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EC number: 266-007-8 | CAS number: 65996-74-9 The oxidized surface of steel produced during reheating, conditioning, hot rolling, and hot forming operations. This substance is usually removed by process waters used for descaling, roll and material cooling, and other purposes. It is subsequently recovered by gravity separation techniques. Composed primarily of high-purity iron oxides. May contain varying amounts of other oxides, elements, and trace compounds.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicity to reproduction
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to reproduction
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Mill scale is mainly and primarily composed of high-purity iron oxides (on average above 65%, i.e. FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4). Besides, other metal oxides and spinels, elements, and trace compounds such as oil residues <1% for all the uses except for batteries and Melting charge for which <3% can be found in the mill scale. More information on the justification of read across can be found in the attached document in the endpoint summarie of section 7.
Data source
Materials and methods
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Iron oxides
- IUPAC Name:
- Iron oxides
Constituent 1
Results and discussion
Overall reproductive toxicity
- Reproductive effects observed:
- not specified
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- No studies were identified with a form of iron oxides on reproduction toxicity. However, a study on the effects of iron oxides on reproduction in terms of fertility, as is normally investigated by means of a standard two-generation reproduction toxicity study, is not justified on the following scientific grounds (see also IUCLID Section 7.1).
• Effects on the endpoints measured in a reproduction toxicity study are typically the results of systemic exposure. The endpoints, as they may occur in the gonads (ovaries and testes), the endocrine glands involved in the regulation of reproduction, the placenta, and the uterus, can only be reached by test compounds via the blood, at least when normal, non-invasive exposure routes are applied.
• Human exposure to iron oxides occurs via skin contact with large solid objects, or via the inhalation or ingestion (primary or secondary) of small particles (powders). Based on the physico-chemical properties of iron oxides, any significant systemic exposure upon skin contact can be deemed unlikely. Regarding the oral and inhalation (particles are ingested after clearance from the respiratory tract) route, after ingestion (primary or secondary), the oxides will not be dissolved in the gastric juice due to their physicochemical properties; they will be efficiently eliminated as such via the feces. Therefore, systemic exposure will not occur to any significant extent.
• Intracellular dissolution of the oxide within the alveolar macrophages, after phagocytosis due to the clearance mechanism, proceeds very slowly and its rate is highly dependent on the particle size and specific surface area (see information in IUCLID section 7.1). It is highly unlikely that this will ultimately lead to any significant systemic exposure. For this reason, it is deemed irrelevant for the present endpoint. It can thus be concluded that for a lack of significant systemic exposure, testing of iron oxides for reproduction toxicity is redundant.
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