohols with 6 carbon atoms up to 12 were dissolved and redistilled in acetone (pa qulity).

- Concentration of vehicle in test medium (stock solution and final test solution): The initial concentration of acetone never exceeded 500 ul/L.

Test organisms (species):

Nitocra spinipes

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM

- Source: laboratory culture, not specified

- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 3-6 week old adults

- Feeding during test: no


ACCLIMATION

- Acclimation period: not reported

- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): temperaure reported to be the same as the test

Test type:

static

Water media type:

brackish water

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

96 h

Test temperature:

21 deg C

pH:

7.9

Dissolved oxygen:

>5.0 mg/L measured at the end of the test

Salinity:

7%o

Nominal and measured concentrations:

> 6 concentrations and a control, details not reported.

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM

- Test vessel:

- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 15ml standard laboratory test tubes, filled with 10 ml volume

- Aeration: no

- No. of organisms per vessel: 10

- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 2

- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 2


TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS

- Source/preparation of dilution water: natural brackish water from a depth of 4 m, filtered before use.

- Alkalinity: 1.6 megv/L


OTHER TEST CONDITIONS

- Adjustment of pH: no attempt to adjust pH was carried out.

- Photoperiod: 12 h dark, 12 h light cycle


EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : mortality, after 96 h, under a lowpower microscope with strong illumination.


TEST CONCENTRATIONS

- Spacing factor for test concentrations: Logarithmic series of at least 6 concentrations and one control

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Remarks:

however 14 aliphatic alcohols were tested.

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

3.1 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: (3.1-5.2)

Details on results:

- Mortality of control: not reported

Reported statistics and error estimates:

LC50 values were determined by the graphical methods described by Litchfield and Wilcoxon (Linden et al. 1979).
LC(I)50, defined as the initial concentration killing 50% of the test organisms during the 96 h, was determined by probit analysis (a slightly modified version of the BMD, Biomedical Computer Programs, 025) (Bengtsson et al. 1984). The LC50 values did not differ in the two reports.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Remarks:

the results are in line with expectations, however no details on mortality of control are reported.

Conclusions:

A 96 h LC50 value of 3.1 mg/L has been determined for the effect of the test substance on mortality of the brackish invertebrate Nitocria spinipes.

Executive summary:

A 96 h LC50 value of 3.1 mg/L has been determined for the effect of the test substance on mortality of the brackish invertebrate Nitocria spinipes.

Description of key information

Short-term toxicity to invertebrates: 96-h LC₅₀ 3.1 mg/l in accordance with test guideline OECD 202 (N. spinipes (brackish))

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Marine water invertebrates

Marine water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

3.1 mg/L

Additional information

Several values for short-term toxicity to invertebrates are available in literature and consistently indicate an LC₅₀ in the range 1 -10 mg/l in freshwater and brackish/marine species. The result of highest reliability is a 96 h LC₅₀ value of 3.1 mg/L for the effects of decanol on the mortality of the brackish copepod Nitocra spinipes. This is the lowest reliable value available for this endpoint and has been selected as key.

 

These results are supported by consistent literature values in several freshwater invertebrate species and are also consistent with QSAR predictions.

 

Freshwater species:

48 h EC₅₀ (Daphnia magna) = 6.5 mg/L [EG&G Bionomics, 1976]

24 h EC₅₀ (Daphnia magna) = 11 mg/L [Bringmann and Kuhn, 1982, rel. 4]

48-h EC₅₀ (Daphnia magna) = 2.9 mg/L [Henkel, 1999b, rel. 4]

 

Marine and brackish species:

48-h LC₅₀ (Americamysis bahia) 5.6 mg/l [Patoczka et al., 1990, rel. 4]

96 h LC₅₀ (Nitocra spinipes) = 3.1 mg/l [Linden et al., 1979, Bengtsson, Renberg and Tarkpea, 1984] (Key data)

 

48-h EC₅₀ (Daphnia) = 2.1 [Fisk, 2005]; 2.4 mg/l [Fisk, 2015] (QSAR based on category trend)

Discussion of trends in the Category of C6-24 linear and essentially-linear aliphatic alcohols:

Linear LCAAs

The data presented in the table below show the toxicity of the linear LCAAs to increase from an EC₅₀ of 200 mg/L for C6 to 0.77 mg/L for C12. Effects have also been observed in tests with C13 and C14 LCAAs but at concentrations that exceeded the solubility of the alcohols. Although not explicitly identified in the test reports, physical effects (rather than true toxicity) cannot therefore be excluded from the interpretation of the results for these two LCAAs. In the Unilever (1994) study with C14 the authors have recorded that the test substance adhered to the daphnids at concentrations higher than the water solubility of 1-tetradecanol. This indicates that physical fouling is likely to have caused the effects seen at the EC₅₀ value of 4 mg/L. 

 

The lowest reliable short-term EC/LC₅₀ values for invertebrates exposed to linear LCAAs are presented in the following table. 

Table: Key studies for invertebrate short-term toxicity studies on single carbon chain length linear LCAAs.

CAS #	Chemical name	Comment	Water solubility (mg/L)	Species	Method/ Guideline	Exposure regime	Endpoint	Value (mg/L)^1	Reliability code	Reference
111-27-3	1-Hexanol		5900 at 20°C	Daphnia magna	Not specified	Static	24 h EC50	200 (n)	2	Bringmann and Kuhn, 1982
111-70-6	1-Heptanol	SUPPORTING	1300 at 20°C	D. magna	Not specified	Static	24 h EC50	82 (n)	2	Bringmann and Kuhn, 1982
111-87-5	1-Octanol		550 at 25°C	D. magna	Not specified	Static	24 h EC50	20 (n)	2	Bringmann and Kuhn, 1982
143-08-8	1-Nonanol		130 at 20°C	Nitocra spinipes (brackish)	Not specified	Static	96 h EC50	25 (n)	2	Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984
112-30-1	1-Decanol		40 mg/L at 20°C	N. spinipes (brackish)	Not specified	Static	96 h EC50	3.1 (n)	2	Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984
68516-18-7	Decene, hydroformylation products	Supporting.hydroformylation product (=C11)	No data	D. magna	EPA 1975	Static	48 h LC50	4.2 (n)	2	Burgess and Forbis, 1983b
112-42-5	1-Undecanol		8.0 at 20°C	N.spinipes (brackish)	Not specified	Static	96 h LC50	0.8-1.1 (n)	2	Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984
112-53-8	1-Dodecanol		1.9 at 20°C	D. magna	DIN 38412	Static	48 h EC50	0.77 (n)	2	Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1997
112-70-9	1-Tridecanol	SUPPORTING	0.38 at 20°C	D. magna	Not specified	Not specified	EC50 (duration unknown)	0.51 (>LoS)	4	Unilever, 1995
112-72-1	1-Tetradecanol		0.19 at 25°C	D. magna	Not specified	Not specified	48 h EC50	3.2 (>LoS)	2	Unilever, 2010

Notes:

¹>LoS: LC₅₀ observed was greater than the limit of solubility (n) based on nominal concentrations, (m) based on measured concentrations.

SUPPORTING denotes that the substance is not for registration but the data are used to support the category

Multi-constituents LCAAs

The data presented in the table below show the multi-constituent substances containing LCAAs with carbon numbers in the ranges of C7-9 to C12-15 to exert short-term toxicity at concentrations of between 0.23 and 30 mg/L. At these concentrations it is likely that all constituents will have been fully dissolved. The short-term EC₅₀ of the C14-15 LCAAs to aquatic invertebrate was determined to be above the limit of solubility of the substance.

For the C12-14 and C12-18 multi-constituent substances there was evidence of toxic effects in tests conducted on test media prepared as water-accommodated fractions at loading rates that exceeded the solubility of some constituents. For the C16-18 substance there was evidence of effects in test media that could have contained undissolved test material. The possibility of physical effects (rather than true toxicity) contributing to the observed effects were not discussed in the test report but cannot be excluded.

 

The lowest reliable short-term EC/LC₅₀ values for invertebrates exposed to multi-constituent LCAAs are presented in the following table.

Table: Invertebrate short-term toxicity studies on mixed carbon chain length (multi-constituent) LCAAs (species are freshwater unless noted otherwise).

CAS #	Chemical name	Comment	Water solubility (mg/L)	Species	Method/ Guideline^2	Exposure regime	Endpoint	Value (mg/L)^3	Reliability code	Reference
	Alcohols, C7-9	SUPPORTING	510 mg/L at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L (estimated)	Daphnia magna	OECD 202	Semi-static	48 h EC50	5.9	1	Fraunhofer Institute, 2005e
Mixture of 68527-05-9 and 70955-11-2-	Mixture of hexane and octene hydroformylation products	i.e. alcohols, C7-9 SUPPORTING	No data	D. magna	EPA 1975	Static	48 h LC50	30 (n)	2	Burgess and Forbis, 1983c
68515-81-1	Nonanol, branched and linear	Read-across from C9 SUPPORTING	121 (estimated)	Nitocra spinipes (brackish)	Not specified	Static	96 h EC50	25 (n)	2	Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984
	Alcohols, C9-11- branched and linear	Also valid for Alcohols, C9-11 CAS 66455-17-2 SUPPORTING	44 at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L. (estimated)	D. magna	Not specified	Static	48 h EC50	7 (n)	2	Shell Research Limited, 1983
	Alcohols, C9-11- branched and linear	Also valid for Alcohols, C9-11 CAS 66455-17-2 SUPPORTING	44 at a loading rate of 1000 mg/L. (estimated)	Crangon crangon (marine)	UK MAFF	Semi-static	96 h LC50	4.6 (n)	2	Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. 1991a.
	Alcohols, C9-11 (odd numbered), branched and linear		26.04 at 20°C	Daphnia magna		Semi-static	48 h LD50	0.39 (m)	1	Hydrotox, 2017
Mixture of 68516-18-7, 68527-05-9 and 70955-11-2-	Mixture of octane and decene hydroformylation products	SUPPORTING	No data	D. magna	EPA 1975	Static	48 h LC50	11 (n)	2	Burgess and Forbis, 1983d
90342-32-8	Decanol, branched and linear	Read-across from C10	26.17 at 20°C	N. spinipes (brackish)	Not specified	Static	96 h EC50	3.1 (n)	2	Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984
128973-77-3	Undecanol, branched and linear   Reaction mass of 2-methyldecan-1-ol and 2-propyloctan-1-ol and 2-ethylnonan-1-ol and 2-butylheptan-1-ol	Read-across from C11	6.3 at 25°C	N. spinipes (brackish)	Not specified	Static	96 h LC50	0.8-1.1 (n)	2	Bengtsson, Renberg, and Tarkpea, 1984
740817-83-8	Alcohols, C12-13-branched and linear		2.4 at 25^oC	D. magna	OECD 202 WAF	Static	48 h EL50	0.23(n)	1	Shell, 2000a
75782-87-5	Alcohols, C12-13		2.4 at 25^oC	C. crangon (marine)	UK MAFF	Semi-static	96 h LC50	>10 (n) (>LoS)	2	Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd. 1991b.
740817-83-8	Alcohols, C12-13-branched and linear		2.9-3.1 at 20°C	D. magna	OECD 202 WAF	Static	48 h EL50	2.8 (n)	1	TNO, 2000b
80206-82-2	Alcohols, C 12-14	Type A SUPPORTING	4.6 predicted at 1000 mg/L loading rate	D. magna	EU 92/69/EWG WAF	Static	48 h EL50	63 (n) (>LoS)	1	Henkel, 1998b
90604-40-3	Alcohols, C12-15-branched and linear		0.80 at 20°C	D. magna	OECD 202 WAF	Static	48 h EL50	<1.0	1	Shell, 2001a
67762-25-8	Alcohols, C 12-18	Type A SUPPORTING	1.7 predicted at 100 mg/L loading rate	D. magna	EU 92/69/EWG	Static	48 h EL50	40 (n) (>LoS)	1	Henkel, 1998a
68002-94-8	Alcohols, C 16-18 and 18 Unsaturated	SUPPORTING	0.044 predicted at 1000 mg/L loading rate	D. magna	EU Guideline 92/69/EWG	Static	48 h EC50	70 (n) (>LoS)	2	Henkel KGaA. 1995.

Notes:

¹Compositional Types are described in section 1.5 of the ecotoxicity category report.

²WAF denotes test medium was a water-accommodated fraction

³>LoS: EC₅₀ observed was greater than the limit of solubility of at least some constituents of the substance. (n) based on nominal concentrations, (m) based on measured concentrations.

SUPPORTING denotes that the substance is not for registration but the data are used to support the category

n/a denotes not applicable

The data for nonanol, branched and linear, decanol branched and linear, decanol branched and undecanol branched and reaction mass of 2-methyldecan-1-ol and 2-propyloctan-1-ol and 2-ethylnonan-1-ol and 2-butylheptan-1-ol alcohols have been read-across from their linear LCAAs counterparts (C9, C10 and C11) since they are essentially linear LCAAs.

 

The measured data do not permit a definite toxicity cut-off to be identified for the single carbon number LCAAs or the multi-constituent substances. This is because the potential for physical effects to contribute to the results obtained for the C13 and 14 single carbon number alcohols, and the multi-constituent substances containing constituents with carbon numbers that are all >C12, cannot be excluded. However, it is reasonable to conclude from the data that are presented that it is unlikely that linear LCAAs with carbon numbers >C13 and multi-constituent LCAAs with carbon numbers all >C13 would be toxic.

 

 

References

 

Bengtsson, B., Renberg, L., and Tarkpea, M. (1984). Molecular structure and aquatic toxicity-An example with C1-C13 aliphatic alcohols. Chemosphere 13(5/6):613-622.

 

Bringmann, V. and Kuhn, R.1982. Results of toxic action of water pollutants on Daphnia magna Straus tested by an improved standardized procedure. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 15(1):1-6.

 

Burgess, D. and Forbis, A.D. 1983b. Acute toxicity of oxo alcohol 1100 to Daphnia magna. Static acute bioassay report 30851.

 

Burgess, D. and Forbis, A.D. 1983d. Acute toxicity of oxo alcohol 7911 to Daphnia magna. Static acute bioassay report 30848.

 

Burgess, D. and Forbis, A.D. 1983c. Acute toxicity of oxo alcohol 7900 to Daphnia magna. Static acute bioassay report 30845.

 

Fraunhofer Institute, 2005a, Daphnia, acute immobilization, Linevol 79. Study SDA-04/4-20, Fraunhofer Institute.

 

Henkel, 1998a. Henkel Report No. R9800103.

 

Henkel,1998b. Henkel KGaA Report No. R9800104.

 

Henkel KGaA., 1995. Report No. 9400262. May 1995.

 

Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd.(HLS).1991a. Report No. SLL 207(a)/91714.

 

Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd.(HLS).1991b. Report No. SLL 207(b)/91602.

 

Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 1997. Examination of 1-Dodecanol in an acute immobilization test in Daphnia magna. LPT Report No. 10762/97.

 

Shell, 2000a. Shell. RTS Report No. CT.00.47050.

 

Shell, 2001a. Shell. RTS Report No. OG.01.49011.

 

Shell Research Limited, 1983. Toxicity tests with Daphnia magna: Acute toxicity of eight test materials to a newly-introduced strain of D. magna in reconstituted fresh water. Shell Research Limited, Sittingbourne Research Centre. SBGR.83.100.

 

TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute. 2000b. Static acute toxicity test with compound 33A abd the crustacean species Daphnia magna. TNO report V98.1320.

 

Unilever, 1995. Acute toxicity of 1-tetradecanol to Daphnia magna. Unilever. Study AT/ALC/BK4.