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EC number: 202-049-5 | CAS number: 91-20-3
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
48-hour LC50s for daphnids range from 2.16 to 24.1 mg/l.
96-hour LC50s range from 0.8 to 17 mg/l for a range of estuarine and marine crustacea.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 2.16 mg/L
Additional information
The following discussion is partly quoted from the EU RAR on naphthalene [EU RAR]:
Data on the acute toxicity of naphthalene to aquatic invertebrates are available for freshwater and marine organisms (Table 1). 48-hour LC50s for freshwater invertebrates range from 2.16 to 24.1 mg/l. A 96-hour LC50 of 1 mg/l has been determined for daphnids. 96-hour LC50s range from 0.8 to 17 mg/l for a range of estuarine and marine crustacea. All of the data appear to be within the solubility of naphthalene. However, those based on nominal values do not take into account loss of the chemical during the test. These can be very variable depending on the test system employed. Saethre et al. (1984) noted that naphthalene was rapidly lost from solution with 80 to 90% lost over a 4-day period. The authors pointed out that this was probably due to evaporation from poorly sealed test beakers. Caldwell et al. (1977) found significant losses of 25 to 50% in flow-through systems. However, Ott et al. (1978) reported losses of less than 8% in a closed static system. Similar losses of 2 to 7% were found in flow-through systems over periods of up to 40 days (Moles et al., 1981; Edmisten and Bantle, 1982).
Table 1: Acute Toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.
| Organism | Size/age | Stat/flow | Temp (°C) | Hardness (mg/l) |
PH | Parameter | Concentra-tion (mg/l) |
Reference |
| Freshwater | ||||||||
| Water flea Daphnia magna |
< 24 hour | stat | 173 | 7.4-9.4 | 24h-LC50 | 17 n | LeBlanc, 1980 | |
| < 24 hour | stat | 173 | 7.4-9.4 | 48h-LC50 | 8,6 n | LeBlanc, 1980 | ||
| stat | 22-26 | 8-8.6 | 24h-LC50 | 13.2 m | Crider et al., 1982 | |||
| stat | 22-26 | 8-8.6 | 48h-LC50 | 3.4 m | Crider et al., 1982 | |||
| stat | 19 | 134 | 7.6 | 48h-LC50 | 22.6 n | Eastmond et al., 1984 | ||
| 4-6 days | stat | 21-25 | 48h-LC50 | 4.7 | Abernethy et al., 1986 | |||
| 24 hour | stat | 19.5 | 48h-LC50 | 24.1 | Parkhurst, 1982 | |||
| stat | ~6.5 | 48h-LC50 | 2.16 n | Millemann et al., 1984 | ||||
| 4-6 days | stat | 23.2 | 16.7 n | Bobra et al., 1983 | ||||
| Water flea Daphnia pulex |
stat | 15 | 43 | 7.2 | 48h-LC50 | 2.92-3.89 n | Geiger and Buikema, 1982 | |
| 1.9-2.1mm | stat | 7.5 | 96h-LC50 | 1.0 n | Trucco et al., 1983 | |||
| Snail Physa gyrina |
0.057 g | stat | 19.5-20.5 | 48h-LC50 | 5.02 n | Millemann et al., 1984 | ||
| Amphipod Gammarus minus |
adult | stat | 21-24 | 48h-LC50 | 3.93 n | Millemann et al., 1984 | ||
| Midge Chironomus tentans |
4th instar | stat | 23-26 | 48h-LC50 | 2.81 n | Millemann et al., 1984 | ||
| Estuarine and marine | ||||||||
| Estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis |
adult | stat | 15 | 20 s | 24h-LC50 | 3.798 n | Ott et al., 1978 | |
| Kelp shrimp Eualis suckleyi |
1 g | flow | 6-6.9 | seawater | 96h-LC50 | 1.39 m | Rice and Thomas, 1989 | |
| Grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio |
adult | stat | 19-21 | 15 s | 8.1 | 96h-LC5096h-LC50 | 2.6 2.35 n | Anderson et al., 1974 Tatem, 1975 |
| Brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus |
96h-LC50 | 2.5 | Anderson et al., 1974 | |||||
| Artemia | larvae | stat | 19-21 | 8.5-8.7 | 24h-LC50 | 10.6 n | Abernethy et al., 1986 | |
| nauplii | stat | 24h-LC50 | 3.19 m | Foster and Tullis, 1984 | ||||
| Mysid Neomysis americana |
stat$ | 15 | seawater | 96h-LC50 | 1.42 m | Hargreaves et al., 1982 | ||
| stat$ | 25 | " | 96h-LC50 | 0.80 m | Hargreaves et al., 1982 | |||
| flow | 15 | " | 96h-LC50 | 1.28 m | Smith and Hargreaves, 1983 | |||
| flow | 25 | " | 96h-LC50 | 0.85 m | Smith and Hargreaves, 1983 | |||
| Speckled prawn Metapenaeus monoceros |
juvenile | stat | 30 | 17.5 | 48h-LC50 | 4.9 n | Deshmukh et al., 1985b | |
| juvenile | stat | 30 | 17.5 | 96h-LC50 | 4.2 n | Deshmukh et al., 1985b | ||
| Dungeness crab Cancer magister |
1st instar | stat$ | 13 | 30 s | 96h-LC50 | > 2.0 n | Caldwell et al., 1977 | |
| Crab Scylla serrata |
intermoult | stat | 27-29 | 30-31 s | 7.6-8.0 | 48h-LC50 | 20 n | Kulkarni and Masurekar, 1983 |
| juvenile | Kulkarni and Masurekar, 1983 | |||||||
| intermoult juvenile |
stat | 27-29 | 30-31 s | 7.6-8.0 | 96h-LC50 | 17 n | ||
| Blue crab Callinectes sapidus |
adult | flow | 22-25 | 10-30 s | 24h-LC50 | 2.4 m | Sabourin, 1982 | |
| adult | flow | 22-25 | 10-30 s | 48h-LC50 | 2.3 m | Sabourin, 1982 | ||
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