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Genetic toxicity in vitro

Link to relevant study records
Reference
Endpoint:
in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
Remarks:
Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
supporting study
Study period:
The experimental phase of this study was performed between 25 August 2004 and 17 September 2004
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: see 'Remark'
Remarks:
Study conducted in compliance with agreed protocols, with no or minor deviations from standard test guidelines and/or minor methodological deficiencies, which do not affect the quality of the relevant results. The study report was conclusive, done to a valid guideline and the study was conducted under GLP conditions.
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
JAPAN: Guidelines for Screening Mutagenicity Testing Of Chemicals
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
EPA OPPTS 870.5100 - Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (August 1998)
Version / remarks:
Meets the requirements of the Japanese Regulatory Authorities including METI, MHLW and MAFF, OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No. 471 "and the USA, EPA (TSCA) OPPTS harmonised guidelines.
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Type of assay:
bacterial reverse mutation assay
Target gene:
Histidine for Salmonella.
Tryptophan for E.Coli
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
Not applicable.
Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
not applicable
Species / strain / cell type:
E. coli WP2 uvr A
Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
Not applicable.
Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
not applicable
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
phenobarbitone/beta­naphthoflavone induced rat liver, S9
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
Preliminary Toxicity Test: 0, 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate
Experiment one: 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate
Example:Experiment two: 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate
Vehicle / solvent:
- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: tetrahydrofuran
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: The test material was insoluble in distilled water, dimethyl sulphoxide, acetone, dimethyl formamide, ethanol and acetonitrile at 50 mg/ml and tetrahydrofuran at 200 mg/ml in solubility checks performed in-house. The test material formed the best doseable suspension in tetrahydrofuran, therefore, this solvent was selected as the vehicle of choice
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Remarks:
Spontaneous mutation rates of TA100
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Remarks:
THF
True negative controls:
not specified
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
other: 2-Aminoanthracene: 1 µg/plate
Remarks:
With S9 mix
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Remarks:
Spontaneous mutation rates of TA1535
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Remarks:
THF
True negative controls:
not specified
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
other: 2-Aminoanthracene: 2 µg/plate
Remarks:
With S9 mix
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Remarks:
Spontaneous mutation rates of TA1537
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Remarks:
THF
True negative controls:
not specified
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
other: 2-Aminoanthracene: 2 µg/plate
Remarks:
With S9 mix
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Remarks:
Spontaneous mutation rates of WP2uvrA
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Remarks:
THF
True negative controls:
not specified
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
other: 2-Aminoanthracene: 10 µg/plate
Remarks:
With S9 mix
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Remarks:
Spontaneous mutation rates of TA98
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Remarks:
THF
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
benzo(a)pyrene
Remarks:
With S9 mix

Migrated to IUCLID6: Benzo(a)pyrene: 5 µg/plate
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Remarks:
Spontaneous mutation rates of TA98
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Remarks:
THF
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide
Remarks:
without S9 mix

Migrated to IUCLID6: 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide: 0.2 µg/plate
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Remarks:
Spontaneous mutation rates of TA1537
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Remarks:
THF
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
9-aminoacridine
Remarks:
without S9 mix

Migrated to IUCLID6: 9-Aminoacridine: 80 µg/plate
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Remarks:
Spontaneous mutation rates of TA100
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Remarks:
THF
True negative controls:
no
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
Remarks:
without S9 mix

Migrated to IUCLID6: N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine: 3 µg/plate
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Remarks:
Spontaneous mutation rates of TA1535
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Remarks:
THF
True negative controls:
not specified
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
Remarks:
Without S9 mix

Migrated to IUCLID6: N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine: 5 µg/plate
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Remarks:
Spontaneous mutation rates of WP2uvrA
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Remarks:
THF
True negative controls:
not specified
Positive controls:
yes
Positive control substance:
N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
Remarks:
Without S9 mix

Migrated to IUCLID6: N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine: 2 µg/plate
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation)

DURATION
- Preincubation period for bacterial strains: 10h
- Exposure duration: 48 - 72 hrs
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): Not applicable
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): Not applicable

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: Triplicate plating.

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: plates were assessed for numbers of revertant colonies and examined for effects on the growth of the bacterial background lawn.


Evaluation criteria:
Acceptance criteria:
The reverse mutation assay may be considered valid if the following criteria are met:
All tester strain cultures exhibit a characteristic number of spontaneous revertants per plate in the vehicle and untreated controls. Acceptable ranges are presented in the standard test method section 3 with historical control ranges for 2002 and 2003 in Appendix 1.
The appropriate characteristics for each tester strain have been confirmed, eg rfa cell-wall mutation and pKM101 plasmid R-factor etc.
All tester strain cultures should be in the approximate range of 1 to 9.9 x 109 bacteria per ml.
Each mean positive control value should be at least twice the respective vehicle control value for each strain, thus demonstrating both the intrinsic sensitivity of the tester strains to mutagenic exposure and the integrity of the S9-mix. The historical control ranges for 2002 and 2003 are presented in Appendix 1.
There should be a minimum of four non-toxic test material dose levels.
There should be no evidence of excessive contamination.

Evaluation Criteria:
The test material may be considered positive in this test system if the following criteria are met:
The test material should have induced a reproducible, dose-related and statistically (Dunnett's method of linear regression (5)) significant increase in the revertant count in at least one strain of bacteria.
Statistics:
Standard deviation
Dunnetts Regression Analysis
Species / strain:
E. coli WP2 uvr A
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Remarks:
Tested up to maximum recommended dose of 5000 µg/plate
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity
Remarks:
Tested up to maximum recommended dose of 5000 µg/plate
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Additional information on results:
TEST-SPECFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS:
- Precipitation: A cream-coloured, oily looking precipitate was observed at and above 1500 µg/plate, this did not prevent the scoring of revertant colonies.

STERILITY, VEHICLE AND POSITIVE CONTROL DATA:
- The test material formulation and S9-mix used in this experiment were both shown to be effectively sterile. Prior to use, the master strains were checked for characteristics, viability and spontaneous reversion rate (all were found to be satisfactory). The S9 mix and top agar used in both experiments was shown to be sterile.
Results for the negative controls (spontaneous mutation rates) are presented in Table 1 and were considered to be acceptable. These data are for concurrent untreated control plates performed on the same day as the Mutation Test.


COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA:
Prior to use, the master strains were checked for characteristics, viability and spontaneous reversion rate (all were found to be satisfactory).

Results for the negative controls (spontaneous mutation rates) were considered to be acceptable.

All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies thus confirming the activity of the S9-mix and the sensitivity of the bacterial strains.
Remarks on result:
other: all strains/cell types tested
Remarks:
Migrated from field 'Test system'.

RESULTS

Preliminary Toxicity Test

The test material was non-toxic to the strains of bacteria used (TA100 and WP2uvrA-)

With (+) or without (-)

S9-mix

Strain

Dose (µg/plate)

0

0.15

0.5

1.5

5

15

50

150

500

1500

5000

-

TA100

82

80

82

88

70

86

85

89

77P

83P

74P

+

TA100

95

105

107

106

107

67

89

95

95P

90P

104P

-

WP2uvrA-

18

21

24

19

19

25

24

19

28P

27P

12P

+

WP2uvrA-

31

34

27

31

27

25

41

32

26P

21P

20P

 P: Precipitate

Mutation Test

Table 1: Spontaneous Mutation Rates (Concurrent Negative Control)

Experiment 1

Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate)

Base-pair substitution type

Frameshift type

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA-

TA98

TA1537

88

 

8

 

23

 

20

 

10

 

92

(86)

24

(17)

18

(21)

35

(24)

16

(12)

79

 

18

 

23

 

17

 

11

 

 

Experiment 2

Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate)

Base-pair substitution type

Frameshift type

TA100

TA1535

WP2uvrA-

TA98

TA1537

94

 

30

 

20

 

9

 

9

 

95

(97)

26

(31)

15

(20)

20

(15)

9

(11)

102

 

36

 

24

 

16

 

16

 

 

FOR TABLES OF RESULTS FOR MUTATION TEST: Please see attached in overall remarks, attachments

 

References:

Ames B N, Durston W E, Yamasaki E and Lee F D (1973b) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA),70, 2281-2285.

Ames B N, McCann J and Yamasaki E (1975b)Mutation Research,31, 347- 364.

Maron DM and Ames BN (1983)Mutation Research,113, 173-215.

Garner R C, Miller E C, and Miller J A (1972) Cancer Res.,32, 2058-2066.

Kirkland D J (Ed) (1989) Statistical Evaluation of Mutagenicity Test Data. UKEMS Sub-committee on Guidelines for Mutagenicity Testing,Report - Part III, Cambridge University Press.

Maron D et al (1981)Mutation Research,88, 343-350.
Conclusions:
Interpretation of results (migrated information):
negative

The test material was considered to be non-mutagenic under the conditions of this test.
Executive summary:

Introduction. 

The method conforms to the guidelines for bacterial mutagenicity testing published by the major Japanese Regulatory Authorities including METI, MHLW and MAFF. It also meets the requirements of the OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No. 471 "Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test", Method B13/14 of Commission Directive 2000/32/EC and the USA, EPA (TSCA) OPPTS harmonised guidelines.

Methods.

Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100 and Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA-were treated with suspensions of the test material using the Ames plate incorporation method at five dose levels, in triplicate, both with and without the addition of a rat liver homogenate metabolising system (10% liver S9 in standard co-factors). The dose range was determined in a preliminary toxicity assay and was 50 to 5000 µg/plate in the first experiment. The experiment was repeated on a separate day using the same dose range as Experiment 1, fresh cultures of the bacterial strains and fresh test material formulations.

Results.

The vehicle (tetrahydrofuran) control plates gave counts of revertant colonies within the normal range. All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies, both with or without metabolic activation. Thus, the sensitivity of the assay and the efficacy of the S9-mix were validated.

The test material caused no visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawn at any dose level. The test material was, therefore, tested up to the maximum recommended dose level of 5000 µg/plate. A cream-coloured, oily looking precipitate was observed at and above 1500 µg/plate, this did not prevent the scoring of revertant colonies.

No significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test material, either with or without metabolic activation.

Conclusion. The test material was considered to be non-mutagenic under the conditions of this test
Endpoint conclusion
Endpoint conclusion:
no adverse effect observed (negative)

Additional information

Additional information from genetic toxicity in vitro:

In vitro genetic toxicity studies to OECD protocols and to acceptable quality standards show no evidence of gene mutation or chromosomal aberrations. Studies conducted using the solid test material were carried out using fine suspensions with DMSO solvent and were judged to be valid. On the basis of these negative in vitro results there is currently no justification for further in vivo genetic toxicology testing.


Justification for selection of genetic toxicity endpoint
GLP compliant guideline studies

Justification for classification or non-classification