Registration Dossier

Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets

Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.

The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.

Diss Factsheets

Ecotoxicological information

Long-term toxicity to fish

Currently viewing:

Administrative data

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference
Endpoint:
fish early-life stage toxicity
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
2015
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Study conducted in accordance with the standard guideline using appropriate modifications to address the rapid biodegradation of the substance in the test system; conducted in accordance with GLP.
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 210 (Fish, Early-Life Stage Toxicity Test)
Deviations:
yes
Remarks:
(appropriate and proportionate modifications to address the extreme technical difficulty of carrying out the test with such a rapidly biodegradable substance).
GLP compliance:
yes
Analytical monitoring:
yes
Details on sampling:
- Concentrations: Target: Negative control, 0.13, 0.26, 0.53, 1.1 and 2.1 mg/l.

- Sampling method: water samples were collected from one vessel from each exposure and control treatment, 2 and 6 days prior to test initiation to confirm the operation of the diluter. stock solutions were also collected 2 days prior to test initiation to confirm the test stock concentration. Water samples and test stock solution were collected on Days 0, 1, 5, 8, 12, 14, 20, 22, 27, 29 and 33 (test termination) to determine concentrations of the test substance in the test chambers. Water samples were collected from alternating replicate test chambers of each treatment and control group, while the stock sample was collected directly from the stock chamber. All samples were collected at mid-depth in the test chambers or stock chamber.

- Sample storage conditions before analysis: samples were placed in Teflon® centrifuge tubes containing hexane (volume of hexane was 20.0 mL for the negative control and 0.13 mg/L; 10.0 mL for the 0.26 and 0.53 mg/L and 5.0 mL for the 1.1 and 2.1 mg/L treatment level, respectively) and processed immediately for analysis.
Vehicle:
no
Details on test solutions:
PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: Stock solution was prepared continuously during the test by delivering the test material directly into the stainless steel stock solution chamber using a syringe pump and mixed with the dilution water. During the pretest diluter verification, the test stock solution at 20 mg/l was prepared by injecting test substance at a flow rate of 2.51 µl/min and mix with the dilution water that was delivered into the stock solution chamber at a rate of 104 ml/min. Based on the measured concentrations of the pretest diluter verification samples on Day-5, the test stock concentration was increased from 20 mg/l to 36 mg/l by injecting test substance into the test stock chamber at a rate of 4.52 µl/min and mix with the dilution water that was delivered into the stock solution chamber at a rate of 104 ml/min. The test stock solution in the stock chamber and the test solutions in the mixing chambers were stirred continuously and were protected from light. The negative control received dilution water only.

The toxicity test was conducted using an exposure system consisting of a continuous-flow diluter used to deliver each concentration of the test substance and a negative control (dilution water) to test vessels. A syringe pump (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, Massachusetts) was used to deliver the test substance into a stainless steel stock solution chamber and mixed with dilution water to prepare the 20 mg/l test stock solution. Fluid metering pumps (Fluid Metering, Inc., Syosset, New York) were used to deliver volumes of a single test stock solution to the mixing chambers indiscriminately assigned to each target treatment concentration. The stock solution was diluted with well water in the mixing chambers to obtain the desired target test concentrations prior to delivery to the test chambers. After mixing, the flow of test water from each mixing chamber was split and allowed to flow into four replicate test chambers.

The fluid metering pumps used to deliver the stock solution to the mixing chambers and the rotameters used to control the flow of dilution water to the mixing chambers were calibrated prior to the test and calibrated/verified approximately twice weekly during the test to ensure that flow rates varied by no more than ± 5% of the target flow rate for each treatment. The proportion of the test water that was split into each replicate was checked prior to the test and approximately twice each week during the test to ensure that flow rates varied by no more than ±10% of the mean for the four replicates. The general operation of the diluter was checked visually at least two times per day during the test and at least once at the end of the test. Periodically during the test, all organisms were transferred to clean test chambers to prevent the buildup of bacterial/fungal growth.

The delivery system and the test chambers were placed in a temperature-controlled environmental chamber to maintain the target water temperature throughout the test period. Test chambers were 9-L glass aquaria filled with approximately 7 L of test water. The volume in the test chambers was maintained by an overflow port on the side of the test chamber. The depth of the test water in a representative test chamber was 15.6 cm. All test chambers were labeled with the project number, test concentration and replicate designation.

See Table 1 in "any other information on materials and methods incl. tables".

- Controls: dilution water only

- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): none reported
Test organisms (species):
Pimephales promelas
Details on test organisms:
TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Fathead minnow
- Strain: Pimephales promelas
- Source: Chesapeake Cultures, Inc. Hayes, Virginia 23072, USA
- Age of test organisms: Embryos (<24 hours old)

METHOD FOR PREPARATION AND COLLECTION OF FERTILIZED EGGS
- Numbers of parental fish (i.e. of females used to provide required number of eggs): Embryos collected for use in the test were from ten individual spawns.
- Method of collection of fertilised eggs: Embryos were removed from the spawning substrates and examined under a dissecting microscope to select healthy, viable specimens at approximately the same stage of development.
- Subsequent handling of eggs: Groups of 1 to 3 embryos were impartially distributed among incubation cups until each cup contained 20 embryos. One cup was placed in each treatment and control test chamber.

POST-HATCH FEEDING
- Start date: Newly hatched
- Type/source of feed: Live brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia sp.), obtained by hatching cysts purchased from Brine Shrimp Direct, Ogden, Utah.
- Amount given: not reported.
- Frequency of feeding: 3 times per day during the first seven days of post-hatch. Thereafter, they were fed three times per day on weekdays and at least two times per day on weekends. Fish were not fed for approximately 55 hours prior to the termination of the test to allow for clearance of the digestive tracts before weight measurements were made. To ensure that the feeding rate per fish remained constant, rations were adjusted at least weekly to account for losses due to mortality.
Test type:
flow-through
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
no
Total exposure duration:
33 d
Remarks on exposure duration:
(28 d post-hatch)
Hardness:
135 ± 6 mg/l as CaCO3 (control); 141 ± 6 mg/l as CaCO3 (2.4 mg/l test concentration)
Test temperature:
24.7°C to 26.0°C based on continuous measurements throughout the test.
pH:
7.9 - 8.1
Dissolved oxygen:
7.4 - 8.2 (A dissolved oxygen concentration of 4.9 mg/L represents 60% saturation at 25ºC in freshwater.)
Salinity:
not applicable
Nominal and measured concentrations:
Nominal concentrations: 0, 0.13, 0.26, 0.53, 1.1, 2.1 mg/l

Mean measured concentrations:
Details on test conditions:
TEST SYSTEM
- Emybro cups (if used, type/material, size, fill volume): Embryos were held in incubation cups constructed from glass cylinders approximately 50 mm in diameter with 425 µm nylon screen mesh attached to the bottom with silicone sealant.
- Test vessel: glass aquaria.
- Type (delete if not applicable): closed
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 9-L glass aquaria filled with approximately 7 L of test water. The volume in the test chambers was maintained by an overflow port on the side of the test chamber. The depth of the test water in a representative test chamber was 15.6 cm.
- Aeration: none
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): proportional
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): The diluter flow rate was adjusted to provide approximately 20 volume additions of test water in each test chamber per day.
- No. of fertilized eggs/embryos per vessel: 20 embryos per incubation cup. 1 cup for each treatment concentration and control. 80 empbryos per treatment.
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): n/a
- Biomass loading rate: at the end of the test, based on the mean wet weight of the negative control group, was 0.015 g of fish per liter of test solution that passed through the test chamber during a 24-hour period. Instantaneous loading (the total wet weight of fish per liter of water in the tank) at the end of the test was 0.30 g fish/L.

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: freshwater obtained from a well approximately 40 meters deep located on the Wildlife International site. The well water was passed through a sand filter to remove particles greater than approximately 25 µm, and pumped into a 37,800 l storage tank where the water was aerated with spray nozzles. Prior to use, the water was filtered to 0.45 µm to remove fine particles and was passed through an ultraviolet (UV) sterilizer.
- Total organic carbon: <1 mg C/l
- Particulate matter: water was filtered to 0.45 µm to remove fine particles
- Alkalinity: 177 (control) and 178 mg/l (exposure vessel) as CaCO3
- Conductivity: 332 (control) and 327 (exposure vessel) µS/cm
- Culture medium different from test medium: not reported
- Intervals of water quality measurement: at the beginning of the test, weekly during the test, and at the end of the test

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: none
- Photoperiod: 16h light, 8 h darkness with a 30 min transition period.
- Light intensity: Fluorescent light bulbs that emit wavelengths similar to natural sunlight

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : Daily observations from Day 0 (hatching) of lethal and sublethal effects.


RANGE-FINDING STUDY
Results of the range finding study are not available

POST-HATCH DETAILS
- Begin of post-hatch period: when hatching reached >90% in the control groups
- No. of hatched eggs (alevins)/treatment released to the test chamber: 96% hatching sucess in the controls
- Release of alevins from incubation cups to test chamber on day no.: 5

FERTILIZATION SUCCESS STUDY
not reported
Reference substance (positive control):
no
Key result
Duration:
33 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
0.26 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
other: growth based on total length (most sensitive endpoint)
Duration:
33 d
Dose descriptor:
EC10
Effect conc.:
> 2.4 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
number hatched
Key result
Duration:
33 d
Dose descriptor:
EC10
Effect conc.:
0.43 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
mortality
Remarks on result:
other: (95% CL 0.29-0.90 mg/l)
Duration:
33 d
Dose descriptor:
EC10
Effect conc.:
1.27 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
other: fish length
Remarks on result:
other: (95% CL 1.14 - 1.41 mg/l)
Duration:
33 d
Dose descriptor:
EC10
Effect conc.:
1.2 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
other: fish weight (wet weight)
Remarks on result:
other: (95% CL 1.11-1.29 mg/l)
Duration:
33 d
Dose descriptor:
EC10
Effect conc.:
1.25 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
other: fish weight (dry weight)
Remarks on result:
other: (95% CL 1.13 - 1.37 mg/l)
Duration:
33 d
Dose descriptor:
LOEC
Effect conc.:
0.54 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
other: growth based on total length (most sensitive endpoint)
Details on results:
In general, the majority of the fish in the control groups and in the 0.13 and 0.26 mg/L treatment groups appeared normal throughout the test. There were organisms that were noted with sublethal observations including weak, appeared smaller in comparison to the fish in the control replicates, curled or crooked spine, pale, loss of buoyancy (unable to maintain position in the water’s column), hemorrhage and/or loss part of caudal fin. Although these observations appeared to be dose-responsive they were also noted in the control organisms.

- Mortality/survival at embryo, larval, juvenile, and adult stages: Larval survival in the negative control group was 87%. Larval survival in the negative control, 0.13, 0.26, 0.54, 1.2 and 2.4 mg/L treatment groups was 91, 92, 76, 56 and 2.5%, respectively.
- Days to hatch or time to release of young: Hatching reached >90% in the control groups on Day 5 of the test, at which time the larvae were released to their respective test chambers. A few embryos in the negative control and 1.2 mg/L treatment groups remained in the incubation chambers until they hatched on Day 6 of the test.
- Numbers hatched, Numbers of offspring produced, or Number of offspring per live female per day: see Table 1: Summary of test results for apical endpoints
- Number of fish in swim-up stage at one or more time periods (e.g., day x1, x2): day 2: 0.13 mg/l x 1, 1.2 mg/l x2, day 9 and 11: 1,2 mg/l x 1
- Observations on body length and weight of young and/or exposed parents at one or more time periods: Table 1: Summary of test results for apical endpoints
- Number of healthy fish at end of test: control 63, 60 in the 0.13 mg/l, 73 in the 0.26 mg/l, 57 in the 0.54 mg/l, 63 in the 1.2 mg/l, none in the 2.4 mg/l.
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: none
- Incidents in the course of the test which might have influenced the results: due to the ready biodegradation of the test substance modifications were made to the test protocol.
Reported statistics and error estimates:
Test endpoints analyzed statistically for the juvenile fish were hatching success, larval survival and growth of larvae that survived to test end (total length, wet weight and dry weight). The statistical analyses used to evaluate the data were based on the procedures provided in the OECD 210 guideline.
When the larvae were accidentally killed or injured and later died, they were excluded from the analysis of survival since the mortality was not treatment related.

The following conditions were used to judge whether the ECx values (e.g., EC10 or EC20) would be determined and reported:

1.) The test concentrations must bracket the ECx so that the ECx comes from interpolation rather than extrapolation.

2.) The ECx will be estimated so that (i) the 95% confidence interval reported for ECx does not contain zero and is not overly wide, (ii) the 95% confidence interval for the predicted mean at ECx does not contain the control mean, and (iii) there is no significant lack-of-fit of regression model to the data.

Since the above conditions for determining the EC10 and EC20 for survival and growth measured as dry weight were met, the EC10, EC20 and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals for these endpoints were reported (Table 5). When the above conditions for determining the EC10 and EC20 for hatching success and the EC20 for total length and wet weight were not satisfied (i.e. the ECx values and/or the corresponding 95% confidence interval were outside the data used for the estimation), the EC10 and EC20 for hatching success and the EC20 for total length and wet weight were not reported.

Table 1: Summary of test results for apical endpoints

Mean Measured Target Concentration (mg/L)

Number Exposed

Total Number Hatched

Hatching Success (%)

Number Surviving to Termination

Post-Hatch Survival (%)

Mean Total Length ± Std. Dev. (mm)

Mean Wet Weight ± Std. Dev. (mm)

Mean Dry Weight ± Std. Dev. (mm)

 

Negative Control

80

77

96

67

87

23.1 ± 0.38

105.1 ± 5.67

21.1 ± 0.75

 

0.13

80

78

96

69

88

21.8 ± 0.57

91.2 ± 4.99

18.1 ± 0.88

 

0.26

80

80

100

73

91

22.9 ± 0.23

102.2 ± 4.55

21.4 ± 0.61

 

0.54

80

76

95

57

76

21.8 ± 0.87

101.9 ± 2.56

21.1 ± 0.40

 

1.2

80

77

96

43

56*

20.7 ± 0.35‡,Δ

89.7 ± 2.72‡,Δ

19.0 ± 0.88

 

2.4

80

80

100

2

3*

6.0 ± 1.41

1.5 ± 0.071

0.15 ± 0.071

The 2.4 mg/l treatment group was excluded from analyses of growth due to a significant effect on survival.

* Indicates a significant difference from the control (Fisher's Exact test, p≤0.05).

Indicates a significance difference from the control (Dunnett's one-tailed test, p≤0.05).However,the total length, wet and dry weight in the 0.13 mg/l treatment concentrations did not follow a dose-response pattern and were not considered to be biologically meaningful.

 

ΔIndicates a significance difference from the control (Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test, p≤0.05).

Table 2. Measured concentration of Decanol in Freshwater samples

Target Test

Concentration

(mg/L)

Sampling Number (774A-104-)

Sampling Time (Day)

Measured Concentration1,2(mg/L)

Percent of Target2

Mean Measured Concentration (mg/L)

Mean Measured Percent of Target

Negative Control

1

0

<LOQ

--

--

--

0

7

1

<LOQ

--

 

 

 

13

5

<LOQ

--

 

 

 

19

8

<LOQ

--

 

 

 

25

12

<LOQ

--

 

 

 

31

14

<LOQ

--

 

 

 

37

20

<LOQ

--

 

 

 

43

22

<LOQ

--

 

 

 

49

27

<LOQ

--

 

 

 

55

29

<LOQ

--

 

 

 

61

33

<LOQ

--

 

 

0.13

2

0

0.158

121

0.13

100

 

8

1

0.151

116

(%CV=22.1)

 

 

14

5

0.143

110

 

 

 

20

8

0.123

94.8

 

 

 

26

12

0.117

90.1

 

 

 

32

14

0.180

138

 

 

 

38

20

0.103

79.3

 

 

 

44

22

0.0909

69.9

 

 

 

50

27

0.118

90.9

 

 

 

56

29

0.101

77.7

 

 

 

62

33

0.105

80.8

 

 

0.26

3

0

0.314

121

0.26

100

 

9

1

0.336

129

(%CV=15.4)

 

 

15

5

0.255

97.9

 

 

 

21

8

0.238

91.7

 

 

 

27

12

0.263

101

 

 

 

33

14

0.308

118

 

 

 

39

20

0.248

95.6

 

 

 

45

22

0.197

75.8

 

 

 

51

27

0.257

98.7

 

 

 

57

29

0.220

84.7

 

 

 

63

33

0.248

95.6

 

 

0.53

4

0

0.672

127

0.54

102

 

10

1

0.627

118

(%CV=15.4)

 

 

16

5

0.490

92.4

 

 

 

22

8

0.493

93.0

 

 

 

28

12

0.435

82.1

 

 

 

34

14

0.628

119

 

 

 

40

20

0.563

106

 

 

 

46

22

0.539

102

 

 

 

52

27

0.515

97.2

 

 

 

58

29

0.430

91.2

 

 

 

64

33

0.497

93.8

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.1

5

0

1.46

133

1.2

109

 

11

1

1.44

131

(%CV=14.5)

 

 

17

5

1.11

101

 

 

 

23

8

1.2

109

 

 

 

29

12

0.954

86.7

 

 

 

35

14

1.37

125

 

 

 

41

20

1.43

130

 

 

 

47

22

1.26

115

 

 

 

53

27

1.07

97.3

 

 

 

59

29

1.05

95.5

 

 

 

65

33

1.18

107

 

 

2.1

6

0

2.83

135

2.4

114

 

12

1

2.85

136

(%CV=15.2)

 

 

18

5

2.51

119

 

 

 

24

8

2.08

99.1

 

 

 

30

12

1.79

85.1

 

 

 

36

14

2.46

115

 

 

 

42

20

2.85

136

 

 

 

48

22

2.31

110

 

 

 

54

27

2.47

118

 

 

 

60

29

2.22

106

 

 

 

66

33

1.95

92.8

 

 

1.    The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.0250 mg/l, calculated as the product of the concentration of the lowest calibration standard (0 .0500 mg/l) and the dilution factor of the matrix blank samples (0 .500).

2.    Results were generated using Excel 2010 in full precision mode. Manual calculations may differ slightly.

Validity criteria fulfilled:
yes
Remarks:
(The criteria for dissolved oxygen and temperature, and hatching and post-hatch success in controls were met; analytical measurement of test concentrations was performed)
Conclusions:
Reliable EC10 values of 0.43 mg/l based on survival to >2.4 mg/l based on hatched numbers and a NOEC value of 0.26 mg/l for growth based on total length (most sensitive endpoint) were determined for Pimephales promelas exposed to decan-1-ol in a reliable fish early life-stage test. The test was conducted in accordance with GLP and following OECD 210 with appropriate and necessary modifications due to the test substance being a very difficult substance to test. The result is considered definitive.
Executive summary:

Reliable EC10 values of 0.43 - >2.4 mg/l and NOEC value of 0.26 mg/l for a range of appropriate endpoints were determined for Pimephales promelas exposed to decan-1-ol in a reliable fish early life-stage test. The test was conducted in accordance with GLP and following OECD 210 with appropriate and necessary modifications due to the test substance being a very difficult substance to test. The result is considered definitive.

Further testing is not considered necessary because the freshwater PNEC has been derived from the data with long-term toxicity to invertebrates (Daphnia).

Description of key information

Long-term toxicity to fish: 33-d EC10 0.43 - >2.4 mg/l for a range of apical endpoints and NOEC 0.26 mg/l (OECD TG 236) in P. promelas

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water fish

Fresh water fish
Effect concentration:
0.43 mg/L

Additional information

The following 33-d EC10 values were determined in a fish early life-stage test with Pimephales promelas:

NOEC (33 d): 0.26 mg/L based on: growth (total length);

EC10 (33 d): > 2.4 mg/L based on: hatching success;

EC10 (33 d): 0.43 mg/L based on: survival;

EC10 (33 d): 1.27 mg/L based on: fish length;

EC10 (33 d): 1.20 mg/L based on: fish weight (wet weight);

EC10 (33 d): 1.25 mg/L based on: fish weight (dry weight).

The study used adapted methodology necessary to minimise the extensive losses of test substance due to biodegradation in the test system, and is considered definitive for this endpoint.

The only reliable test data that provide an indication of long-term toxicity to fish are for 1-octanol, branched 1-pentadecanol and decan-1-ol:

  • For 1-octanol a NOEC of between 0.75 and 3.0 mg/L has been determined for growth reduction in a 7-day test with larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) (Pickering et al., 1996). The result has been assigned reliability 2.
  • For 1-pentadecanol branched a NOEC of ≥140 µg a.i./L has been determined for growth, survival and reproduction in a 35-day test with larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) (ABC 1999). The result has been assigned reliability 2.
  • For decan-1-ol a NOEC of 0.26 mg/l based on growth (total length), and EC10 of 0.43 mg/l based on mortality, have been determined in a 33-day test with larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) (Wildlife International 2015b). The result has been assigned reliability 1.

 

The result from Pickering et al. is expressed relative to nominal exposure concentrations and it is significant to note that measured concentrations declined by >90% over the period between media renewals (not specified in the source document). The true toxicity is therefore likely to have been greater than that expressed due to the observed loss of test substance concentration in the old media. Additionally, the duration of this test is too short for it to be considered a true long-term study.

 

The result from ABC is expressed relative to the arithmetic mean of measured concentrations; it should be noted that measured concentrations may vary as much as 10-fold in the same treatment level.

 

The test result from Wildlife International is expressed relative to arithmetic mean measured concentrations. Measures were taken to prevent significant biodegradation losses of substance in the test system. Measured concentrations were within 80% of nominal concentrations. 

 

These three test results do not provide sufficient data to determine a trend in long-term toxicity across the category. However, short-term data for fish and invertebrates indicate that the toxicity of linear alcohols decreases with increasing chain length and that alcohol’s with chain lengths ≥C13 are not toxic to fish, and those with chain lengths ≥C15 are not toxic for invertebrates, at their solubility limit. Invertebrates appear to be rather more susceptible than fish in short-term tests and it is reasonable to assume that a similar relationship exists in long-term tests.

 

Long-term invertebrate (Daphnia) toxicity data for a linear alcohol with a carbon chain length of C15 show it to be toxic at a concentration below its solubility limit (Fraunhofer Institute, 2005). However, data for a C18 linear alcohol show it to be non-toxic at its solubility limit (Henkel KGaA, 1992). Schäfers et al. (2009) have analysed these data and concluded that linear alcohols with carbon chain lengths >C15 are not toxic to invertebrates at their solubility limit. Given the relative susceptibilities of fish and invertebrates in short-term tests it is reasonable to conclude that alcohols with carbon chain lengths >C15 would also not be toxic to fish in long-term tests.

 

 

References

ABC Laboratories (1999). Early life stage toxicity of PMN P98-960 to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) under flow-through test conditions. ABC Study No. 45413. July 13 1999. ABC Laboratories Inc. 7200 E. ABC Lane, Columbia, Missouri 65202.

 

Fraunhofer Institute (2005d). Daphnia magna, reproduction test in closed vessels following OECD 211. C15 fatty alcohol. GLP code: SDA-002/4-21. Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) 57377 Schmallenberg, Germany.

 

Henkel KGaA, 1992. Octadecanol (Lorol C18-98): Bestimmung der chronischen Daphnientoxizitat im verlangerten Daphnientest, 21 Tage. Henkel KGaA Report No. RE 920096.

 

Pickering, Q.H., Lazorchak, J.M., and Winks, K.L. (1996). Subchronic sensitivity of one-, four-, and seven-day-old fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) larvae to five toxicants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15(3):353-359.

 

Schäfers, C. Boshof, U. Jürling, H. Belanger, S.E. Sanderson, H. Dyer, S.D. Nielsen, A.M. Willing, A. Gamon, K. Kasai, Y. Eadsforth, C.V. Fisk, P.R. Girling, A.E., 2009. Environmental properties of long chain aliphatic alcohols. Part 2: Structure-activity relationship for chronic aquatic toxicity of long-chain alcohols. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 72(4): 996-1005.

 

Wildlife International, 2015b. Decanol: A static-renewal fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) Draft Report; Wildlife International Project Number: 774A-101; OECD Guideline 236.