Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., sodium salts

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

The toxicity of LAS to terrestrial organisms including soil macroorganisms, other than arthropods, and non-crop and agricultural crop species has been evaluated, and generally found to affect growth and reproduction, with growth being the most sensitive endpoint for plants. Only growth and reproduction endpoints were used in the PNEC derivation for soil. Terrestrial toxicity to soil micro-organisms and birds is not needed considering the higher rate of sensitivity, and thus protection afforded by, studies on plants and invertebrates exposed to LAS under more realistic test conditions (field trials). The primary route of entry for LAS into the terrestrial environment is land application of sewage sludge intended as an amendment to agricultural lands.

 

 

Toxicity to Soil Macro Organisms

A series of studies have been conducted on soil macroorganisms and summarized in the tables below. The primary route of entry for LAS into the terrestrial environment is land application of sewage sludge intended as an amendment to agricultural lands. A large number of terrestrial ecotoxicology studies were reviewed by Jensen et al. (2007) to develop a European wide risk assessment of LAS in agricultural soils. Nine invertebrate species, three oligochaetes and six arthropods, have been evaluated in chronic toxicity to LAS in soil. Endpoints were all considered sensitive for these taxa. Only growth and reproduction endpoints were used in the PNEC derivation for soil. Effects on oligochaetes and arthropods were highly overlapping. NOECs or EC₁₀s for oligochaetes and arthropods varied from 27-250 and 41-320 mg/kg soil, respectively. Key studies on the oligochaete Aporroectodea caliginosa and the springtail Folsomia fimeteria were conducted by Holmstrup and Krogh (1996) and Holmstrup et al. (2001) in several soil types including sand, loam and clay with varying dominant cations. A. calignosa had EC₁₀s that ranged from 44-105 with a geometric mean of 71.7 mg/kg soil for the growth endpoint (most sensitive) and F. fimeteria had EC₁₀s that ranged from 85-161 mg/kg soil for the reproduction endpoint (most sensitive).

Overview of Toxicity (in mg/kg soil) to Soil Macroorganisms other than Arthropods (Oligochaetes)

Method	Results (mg/kg soil)
Class: Oligochaetes
OECD 207 (Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests) Eisenia foetida	14 day LC50> 1000 NOEC = 250 LC10= 277
Comparable to ISO 16387 (Effects of pollutants on Enchytraeidae (Enchytraeus sp.) -- Determination of effects on reproduction and survival) Enchytraeus sp.	EC10= 27  (geometric mean of 2 EC10values)
Comparable to ISO 16387 (Effects of pollutants on Enchytraeidae (Enchytraeus sp.) -- Determination of effects on reproduction and survival) Aporrectodea. caliginosa	28 day EC10= 46

 

 

Overview of Toxicity (in mg/kg soil) to Soil Arthropods (Insects and Arachnids)

Method	Results (mg/kg soil)
Class: Insects (springtails)
Comparable to ISO 11267 (Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola (Folsomia candida) by soil pollutants) Hypogastrura assimilis	21day EC10= 100
Various Methods Folsomia fimetaria	EC10= 107.6  (geometric mean of 7 data points)
ISO 11267 (Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola (Folsomia candida) by soil pollutants) Folsomia candida	28 day EC10= 205
No Guideline Available Isotoma viridis	EC10= 41
Class: Arachnids
No Guideline Available Hypoaspis. aculeifer	21 day EC10= 82
No Guideline Available Platynothrus peltifer	NOEC = 320

 

Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants

As part of a complete assessment of terrestrial toxicity to LAS, Jensen et al. (2007) summarized available data on responses of non-crop and agricultural crop species. These are shown in the table below. Growth was universally the most sensitive endpoint and in all the experiments, LAS was added as an aqueous solution resulting in maximum bioavailability. Three blocks of studies were conducted on crop and non-crop plants. The first group of studies on crop plants by Windeat (1987) exposed sorghum, sunflower and mung bean to LAS at 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg soil. EC₁₀s ranged from 68-126 mg/kg soil and EC₅₀s ranged from 167‑316 mg/kg soil. The second group of studies by Günther and Pestemer (1992) on oat and mustard species involved exposures from 0-10,000 mg/kg soil. The last group of studies, mostly on non crop species, by Marschner (1992) were derived from exposing plants up to 1000 mg/kg resulting in EC₁₀ values that ranged from 55-120 mg/kg and EC₅₀ values of 90-204 mg/kg.

 

Overview of Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants

Method	Results (mg/kg soil)
Crop Species
OECD 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test:  Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test) Sorghum (Sorghumbicolour)	21 day EC50= 167 EC10= 68 NOEC = 100
OECD 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test:  Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test) Sunflower (Helianthisannuus)	21 day EC50= 289 EC10= 116 NOEC = 100
OECD 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test:  Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test) Mung Bean (Phaseolusaureus)	21 day EC50= 316 EC10= 126 NOEC = 100
No Guideline Available (Seedling Growth) Oats (Avenasativa)	14 day EC50= 300 EC10= 80
No Guideline Available (Seedling Growth) White mustard (Sinapisalba)	14 day EC50= 300 EC10= 200
No Guideline Available (Seedling Growth) Field Mustard (Brassicarapa)	14 day EC50= 164l EC10= 86 (geometric mean of 2 values)
Non-Crop Species
OECD 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test:  Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test) Low Mallow  (Malvapusilla)	14 day EC50= 204 EC10= 110
OECD 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test:  Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test) Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum)	14 day EC50= 169 EC10= 120
OECD 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test:  Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test) Pigweed (Chenopodium album)	14 day EC50= 164 EC10= 120
OECD 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test:  Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test) Redroot Amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus)	14 day EC50= 142 EC10= 110
OECD 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test:  Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test) Wild Fennel (Nigella arvensis)	14 day EC50= 133 NOEC = 52
OECD 208 (Terrestrial Plants Test:  Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test) Quick Weed (Gallinsoga parviflora)	14 day EC50= 90 EC10= 55

 

Toxicity to Soil Micro-Organisms

Terrestrial toxicity is not required based on data for long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates (see above) and adsorption/desorption (IUCLID section on adsorption / desorption).

Additional information

The PNEC for soil is 35.3 mg/kg, based on the HC5 value (concentration that would exceed the NOEC or EC10 values for 5% of species) derived from a species sensitivity distribution of nine invertebrate species and 12 plant species.