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EC number: 203-868-0 | CAS number: 111-42-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 16.08.1993-15.12.1993
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: GLP guideline study
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 996
- Report date:
- 1996
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- The Inhalation toxicity of di- and triethanolamine upon repeated exposure
- Author:
- Gamer AO, et al
- Year:
- 2 008
- Bibliographic source:
- Food and Chemical Toxicology 46, 2173–2183
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 413 (Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-Day Study)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The study was carried out according to the OECD guidelines method 413 [OECD, 1981], the EU guidelines 87/302/EEC [EEC 1988] and the EPA guidelines [EPA 1984] . Neurotoxicity was tested following the EPA test guideline [EPA 1985/87] .
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 2,2'-iminodiethanol
- EC Number:
- 203-868-0
- EC Name:
- 2,2'-iminodiethanol
- Cas Number:
- 111-42-2
- Molecular formula:
- C4H11NO2
- IUPAC Name:
- 2,2'-iminodiethanol
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Diethanolamine; 2,2'-Iminobisethanol; Substance No. 93/75
- Physical state: clear liquid
- Analytical purity: 99.4%
- Lot/batch No.: storage tank B 810
- Stability under storage conditions: ensured
- Storage condition of test material: Room temperature excluded from humidity, air and covered with nitrogen
- Homogeneity: homogeneous
1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Dr . K . Thomae GmbH, Biberach, Germany
- Age at study initiation: about 7 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: males: about 218 g; females: about 166 g
- Housing: in wire cages type MD III
- Diet: KLIBA rat/mouse/hamster laboratory diet 24-343-4, 10 mm pellets, Klingentalmuehle AG, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland ad libitum
- Water: tap water ad libitum
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20-24
- Humidity (%): 30-70
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: aerosol
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- nose/head only
- Vehicle:
- other: unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- ADMINISTRATION / EXPOSURE
Male and female Wistar rats were exposed to an aerosol of Diethanolamine (DEA) in head/nose exposure systems for 6 hours each working day for a total of 90 days (65 exposures). A control group was exposed under similar conditions to clean air only. Concentrations: Target: 0; 15; 150; 400 mg/m³ (analytical determined: 0; 15; 152; 410 mg/m³). The test substance was supplied to a atomizer at a constant rate by means of a metric pump. An aerosol was generated by means of compressed air and passed into the inhalation system.
Generator system
The aerosol was generated using a diaphragm metering pump Prominent (CfG), a two-component atomizer mod. 970 (Schlick) and a glass cyclone separator (BASF AG). The head-nose exposure technique was preferably selected for this inhalation study to minimize fur contamination of the animals with the test substance, which cannot be avoided during whole-body exposure. The aerosol was passed into an aerodynamic exposure apparatus (INA 60, volume V = 90 1, BASF AG). The apparatus consists of a cylindrical inhalation chamber of stainless steel sheeting and cone-shaped outlets and inlets. The rats were restrained in exposure tubes (glass tubes). Their snouts projected into the inhalation chamber and thus they inhaled the aerosol. The apparatus was also connected to an exhaust air system. A slight positive pressure was maintained by adjusting the air flow of the exhaust air system. This ensured that the aerosol in the breathing zones of the animals was not diluted by laboratory air. In order to accustom the animals to the exposure conditions they were exposed to supply air in headnose only exposure systems under comparable flow conditions on 5 days before the exposure period (preflow period). Then all test groups were exposed for 6 hours on each workday over a time period of 15 days (14-day test). The number of exposure days was 10. The animals did not have access to water or feed during the exposure.
Measurement of the operation conditions (air flows, relative humidity, temperature and pressure conditions) of the exposure systems
The amounts of test substance set at the metering pumps were recorded once daily. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 90 days (total of 65 exposures)
- Frequency of treatment:
- 6 h/day, 5 days/week
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
15; 150; 400 mg/m³
Basis:
other: target concentration
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
15.2; 153.4; 409.7 mg/m³
Basis:
analytical conc.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 13 males, 13 females
- Control animals:
- yes, sham-exposed
- Details on study design:
- Post-exposure period: none
- Positive control:
- not done
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily on working days
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: once per week, starting on day of the preflow period (day -5)
FOOD CONSUMPTION:
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: No data
WATER CONSUMPTION: No data
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: at the beginning of the preflow period and at the end of the study
- Dose groups that were examined: in control and high dose animals
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: daily, 10 animals (randomized sequence used)
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: No
- Animals fasted: Yes
- Parameter investigated: volume, color, turbidity, nitrite, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, urobilinogen, billirubin, blood, specific gravity, sediment, leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, platelet count, differential cell count, reticulocyte count
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: daily 10 animals (randomized sequence used)
- Animals fasted: Yes
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY: YES
- Time schedule for collection of blood:
- Parameter investigated: ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, Na, K, Cl, INP, Ca, UREA, CREA, GLUC, TBIL, TPROT, ALB, GLOB, TRIG, CHOL, Mg, thromboplastin time, Quick test for coagulation time
URINALYSIS: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of urine: daily, 10 animals (randomized sequence used)
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine: Yes
- Animals fasted: Yes
- parameter investigated: volume, color, turbidity, nitrite, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, urobilinogen, billirubin, blood, specific gravity, sediment
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: daily on working days, at least 3 times on exosure days
- Dose groups that were examined: 20 animals in total consisting of animals all dosing groups
- Functional observation battery (FOB) included: home cage observation, open field observation and motor activity (MA) measurement in 10 animals per group and sex before start of exposure and 4 times during exposure period (about every 3 week): general appearance, tremors, convulsion, piloerection, lacrimation/secretion of pigmented tears, salivation, pupil size, diarrhea, vocalization, paresis, paralysis, ataxia, body tone, posture, animal body (appearance), locomotor activity, respiration, urination, skin color, righting reflex, behavior, grip strength, papillary reflex, winking reflex, vision, audition, olfaction, sensitivity of body surface, pain perception, tail pinch, toe pinch, visual placing response, all other clinical signs. - Sacrifice and pathology:
- The animals were sacrificed at the end of the study. A complete necropsy including weight of selected organs and gross pathology evaluation was
performed in 10 animals per group and sex.
Histopathology was performed in several organs and tissues in these animals. Additionally, 3 animals per group and sex were sacrificed by perfusion fixation and underwent neuropathological examinations. -Organ weights: adrenals, testes, heart, kidneys, brain, liver, ovaries -Histopathology: Samples of the following tissues: All gross lesions and tumors, skin, brain (cerebral cortex, medulla/pons, cerebellum), pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid, thymus, lung and trachea, heart, femur with bone marrow, salivary glands, liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal, pancreas, testes, accessory genital organs and uterus, female mammary gland, muscle, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon, rectum, urinary bladder, intestinal lymph nodes, sciatic nerve, eyes and aorta - Statistics:
- - ANOVA and Dunnett test (two sided): clinical data, hematology (except differential blood count), clinical pathology parameter
- Fisher's exact test: urinalysis
- Kruskal Wallis test (two-sided) and MANN-WHITNEY U Test: neurofunctional tests
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Details on results:
- - Mortalities: No deaths
- Clinical findings: No treatment related effects
- Body weight: Slightly decreased body weight in males at 400 mg/m³
- Functional observation battery: Home cage observation: No treatment related effects Open filed observation: No treatment related effects Sensorimotor tests/reflexes: No treatment related effects Quantitative observations: No treatment related effects Home cage observation: No treatment related effects Open filed observation: No treatment related effects Sensorimotor tests/reflexes: No treatment related effects Quantitative observations: No treatment related effects
- Motor activity: No treatment related effects
- Ophthalmoscopy: No treatment related effects
- Hematology: at 400 mg/m³ significant decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume in male and female rats; morphological examination revealed only a marginal increase in anisocytosis in the respective males; no treatment related effect in the white or differential blood count was found.
- Enzymes: increased ALP activities at 0.15 and 0.4 mg/l in males and females; reduced ALT 150 and 400 mg/m³ in males.
- Blood chemistry: increased Ca, total protein (TPROT), ALB, GLOB at 0.15 and 0.4 mg/l in females; increased TPROT and ALB in males as a trend at 150 and 400 mg/m³.
- Urinalysis: increase in blood at 0.4 mg/l in males and females; increase excretion in renal tubular epithelium cells including casts at 150 and 400 mg/m³ in males
- Organ weights: increased relative and absolute liver and kidney weights in both sexes at 150 and 400 mg/m³.
- Gross and histopathology: Histopathology revealed diffuse testicular atrophy accompanied by oligozoospermia in the epididymides and slight atrophy of prostate in some males of the high concentration group only. Occurrence of minimal or slight tubular hyperplasia in the kidneys of some female rats as well as of intratubular lithiasis in increased numbers (male rats at 400 mg/m³). Local irritant effects to the upper respiratory system were observed. The most sensitive location for irritation was the larynx, where some epithelial damage was observed in all concentrations. In the mid and high concentration focal inflammation at the tracheal bifurcation occurred additionally.
- Neuropathology: no treatment related effects.
Effect levels
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Remarks:
- systemic toxicity
- Effect level:
- 15 mg/m³ air
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEC
- Remarks:
- local toxicity
- Effect level:
- 15 mg/m³ air
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: No NOAEC for sequelae of local irritation in the upper respiratory tract could be established, since in the larynx in the low concentration squamous metaplasia of parts of the epithelial surface was seen regularly .
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Detailed results:
- Concentration measurements in the exposure system:
The following mean (± SD) concentrations were obtained for the entire study:
Target concentration |
Measured concentration |
MMAD |
% aerosol |
15 mg/m³ |
15.2 ± 2.3 mg/m³ |
1.1-1.9 µm |
95% |
150 mg/m³ |
153.4 ± 20 mg/m³ |
1.0 µm |
94% |
400 mg/m³ |
409.7 ± 41.3 mg/m³ |
0.6-0.9 µm |
92% |
MMAD = Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter
- Mortalities: No
deaths
- Clinical findings: No treatment related effects
- Body weight: Slightly decreased body weight in males at 400 mg/m³
dosing group (mg/m³) |
0 |
15 |
150 |
400 |
Body weights (g) |
||||
males day 0 |
280 |
271 |
271 |
269 |
males terminal |
433 |
407 |
396 |
376** |
weight gain |
153 |
136 |
125 |
107 |
females day 0 |
200 |
202 |
201 |
206 |
females terminal |
266 |
264 |
253 |
269 |
weight gain |
66 |
62 |
52 |
63 |
** p< 0.01
- Functional observation battery:
Home cage observation: No treatment related effects
Open filed observation: No treatment related effects
Sensorimotor tests/reflexes: No treatment related effects
Quantitative observations: No treatment related effects
Home cage observation: No treatment related effects
Open filed observation: No treatment related effects
Sensorimotor tests/reflexes: No treatment related effects
Quantitative observations: No treatment related effects
- Motor activity: No treatment related effects
- Ophthalmoscopy: No treatment related effects
- Hematology: at
400 mg/m³ significant decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin,
hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume in male and female rats; morphological
examination revealed only a marginal increase in anisocytosis in the
respective males; no treatment related effect in the white or
differential blood count was found.
dose (mg/m³) |
0 |
15 |
150 |
400 |
|
RBC |
male |
8.6 |
8.69 |
8.56 |
8.11** |
female |
7.72 |
8.0 |
7.62 |
7.1** |
|
HGB |
male |
9.7 |
9.6 |
9.5 |
8.8** |
female |
9.0 |
9.3 |
8.7 |
7.9** |
|
HCT |
male |
0.457 |
0.452 |
0.450 |
0.414** |
female |
0.409 |
0.424 |
0.396 |
0.367** |
|
MCV |
male |
53.1 |
52 |
52.6 |
51.0* |
female |
53 |
53 |
52.1 |
51.7* |
data given as means of
10 animals; * p< 0.05; ** p< 0.01
RBC: red blood cell count
HGB: haemoglobin
HCT: haematocrit
MCV: mean corpuscular
volume
- Clinical pathology:
- Enzymes: increased ALP activities at 0.15 and 0.4 mg/l in males and
females;
reduced ALT 150 and 400 mg/m³ in males
- Blood chemistry: increased Ca, total protein (TPROT), ALB, GLOB at
0.15 and 0.4 mg/l in females;
increased TPROT and ALB in males as a trend at 150 and 400 mg/m³
- Urinalysis: increase in blood at 0.4 mg/l in males and females;
increase excretion
in renal tubular epithelium cells including casts at 150 and 400
mg/m³ in males
- Organ weights: increased relative and absolute liver and kidney
weights in both sexes at 150
and 400 mg/m³.
Selected relative organ weights (mg/100 g) in male and female rats
dose (mg/m³) |
0 |
15 |
150 |
400 |
|
Liver |
male |
2834 |
2793 |
2814 |
3077* |
female |
3171 |
3191 |
3488** |
3771** |
|
Kidneys |
male |
652 |
674 |
716* |
734** |
female |
795 |
811 |
891** |
922** |
|
Lungs |
male |
319 |
323 |
321 |
332 |
female |
451 |
410 |
419 |
418 |
*p<0.05
** p <0.01
-Gross and histopathology:
Histopathology revealed diffuse testicular atrophy accompanied by oligozoospermia
in the epididymides and slight atrophy of prostate in some
males of the high concentration group only.
Occurrence of minimal or slight tubular hyperplasia in the kidneys of some
female rats as well as of intratubular lithiasis in increased numbers
(male rats at 400 mg/m³).
Local irritant effects to the upper respiratory system were observed. The most
sensitive location for irritation was the larynx, where some epithelial
damage was observed in all concentrations. In the mid and high concentration
focal inflammation at the tracheal bifurcation occurred additionally.
Incidence and severity of changes of larynx following DEA exposure
(males/females):
dose (mg/m³) |
15 |
150 |
400 |
Metaplasia, squamous |
|||
Level#1 |
10/10 |
10/10 |
10/10 |
Level#2 |
- |
- |
- |
Hyperplasia, squamous |
|||
Grade 1 |
- |
3/1 |
0/1 |
Grade 2 |
- |
3/6 |
2/7 |
Grade 3 |
- |
- |
4/1 |
Grade 4 |
- |
- |
2/0 |
Inflammatory cells |
|||
Grade 1 |
- |
- |
- |
Grade 2 |
1/3 |
- |
- |
Grade 3 |
- |
- |
- |
Chronic inflammation |
|||
Grade 2 |
- |
1/4 |
2/1 |
Grade 3 |
- |
9/6 |
5/8 |
Grade 4 |
- |
- |
3/1 |
n = 10 per sex (level
= anatomical localisation, grade = severity description)
- Neuropathology: no treatment related effects
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