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EC number: 266-007-8 | CAS number: 65996-74-9 The oxidized surface of steel produced during reheating, conditioning, hot rolling, and hot forming operations. This substance is usually removed by process waters used for descaling, roll and material cooling, and other purposes. It is subsequently recovered by gravity separation techniques. Composed primarily of high-purity iron oxides. May contain varying amounts of other oxides, elements, and trace compounds.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Basic toxicokinetics
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics in vivo
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Mill scale is mainly and primarily composed of high-purity iron oxides (on average above 65%, i.e. FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4). Besides, other metal oxides and spinels, elements, and trace compounds such as oil residues <1% for all the uses except for batteries and Melting charge for which <3% can be found in the mill scale. More information on the justification of read across can be found in the attached document in the endpoint summaries of section 7.
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Uptake of iron oxide aerosols by mouse airway epithelium
- Author:
- Watson AY, and Brain JD
- Year:
- 1 979
- Bibliographic source:
- Laboratory Investigation, 40: 450-459
Materials and methods
- Objective of study:
- other: iron uptake by the airway epithelium
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Mice were exposed to an aerosol of iron oxide for 3 hours. Participation of the tracheal and bronchial epithelium in the uptake of iron oxide was investigated immediately following the exposure and at 1 day, 4 days and 7 days post exposure. Two or three animals were sacrificed at each time point for a total of 10 experimental animals. The main objective of the publication was to describe the uptake and transport of submicrometer insoluble particles by the airway epithelium. Iron oxide (Fe203) was selected due to its non-toxic properties.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- Study performed before the adoption of GLP principles
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Diiron trioxide
- EC Number:
- 215-168-2
- EC Name:
- Diiron trioxide
- Cas Number:
- 1309-37-1
- Molecular formula:
- Fe2O3
- IUPAC Name:
- diiron trioxide
- Reference substance name:
- Iron(III)oxide
- IUPAC Name:
- Iron(III)oxide
- Details on test material:
- -Name of test material (as cited in study report): iron oxide
-Other: nano spherical iron oxide particles (approx 0.005 µm in diameter); self made material
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
- Radiolabelling:
- no
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- CD-1
- Sex:
- male
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: aerosol
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- 3 h, single exposure
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
300 mg/m3
- No. of animals per sex per dose / concentration:
- One dose used, 10 animals tested (plus 2 controls)
- Control animals:
- yes, sham-exposed
Results and discussion
- Preliminary studies:
- No data
Main ADME results
- Type:
- distribution
Toxicokinetic / pharmacokinetic studies
- Details on absorption:
- No
- Details on distribution in tissues:
- See below “any other information on materials and methods"
- Details on excretion:
- No
Metabolite characterisation studies
- Metabolites identified:
- yes
- Details on metabolites:
- Ferritin and hemosiderin
Any other information on results incl. tables
Perl’s positive material was detected in the airway epithelial cells and in the connective tissue with light microscopy, but the form of Fe could not be identifies this way.
DISTRIBUTION
Qualitative:Some Fe-oxide particles were detected on the surface if the airway epithelium immediately and after 1 day of exposure, but at 4 days. Particles were observed on the mucous layer, on cell surfaces and between cilia. Electron dense pinocytic material was detected in the apical cytoplasm, of some cells, but Fe oxide was not observed in large phagocytic vesicles. The authors suggest its dissolution in the lumen and uptake from the cell, but this speculation could not be verified. The pinocytic vesicles appeared o migrate from the apical surface to the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum. Intracellular ferritin and hemosiderin were detected immediately after the 3h exposure to the Fe oxide and at all later time points.
No Fe oxide was detected in the connective tissue and between epithelial cells.
Quantitative: hemosiderin appears in conditions of Fe excess, and thus, it was quantified and scored (by electron microscopy) in the sections of the trachea and bronchus, as an indicator of iron uptake by the cells. The results can be seen in Table 1 (attachment below). Each cell section with one or more hemosiderin granules was scored as positive. The percentage of hemosiderin containing cell sections increased significantly over time. Hemosiderin levels were observed also in control animals (killed immediately after exposure), but at significantly lower levels.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): other:
Iron oxide nanoparticles are pinocytised by the epithelial cells of the airways and subsequently give rise to the formation of ferritin and hemosiderin. Quantification of hemosiderin reveals thats that Fe storage increases with time, after exposure to the Fe2O3. The study provides some evidence of dissolution of the Fe oxide after entering the cells. However, the very small particle size has to be taken into account. - Executive summary:
Male CD-1 mice were exposed to an aerosol of Fe2O3 at 300 mg/m3 for 3 hours. Uptake by the tracheal and the bronchial epithelium was examined following the exposure and at 1 day, 4days and 7 days post exposure. Two or three animals were sacrificed at each time point for a total of 10experimental animals. The findings reveal that iron oxide particles were probably pinocytised by the epithelial cells of the airways and subsequently lead to increase of ferritin and hemosiderin. Quantification of hemosidering reveals that’s the Fe storage increases with time, after exposure to the Fe2O3.
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