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EC number: 246-805-2 | CAS number: 25306-75-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicity to reproduction
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- extended one-generation reproductive toxicity - with developmental neurotoxicity (Cohorts 1A, 1B without extension, 2A and 2B)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Justification for type of information:
- Carbon disulphide has been demonstrated to form during hydrolysis in gastric fluid.
Any oral toxicity on the xanthate needs to consider oral effects of carbon disulphide and the corresponding alcohol
Data access has been requested, but this summary is extracted from disseminated information published by ECHA
Further animal testing on the xanthate cannot be justified
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- hydrolysis
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Justification for type of information:
- Special study performed to confirm rapid hydrolysis of potassium and sodium xanthates in simulated gastric fluid with identification of key metabolites.
This study is used to justify the use of surrogate data in animal testing on the basis that if ingested, the substance will rapidly degrade. - Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- study of the decomposition of four samples of xanthates in simulated gastric fluid; sodium soamyl xanthate, sodium isobutyl xanthate, sodium ethyl xanthate and potassium isoamyl xanthate.
The chemical reaction for this decomposition is:
Xanthate Salt + Hydrochloric acid Alcohol + Sodium Chloride + Carbon Disulphide
The reaction between simulated gastric fluid and the xanthate salts was carried out at 0oC for reasons of safety, as the reaction was expected to occur very quickly. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature over 1 hour, the final temperature being 25oC. A high degree of degradation at this temperature would lead to the inference that degradation would be at least as complete, if not more so, in actual gastric conditions.
Following the reaction solvent was added to produce a biphasic mixture, and the resulting organic
phases were analysed by GC-MS to confirm the presence of the corresponding alcohols. These
alcohols were quantified by comparison to known standards in order to confirm the completeness of the reaction, and to show that these salts behave in the same way under these reaction conditions. - Radiolabelling:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Buffers:
- Performed at pH 1.5 in synthetic gastric fluid
- Details on test conditions:
- Performed at 5 g/l to simulate possible concentration following ingestion
Performed at low temperatures for safety reasons due to exothermic nature of reaction - Duration:
- 1 h
- pH:
- 1.5
- Temp.:
- 0 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- ca. 5 000 mg/L
- Remarks:
- Performed at initial temperature of 0 C, but in view of exothermic reaction, temperature will have risen by the end of the reaction.
- Number of replicates:
- One replicate per substance
A number of xanthates were evaluated as part of this study; all showed the same outcome - Positive controls:
- no
- Negative controls:
- no
- Statistical methods:
- Not required
- Preliminary study:
- No
- Transformation products:
- yes
- No.:
- #1
- No.:
- #2
- No.:
- #3
- No.:
- #4
- Details on hydrolysis and appearance of transformation product(s):
- Exothermic reaction. No direct measurement of carbon disulphide possible, but elemental sulphur noted (estimated to be as dissolved sulphur dioxide or sulphates
- % Recovery:
- 0
- pH:
- 1.5
- Temp.:
- 0 °C
- Duration:
- 1 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: No parent material detected
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable because of methodological limitations
- Remarks:
- Too rapid to determine a rate constant
- Details on results:
- Rapid exothermic reaction in simulated gastric fluid at a loading of 5g/l
- Executive summary:
Based on analysis of the alcohols. degradation of sodium isobutyl xanthate was found to be > 96% under the experimental conditions a
To confirm that potassium salts will behave in a similar manner, potassium isoamyl xanthate was added to simulated gastric fluid under the same conditions as the sodium salts above. A liquid-liquid extraction was performed with ethyl acetate and the organic solvent analysed using GCMS. Isoamyl alcohol was observed in the resulting gas chromatogram, as expected.
NMR spectroscopy did not provide any further evidence of the presence of xanthate post addition to gastric fluid.
To confirm that the sodium or potassium remains in solution as the chloride salt, ICP-OES analysis was carried out on the aqueous phase of the reaction mixture, as well as on the simulated gastric fluid with the difference between the two measurements being an indication of how much sodium or potassium has been added as a result of the xanthate degradation. The analysis showed increased levels of potassium and sodium in the gastric fluid phase upon addition of potassium and sodium xanthates respectively. This provides further evidence that the potassium salts behave in a similar manner to the sodium salts under the experimental conditions.
The increase in sodium could not be quantified owing to the high levels of Na observed, and the addition of Na from processing.For Potassium Isoamyl Xanthate, a significant increase in potassium was observed and the potassium and sodium salts can be considered as behaving in identical manner.
Carbon disulphide was not detected and due to limitations of the methods detection of carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide was not possible. There was no reported odour of carbon dislulphide.
Sodium isoamyl xanthate, sodium isobutyl xanthate and sodium ethyl xanthate were added to separate solutions of simulated gastric fluid at 0 C over 1 hour. The low starting temperature was to prevent reaction occurring too quickly, for reasons of safety.
Following the reaction, a liquid-liquid extraction was performed with ethyl acetate and the organic solvent analysed using GCMS. The extracts were compared to a standard curve of ethanol, isoamyl alcohol and isobutyl alcohol were quantified.
Based on analysis of the alcohols. degradation of sodium isobutyl xanthate was found to be > 96% under the experimental conditions and degradation of sodium isoamyl xanthate was found to be > 75% under the experimental conditions. However, no xanthates could be found at the end of the exposure period
The degradation of sodium ethyl xanthate could not be quantified under the experimental conditions and assumed 100%
To confirm that potassium salts will behave in a similar manner, potassium isoamyl xanthate was added to simulated gastric fluid under the same conditions as the sodium salts above. A liquid-liquid extraction was performed with ethyl acetate and the organic solvent analysed using GCMS. Isoamyl alcohol was observed in the resulting gas chromatogram, as expected.
NMR spectroscopy did not provide any further evidence of the presence of xanthate post addition to gastric fluid.
To confirm that the sodium or potassium remains in solution as the chloride salt, ICP-OES analysis was carried out on the aqueous phase of the reaction mixture, as well as on the simulated gastric fluid with the difference between the two measurements being an indication of how much sodium or potassium has been added as a result of the xanthate degradation. The analysis showed increased levels of potassium and sodium in the gastric fluid phase upon addition of potassium and sodium xanthates respectively. This provides further evidence that the potassium salts behave in a similar manner to the sodium salts under the experimental conditions.
The increase in sodium could not be quantified owing to the high levels of Na observed, and the addition of Na from processing.
For Potassium Isoamyl Xanthate, a significant increase in potassium was observed and the potassium and sodium salts can be considered as behaving in identical manner.
Carbon disulphide was not detected and due to limitations of the methods detection of carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide was not possible. There was no reported odour of carbon dislulphide.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 022
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 443 (Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Justification for study design:
- The summary document indicates that the study design was agreed with ECHA prior to performing the laboratory work. This included a toxicokinetic assessment indicating that oral route of administration was appropriate
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Carbon disulphide
- EC Number:
- 200-843-6
- EC Name:
- Carbon disulphide
- Cas Number:
- 75-15-0
- Molecular formula:
- CS2
- IUPAC Name:
- carbon disulfide
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on exposure:
- Once daily 7 days a week.
- Details on mating procedure:
- Cohabitation 1:1
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Concentrations of 91%, 95% and 89% were determined
Results are therefore expressed as nominal - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- F0-males minimum of 11 weeks, including 10 weeks prior to mating and during the mating period,
F0-females minimum of 16 weeks, including 10 weeks prior to mating, and at least 21 days after delivery, Females were not dosed during littering.
During lactation (up to PND 21), pups were not treated directly
From weaning onwards (PND 21), F1-animals of Cohorts 1A, 1B, 1C and 2A dosed - Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1.2 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 12 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 120 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 25
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
Examinations
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- At least daily observations
Weekly weight assessment
Food consumption assessed for each group
Blood chemistry assessed in parental animals - Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
- Yes
- Sperm parameters (parental animals):
- Checked on necropsy as part of post-mortum examinations
- Litter observations:
- Number and vigour
- Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- Full necropsy and gross examination of organs at scheduled termination
- Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- Pups found dead and at scheduled termination
- Statistics:
- Statistical analysis was applied as needed
Results and discussion
Results: P0 (first parental generation)
General toxicity (P0)
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Slight salivation in response to treatment, predominantly at highest dose.
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- 120 mg/kg/day, body weights / body weight gain of males and females were slightly decreased
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- no effects observed
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Minor changes in white blood cell count and reticulocyte count (males) but not considered significant
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Minor but statistically significant effects seen in the top dose.
The changes were not considered to be of toxicological significance. - Endocrine findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- no effects observed
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not specified
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Effects seen at top dose, confirming maximum tolerated dose was used
Minor changes in spleen, thymus and eyes, with the effect on eyes considered adverse - Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
Reproductive function / performance (P0)
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive performance:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- A small number of pairs in all treatment and control groups failed to reproduce.
This was in line with background observations and not treatment related
Effect levels (P0)
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- ca. 12 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- ophthalmological examination
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- ca. 120 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- ophthalmological examination
Target system / organ toxicity (P0)
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 120 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- System:
- eye
- Organ:
- retina
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Dose response relationship:
- yes
- Relevant for humans:
- not specified
Results: F1 generation
General toxicity (F1)
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality / viability:
- mortality observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Mortality across groups not considered to be significantly different to historical levels
No treatment related effects - Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Statistically significantly decreased in males at 120 mg/kg/day from Day 8
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Food efficiency:
- no effects observed
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- no effects observed
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- no effects observed
- Urinalysis findings:
- no effects observed
- Sexual maturation:
- no effects observed
- Anogenital distance (AGD):
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Minimal changes, perhaps based on actual size of pups in highest dose group
- Nipple retention in male pups:
- no effects observed
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Decrease in brain weight and spleen, male and female at higher dose level
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Effects seen in top dose group, including significant effect on eyes
Other findings not considered adverse
Developmental neurotoxicity (F1)
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- no effects observed
Details on results (F1)
Effect levels (F1)
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- ca. 12 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- organ weights and organ / body weight ratios
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- ca. 120 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- organ weights and organ / body weight ratios
Target system / organ toxicity (F1)
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- System:
- central nervous system
- Organ:
- brain
Overall reproductive toxicity
- Reproductive effects observed:
- no
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Animals were treated at up to the maximum tolerated dose with some parental toxicity observed.
No reproductive or developmental effects were seen, other than a slight reduction in size of the young in the highest treatment group.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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