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EC number: 931-329-6 | CAS number: 68155-07-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://www.echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Genetic toxicity in vitro
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Not available
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The genotoxic potential of the test substance was determined by the induction of chromosomal aberrations in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells both with and without metabolic activation.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of assay:
- in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test
- Species / strain / cell type:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- No data
- Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not specified
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- Aroclor 1254-induced male Sprague-Dawley rat liver S9 and cofactor mix
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- 16, 30, 50 µg/mL (-/+ S9)
- Vehicle / solvent:
- Ethanol
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (Ethanol)
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- mitomycin C
- Remarks:
- -S9: 0.0625 and 0.25 µg/mL
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (Ethanol)
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- cyclophosphamide
- Remarks:
- +S9: 2.5 and 7.5 µg/mL
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- Detailed protocol of this study has been presented by (Galloway et al (1987)).
DURATION
- Exposure duration: In the test without S9, cells were incubated in McCoy’s 5A medium with coconut oil acid diethanolamine condensate for 10 h; Colcemid was added and incubation continued for 2 h. The cells were then harvested by mitotic shake-off, fixed, and stained with Giemsa. For the test with S9, cells were treated with coconut oil acid diethanolamine condensate and S9 for 2 h, after which the treatment medium was removed and the cells were incubated for 11 h in fresh medium, with Colcemid present for the final 2 h. Cells were harvested in the same manner as for the treatment without S9.
- Harvest time: 12 h (without S9); 13 h (with S9)
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: A single flask per dose was used, and tests yielding equivocal or positive results were repeated.
NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: Two hundred first-division metaphase cells were scored at each dose level. - Evaluation criteria:
- Cells were selected for scoring on the basis of good morphology and completeness of karyotype (21 ± 2 chromosomes). All slides were scored blind and those from a single test were read by the same person. Classes of aberrations included simple (breaks and terminal deletions), complex (rearrangements and translocations), and other (pulverised cells, despiralised chromosomes, and cells containing 10 or more aberrations).
Statistical analyses were conducted on both the dose response curve and individual dose points. For a single trial, a statistically significant (P ≤0.05) difference for one dose point and a significant trend (P ≤0.015) were considered weak evidence for a positive response; significant differences for two or more doses indicates the trial was positive. A positive trend test in the absence of a statistically significant increase at any one dose resulted in an equivocal call. Ultimately, the trial calls were based on a consideration of the statistical analyses as well as the biological information available to the reviewers. - Statistics:
- Significance of percent cells with aberrations tested by the linear regression trend test versus log of the dose.
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Under the study conditions, the test substance was found to be non-mutagenic.
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro genetic toxicity of the test substance, C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, in a chromosomal aberrations assay using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The concentrations tested were 16, 30 and 50 µg/mL with and without metabolic activation. Concurrent solvent and positive controls (mitomycin-C (without S9) and cyclophosphamide (with S9)) were also included. Cells were selected for scoring on the basis of good morphology and completeness of karyotype (21 ± 2 chromosomes). All slides were scored blind and those from a single test were read by the same person. Two hundred first-division metaphase cells were scored at each dose level. Chromosomal aberration data were presented as percentage of cells with aberrations. Significance of percent cells with aberrations tested by the linear regression trend test versus log of the dose. The test substance did not induce an increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells after incubation, with or without S9. Under the study conditions, the test substance was found to be non-mutagenic (Irwin, 2001).
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Not available
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Cells deficient in thymidine kinase (TK) due to the mutation of TK+/- to TK-/- are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of trifluorothymidine (TFT). Thymidine kinase proficient cells (TK+/-) are sensitive to TFT, which causes the inhibition of cellular metabolism and halts further cell division. Thus mutant cells are able to proliferate in the presence of TFT, whereas normal cells, which contain thymidine kinase, are not able to proliferate.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of assay:
- mammalian cell gene mutation assay
- Species / strain / cell type:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- - Type and identity of media: Supplemented Fischer’s medium
- Properly maintained: Yes
- Periodically "cleansed" against high spontaneous background: Yes, by exposing to medium containing thymidine, hypoxanthine, methotrexate, and glycine for 1 d; to medium containing thymidine, hypoxanthine, and glycine for 1 d; and to normal medium for 3 to 5 d - Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not specified
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- S9 from the livers of Aroclor 1254-induced male Fischer 344 rats
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- Trial 1:
Without metabolic activation: 1.25, 2.5, 5, 6, 10 and 12 nL/mL
With metabolic activation: 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 nL/mL
Trial 2:
Without metabolic activation: 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 nL/mL
With metabolic activation: 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 nL/mL
Trial 3:
Without metabolic activation: 1.5, 3, 6, 8, 10 and 12 nL/mL
With metabolic activation: 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20 nL/mL
Trial 4:
With metabolic activation: 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 nL/mL - Vehicle / solvent:
- Ethanol
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (Ethanol)
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- methylmethanesulfonate
- Remarks:
- -S9: 5 µg/mL
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (Ethanol)
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: Methyl cholanthrene
- Remarks:
- +S9: 2.5 µg/mL
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- The experimental protocol is presented in detail by Myhr et al, 1985
METHOD OF APPLICATION: In medium
DURATION
- Exposure duration: 4 h
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 48 h
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): 10 to 12 d (at 37°C in 5 % CO2)
SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): Yes, Trifluorothymidine (TFT)
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: Duplicate (all treatment levels within an experiment, including concurrent positive and solvent controls, were replicated)
NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: 6 × 10(6) cells in 10 mL medium
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: Cloning efficiency - Evaluation criteria:
- Mutant fraction (MF) (frequency) is a ratio of the mutant count to the cloning efficiency, divided by 3 (to arrive at MF/106 cells treated).
Minimum criteria for accepting an experiment as valid and a detailed description of the statistical analysis and data evaluation are presented by Caspary et al. (1988). The data were evaluated statistically for trend and peak responses. Both responses would have to be significant (P≤0.05) for test material to be considered positive, i.e., capable of inducing TFT resistance. A single significant response would lead to a call of “questionable,” and the absence of both a trend and peak response results in a “negative” call. - Key result
- Species / strain:
- mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity
- Additional information on results:
- No increase in mutant L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell colonies was observed after exposure to coconut oil acid diethanolamine condensate, with or without S9. A single positive response noted at 8 nL/mL in the second trial conducted without S9 was not reproducible and the test results overall were considered to be negative.
- Conclusions:
- Under the study conditions, the test substance was found to be non-mutagenic.
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro genetic toxicity of the test substance, C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, in a mouse lymphoma assay using cell line L5178Y. The cells were exposed for 4 h to concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 6, 10 and 12 nL/mL without metabolic activation and 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 nL/mL with metabolic activation in Trial 1. Cells were treated with test substance for 4 h at 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 nL/mL with metabolic activation and 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 nL/mLwithout metabolic activation in Trial 2. Cells were treated with test substance for 4 h at 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20 nL/mL with metabolic activation and 1.5, 3, 6, 8, 10 and 12 nL/mL without metabolic activation in Trial 3. Cells were treated with test substance for 4 h at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 nL/mL with metabolic activation in Trial 4. After the 48 h expression period, cells were plated in medium and soft agar supplemented with TFT for selection of TFT-resistant cells and cells were plated in nonselective medium and soft agar to determine cloning efficiency. No increase in mutant L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell colonies was observed after exposure to test substance, with or without S9. A single positive response noted at 8 nL/mL in the second trial conducted without S9 was not reproducible and the test results overall were considered to be negative. Under the study conditions, the test substance was found to be non-mutagenic (Irwin, 2001).
Referenceopen allclose all
For detailed results table kindly refer to the attached background materials section of the IUCLID.
For detailed tables kindly refer to the attached background materials section of the IUCLID.
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (negative)
Genetic toxicity in vivo
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian germ cell study: cytogenicity / chromosome aberration
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Not available
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Remarks:
- KL2 due to read across
- Justification for type of information:
- Refer to section 13 of IUCLID for details on the category justification.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A study was conducted to evaluate the potential of the test material to induce micronuclei in B6C3F1 mice. After completion of a 13-wk dermal treatment period, the study animals were sacrificed and the peripheral blood samples were collected and blood smears were processed as per the standard NTP protocol. Thereafter, the slides from different test groups and control were evaluated for the induction of micronucleus.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- micronucleus assay
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- B6C3F1
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- No data
- Route of administration:
- dermal
- Vehicle:
- No data
- Details on exposure:
- No data
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 13 wk
- Frequency of treatment:
- Assumed to be daily
- Post exposure period:
- Not applicable
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 50 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 400 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 800 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5 animals per sex per dose were evaluated for micronuclei induction
- Control animals:
- yes
- Tissues and cell types examined:
- Bone marrow erythrocytes
- Details of tissue and slide preparation:
- Tissue: Peripheral blood
Cell: Normochromatic erythrocytes - Evaluation criteria:
- No data
- Statistics:
- No data
- Key result
- Sex:
- male/female
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Toxicity:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Under the study conditions, the test substance did not increase the frequencies of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) in peripheral blood of both male and female mice at the end of 13 weeks.
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo genetic toxicity of the read across substance, C18-unsatd. DEA in a micronucleus assay. The substance was applied dermally in mice for 13 weeks at 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg bw. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from male and female animals, and smears were immediately prepared and fixed in absolute methanol. Under the study conditions, the test substance did not increase the frequencies of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) in peripheral blood of both male and female mice at the end of 13 weeks (Irwin, 2001). Based on the results of the read across study, the test substance is also expected to have similar clastogenic potential in vivo MNT.
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Not available
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Remarks:
- KL2 due to read across
- Justification for type of information:
- Refer to section 13 of IUCLID for details on the category justification.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The test substance was applied dermally to mice for 14 weeks. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from male and female mice at termination, and smears were immediately prepared and slides were scanned to determine the frequency of micronuclei.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- micronucleus assay
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY
- Age at study initiation: 7 wk
- Housing: Housed individually in Polycarbonate cages
- Bedding: Sani-Chip heat-treated hardwood chips (PJ Murphy Forest Products Corp., Montville, NJ)
- Diet : NIH-07 open formula pelleted diet, ad libitum
- Water : Tap water, ad libitum
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature : 21.1-23.9°C
- Humidity : 42- 57%
- Air changes : 10/hr
- Photoperiod : 12 h dark/12 h light
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 1992-01-15 To: 1992-04-17 - Route of administration:
- dermal
- Vehicle:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: Ethanol
- Concentration of test material in vehicle:
- Lot/batch no. (if required): 91D22U
- Purity: Purity of the bulk ethanol ranged from 97% to 103% relative to the reference standard - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 14 wk
- Frequency of treatment:
- 5 exposures/wk
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 50 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Corresponding to 20 mg/mL in ethanol
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Corresponding to 80 mg/mL in ethanol
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Corresponding to 80 mg/mL in ethanol
- Dose / conc.:
- 400 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Corresponding to 160 mg/mL in ethanol
- Dose / conc.:
- 800 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Corresponding to 320 mg/mL in ethanol
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Tissues and cell types examined:
- Tissues - Peripheral blood.
Cells - Normochromatic erythrocytes.
Slides were scanned to determine the frequency of micronuclei in 2000 Normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) in each of five animals per dose group.
- Details of tissue and slide preparation:
- A detailed discussion of this assay is presented by MacGregor et al, 1990.
TREATMENT AND SAMPLING TIMES ( in addition to information in specific fields): Blood samples collected at the end of 14 wk study period
DETAILS OF SLIDE PREPARATION: Peripheral blood samples smears were immediately prepared and fixed in absolute methanol. The methanol-fixed slides were stained with acridine orange and coded. - Evaluation criteria:
- An individual trial is considered positive if the trend test P value is less than or equal to 0.025 or if the P value for any single dose group is less than or equal to 0.025 divided by the number of dose groups.
- Statistics:
- The frequency of micronucleated cells among NCEs was analyzed by a statistical software package that tested for increasing trend over dose groups with a one-tailed Cochran- Armitage trend test, followed by pairwise comparisons between each dosed group and the control group. In the presence of excess binomial variation, as detected by a binomial dispersion test, the binomial variance of the Cochran-Armitage test was adjusted upward in proportion to the excess variation.
- Key result
- Sex:
- male/female
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Toxicity:
- yes
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Conclusions:
- Under the study conditions, the test substance did not increase the frequency of micronuclei in peripheral blood cells of mice.
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted to assess the in vivo genetic toxicity of of the read across substance, C12 DEA (90% active) in a peripheral blood micronucleus assay. The substance was applied dermally to mice for 14 weeks with a frequency of 5 exposures/week at doses of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg bw. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from male and female mice, and smears were immediately prepared and fixed in absolute methanol. The methanol-fixed slides were stained with acridine orange and coded. Slides were scanned to determine the frequency of micronuclei in 2000 normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) in each of five animals per dose group. No increase in the frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes was observed in the test at any dose level. Under the study conditions, the test substance did not increase the frequency of micronuclei in peripheral blood cells of mice (Irwin, 1999). Based on the results of the read across study, the test substance is also expected to have similar clastogenicity potential in vivo.
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: chromosome aberration
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- No data
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)
- Deviations:
- not specified
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: EEC Directive 79/831, Annex V, Method No. 431
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- micronucleus assay
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- NMRI
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Breeders were purchased from G1. Bomholtgard Ltd., but the mice used were born in the Scantox Laboratories
- Age at study initiation: 6-7 wk
- Weight at study initiation: 25-29 g
- Assigned to test groups randomly: Yes, in 5 groups
- Fasting period before study: No
- Housing: 5 animals/cage, males and females separately in type III Macrolone cages, bedding used was special softwood sawdust "Spanvall Special White " from Spanvall Ltd., DK-4535 Vallekilde
- Diet: Complete rodent diet "Altromin 1314" from Chr. Petersen Ltd., DK-4100 Ringsted, ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Drinking water adjusted to pH 2.5 with hydrochloric acid
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 21±2 °C
- Humidity (%): 55 ± 15%
- Air changes: 10 per hr
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark/12 hrs light
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: Distilled water
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: Dilution of the test material in distilled water
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Not applicable
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once
- Post exposure period:
- 24, 48 and 72 h
- Dose / conc.:
- 15 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- equivalent to 14.7 mL/kg
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Positive control(s):
- cyclophosphamide
- Route of administration: Oral
- Doses / concentrations: 30 mg/10 mL - Tissues and cell types examined:
- Bone marrow erythrocytes
- Details of tissue and slide preparation:
- CRITERIA FOR DOSE SELECTION: Preliminary investigations - A few mice were treated orally by various concentrations of the test material diluted with distilled water. Thereby the maximum tolerated dose was estimated at 15 g/kg bw. At this dosage bone marrow smears showed a reduced number of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) as compared with normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE). At a dose exceeding 15 g/kg bw the mortality was too high.
DETAILS OF SLIDE PREPARATION: Immediately after sacrifice, femurs of a mouse were dissected free of muscle, and by a 1 mL syringe with needle the bone marrow was flushed out into 5 mL of fetal calf serum. After thorough shaking, the mixture was centrifuged for 10 min. at about 1000 rpm. Thereafter, smears were made after removal of the supernatant. The specimens were fixed in methanol and stained with May-Grunwald/Giemsa.
METHOD OF ANALYSIS: Prior to microscopic assessment, all slides were furnished with code numbers, so that the counting was blind. The following counts were made:
Number of normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) per 1000 erythrocytes
Number of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) per 1000 erythrocytes
Number of micronuclei (MN) in 1000 normochromatic erythrocytes
Number of micronuclei (MN) in 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes.
- Evaluation criteria:
- Increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromated erythrocytes in treated animals as compared to controls.
- Statistics:
- The statistical difference was analysed by one-way ANOVA. In the case of PCE (%) the test was performed on the values observed, and for the MN (per thousand) the test was done on computed rank values transformed to normal scores according to Blom's method. (G. Blom Statistical Estimates and Transformed Beta Variables. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1958).
- Key result
- Sex:
- male/female
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Toxicity:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- RESULTS OF RANGE-FINDING STUDY
- Dose range: Up to 15 g/kg bw
- Clinical signs of toxicity in test animals: Maximum tolerated dose was estimated at 15 g/kg bw. At a dose exceeding 15 g/kg bw, the mortality was too high.
- Evidence of cytotoxicity in tissue analyzed: At 15 g/kg bw, bone marrow smears showed a reduced number of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) as compared with normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE).
RESULTS OF DEFINITIVE STUDY
- Induction of micronuclei (for Micronucleus assay): No significant difference as compared to controls.
- Appropriateness of dose levels and route: Yes
- Statistical evaluation: Yes - Conclusions:
- Under the study conditions, the test substance did not induce an increase in the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow cells of the mouse, and was therefore considered to be non-mutagenic.
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo genetic toxicity of the test substance, C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, according to the method recommended in the First Addendum to OECD Guideline 474 and Method No. 431, Annex V of EEC Directive 79/831. The experimental animals were 70 NMRI mice, divided into 5 groups. Of the 5 groups, 3 were test groups, 1 negative control group and 1 positive control group. The test groups were treated with 15000 mg test substance/kg bw, the negative control group with distilled water and the positive control group with 30 mg cyclophosphamide/kg bw. The mice were killed 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, after treatment. From bone marrow smears, micronucleus counts were made per 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes. The test substance did not induce an increase in the frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes in peripheral blood samples from both male and female mice. Under the study conditions, the test substance did not induce an increase in the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow cells of the mouse, and was therefore considered to be non-mutagenic (Kallesen, 1985).
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: chromosome aberration
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- Not available
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The micronucleus assay was carried out at the end of the 14-wk dermal toxicity study. Test substance is applied dermally to mice for 14 wk. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from male and female mice, and smears were immediately prepared and slides were scanned to determine the frequency of micronuclei.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- micronucleus assay
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- B6C3F1
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY
- Age at study initiation: 6 wk
- Housing: Housed individually in Polycarbonate cages (Lab Products, Inc., Maywood, NJ)
- Bedding: Sani-Chip heat-treated hardwood chips (PJ Murphy Forest Products Corp., Montville, NJ)
- Diet : NIH-07 open formula pelleted diet (Zeigler Brothers, Inc., Gardners, PA), ad libitum
- Water : Tap water (Columbus municipal supply), ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 16 to 17 d
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature : 20.6 -22.8°C
- Humidity : 41-58%
- Air changes : 10/hr
- Photoperiod : 12 h dark/12 h light
IN-LIFE DATES: From: Feb. 12, 1992 To: May 15, 1992 - Route of administration:
- dermal
- Vehicle:
- Ethanol (Purity: 95% (Gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector))
- Details on exposure:
- Test material formulation applied daily on shaved skin. No further details available.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 14 wk (The micronucleus assay was carried out at the end of the 14-wk dermal toxicity study)
- Frequency of treatment:
- 5 exposures/wk
- Post exposure period:
- Not applicable
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 50 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Corresponding to 20 mg/mL in ethanol
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Corresponding to 40 mg/mL in ethanol
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Corresponding to 80 mg/mL in ethanol
- Dose / conc.:
- 400 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Corresponding to 160 mg/mL in ethanol
- Dose / conc.:
- 800 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Remarks:
- Corresponding to 320 mg/mL in ethanol
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10/sex/dose group
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Positive control(s):
- Not applicable
- Tissues and cell types examined:
- Tissues: Peripheral blood
Cells: Normochromatic erythrocytes
Slides were scanned to determine the frequency of micronuclei in 2000 normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) in each of five animals per dose group. - Details of tissue and slide preparation:
- A detailed discussion the assay is presented by MacGregor et al, 1990.
TREATMENT AND SAMPLING TIMES ( in addition to information in specific fields): Peripheral blood samples collected at the end of 14 wk study period
DETAILS OF SLIDE PREPARATION: Peripheral blood samples were obtained from male and female mice, and smears were immediately prepared and fixed in absolute methanol. The methanol-fixed slides were stained with acridine orange and coded. Slides were scanned to determine the frequency of micronuclei in 2000 normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) in each of five animals per dose group.
- Evaluation criteria:
- Reproducible and significant increase in the number of micronucleated NCEs in the test group over that of the control group.
- Statistics:
- The frequency of micronucleated cells among NCEs was analyzed by a statistical software package that tested for increasing trend over dose groups with a one-tailed Cochran-Armitage trend test, followed by pairwise comparisons between each dose group and the control group. In the presence of excess binomial variation, as detected by a binomial dispersion test, the binomial variance of the Cochran-Armitage test was adjusted upward in proportion to the excess variation. An individual trial is considered positive if the trend test P value is less than or equal to 0.025 or if the P value for any single dose group is less than or equal to 0.025 divided by the number of dose groups.
- Key result
- Sex:
- male/female
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Toxicity:
- yes
- Remarks:
- For details, refer to section 'details on results' of 14 wk dermal toxicity study in mice
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- not applicable
- Additional information on results:
- At the end of 14 wk, significant increases in the frequencies of micronucleated NCEs were seen in peripheral blood of both male and female mice. Statistical analysis of the data showed positive trends for both data sets as well as significantly elevated micronucleus frequencies at the highest dose tested (800 mg/kg bw) in male and female mice.
- Conclusions:
- Under the study conditions, significant increases in the frequencies of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) were seen in peripheral blood of both male and female mice at the end of 14 weeks.
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo genetic toxicity of the test substance, C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, in a mouse peripheral blood micronucleus assay. The test substance (in ethanol) was applied dermally for 14 weeks with the frequency of 5 exposures/week at 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg bw. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from male and female mice, and smears were immediately prepared and fixed in absolute methanol. The methanol-fixed slides were stained with acridine orange and coded. Slides were scanned to determine the frequency of micronuclei in 2000 normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) in each of five animals per dose group. Significant increases in the frequencies of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) were seen in peripheral blood of both male and female mice at the end of 14 weeks. Statistical analysis of the data showed positive trends for both data sets as well as significantly elevated micronucleus frequencies at the highest dose tested (800 mg/kg bw) (Irwin, 2001).
Referenceopen allclose all
For detailed results table kindly refer to the attached background materials section of the IUCLID.
For detailed results table kindly refer to the attached background materials section of the IUCLID.
For detailed results and bar charts kindly refer to the attached background materials section of the IUCLID.
For detailed results table kindly refer to the attached background materials section of the IUCLID.
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (negative)
Additional information
In vitro
Ames test
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro genotoxic toxicity of the test substance, C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, according to OECD Guideline 471, in compliance with GLP. In the dose range finding study, the substance was tested up to concentrations of 5000 µg/plate in the absence and presence of S9-mix in the strains TA100 and WP2 uvrA. The test substance did not precipitate on the plates at this dose level. In tester strain TA100, toxicity was observed at dose levels of 100 μg/plate and upwards in the absence of metabolic activation (S9-mix) and at dose levels of 333 μg/plate and upwards in the presence of S9-mix. In tester strain WP2 uvrA, toxicity was only observed at the dose level of 5000 μg/plate in the presence of S9-mix. Based on the results of the dose range finding study, the substance was tested in the first mutation assay at a concentration range of 3 to 1000 µg/plate in the absence and presence of 5% (v/v) S9-mix in tester strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA98. Toxicity was observed in all tester strains. In the second mutation assay, the substance was tested up to concentrations of 1000 µg/plate in the absence and presence of 10% (v/v) S9-mix in the tester strains TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA98 and up to concentrations of 5000 µg/plate in tester strain WP2 uvrA. Toxicity was observed in all tester strains, except in tester strain WP2 uvrA. The test substance did not induce a significant dose-related increase in the number of revertant (His+) colonies in each of the four tester strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100) and in the number of revertant (Trp+) colonies in tester strain WP2 uvrA both in the absence and presence of S9-metabolic activation. These results were confirmed in an independently repeated experiment. In this study, the negative and strain-specific positive control values were within the laboratory historical control data ranges indicating that the test conditions were adequate and that the metabolic activation system functioned properly. Under the conditions of the study, the test substance was not mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli reverse mutation assays (Verspeek-Rip, 2014).
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro genetic toxicity of the test substance, C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA according to OECD Guideline 471 and Method B.14, in compliance with GLP. Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100 were treated with the test substance using the Ames plate incorporation method at up to seven dose levels for each bacterial strain, in triplicate, both with and without the addition of a rat liver homogenate metabolising system (10% liver S9 in standard cofactors). The dose range was determined in a preliminary toxicity assay and was 1.5 to 500 µg/plate (-S9 mix) and 1.5 to 1500 µg/plate (+S9 mix) in the first experiment. The experiment was repeated on a separate day using a similar dose range to experiment 1, fresh cultures of the bacterial strains and fresh test substance formulations. Extra doses were incorporated into each experiment to allow for test substance toxicity. The vehicle (ethanol) control plates produced counts of revertant colonies within the normal range. All the positive control chemicals used in the test produced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies, both with and without the S9 mix. The test substance caused a visible reduction in the growth of bacterial lawn to all of the strains of Salmonella tested both with and without metabolic activation. The substance was, therefore, tested up to its toxic limit. No significant increase in the frequency of revertant colonies was recorded for any of the bacterial strains with any dose of the test substance, either with or without metabolic activation. Under the study conditions, the test substance was found to be non-mutagenic (Thompson, 1996).
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro genetic toxicity of the test substance, C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, according to EU Method B 13/14, in compliance with GLP. The test concentration was 5000 µg/plate. Under the study conditions, the test substance was not mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay (Schöberl, 1991).
Chromosomal aberration assay
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro genetic toxicity of the test substance, C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, in a chromosomal aberrations assay using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The concentrations tested were 16, 30 and 50 µg/mL with and without metabolic activation. Concurrent solvent and positive controls (mitomycin-C (without S9) and cyclophosphamide (with S9)) were also included. Cells were selected for scoring on the basis of good morphology and completeness of karyotype (21 ± 2 chromosomes). All slides were scored blind and those from a single test were read by the same person. Two hundred first-division metaphase cells were scored at each dose level. Chromosomal aberration data were presented as percentage of cells with aberrations. Significance of percent cells with aberrations tested by the linear regression trend test versus log of the dose. The test substance did not induce an increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells after incubation, with or without S9. Under the study conditions, the test substance was found to be non-mutagenic (Irwin, 2001).
Mouse lymphoma assay
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro genetic toxicity of the test substance, C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, in a mouse lymphoma assay using cell line L5178Y. The cells were exposed for 4 h to concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 6, 10 and 12 nL/mL without metabolic activation and 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 nL/mL with metabolic activation in Trial 1. Cells were treated with test substance for 4 h at 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 nL/mL with metabolic activation and 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 nL/mLwithout metabolic activation in Trial 2. Cells were treated with test substance for 4 h at 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20 nL/mL with metabolic activation and 1.5, 3, 6, 8, 10 and 12 nL/mL without metabolic activation in Trial 3. Cells were treated with test substance for 4 h at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 nL/mL with metabolic activation in Trial 4. After the 48 h expression period, cells were plated in medium and soft agar supplemented with TFT for selection of TFT-resistant cells and cells were plated in nonselective medium and soft agar to determine cloning efficiency. No increase in mutant L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell colonies was observed after exposure to test substance, with or without S9. A single positive response noted at 8 nL/mL in the second trial conducted without S9 was not reproducible and the test results overall were considered to be negative. Under the study conditions, the test substance was found to be non-mutagenic (Irwin, 2001).
In vivo
Mouse micronucleus assay
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo genetic toxicity of the test substance, C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, according to the method recommended in the First Addendum to OECD Guideline 474 and Method No. 431, Annex V of EEC Directive 79/831. The experimental animals were 70 NMRI mice, divided into 5 groups. Of the 5 groups, 3 were test groups, 1 negative control group and 1 positive control group. The test groups were treated with 15000 mg test substance/kg bw, the negative control group with distilled water and the positive control group with 30 mg cyclophosphamide/kg bw. The mice were killed 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, after treatment. From bone marrow smears, micronucleus counts were made per 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes. The test substance did not induce an increase in the frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes in peripheral blood samples from both male and female mice. Under the study conditions, the test substance did not induce an increase in the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow cells of the mouse and was therefore considered to be non-mutagenic (Kallesen, 1985).
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo genetic toxicity of the test substance, C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, in a mouse peripheral blood micronucleus assay. The test substance (in ethanol) was applied dermally for 14 weeks with the frequency of 5 exposures/week at 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg bw. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from male and female mice, and smears were immediately prepared and fixed in absolute methanol. The methanol-fixed slides were stained with acridine orange and coded. Slides were scanned to determine the frequency of micronuclei in 2000 normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) in each of five animals per dose group. Significant increases in the frequencies of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) were seen in peripheral blood of both male and female mice at the end of 14 weeks. Statistical analysis of the data showed positive trends for both data sets as well as significantly elevated micronucleus frequencies at the highest dose tested (800 mg/kg bw) (Irwin, 2001).
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo genetic toxicity of the test substance, C12 DEA, in a peripheral blood micronucleus assay. The substance was applied dermally to mice for 14 weeks with a frequency of 5 exposures/week at doses of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg bw. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from male and female mice, and smears were immediately prepared and fixed in absolute methanol. The methanol-fixed slides were stained with acridine orange and coded. Slides were scanned to determine the frequency of micronuclei in 2000 normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) in each of five animals per dose group. No increase in the frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes was observed in the test at any dose level. Under the study conditions, the test substance did not increase the frequency of micronuclei in peripheral blood cells of mice (Irwin, 1999).
A study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo genetic toxicity of the read across substance, C18-unsatd. DEA in a micronucleus assay. The substance was applied dermally in mice for 13 weeks at 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg bw. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from male and female animals, and smears were immediately prepared and fixed in absolute methanol. Under the study conditions, the test substance did not increase the frequencies of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) in peripheral blood of both male and female mice at the end of 13 weeks (Irwin, 2001).
Overall evaluation
The test substance was negative in vitro and negative in all in vivo micronucleus tests except one in which significantly elevated micronucleus frequencies was detected at the highest dose (800 mg/kg bw) in male and female mice (Irwin, 2001). However, given that all in vitro test results were negative, a similar in vivo study with a high reliability score (Klimisch score 1) was negative at a maximum tolerated oral dose of 15000 mg/kg bw and no effects were seen in in vivo studies conducted with the read across substances C12 DEA and C18-unsatd. DEA, the test substance is overall not considered have any genotoxic potential.
Justification for classification or non-classification
The test substance was negative in vitro and negative in all in vivo micronucleus tests except one in which significantly elevated micronucleus frequencies was detected at the highest dose (800 mg/kg bw) in male and female mice (NTP, 2001). However, given that all in vitro test results were negative, a similar in vivo study with a high reliability score (Klimisch score 1) was negative at a maximum tolerated oral dose of 15000 mg/kg bw and no effects were seen in in vivo studies conducted with the read across substances C12 DEA and C18-unsatd. DEA, the test substance is overall not considered have any genotoxic potential. Therefore, no classification is required for this endpoint according to CLP (EC 1272/2008) criteria.
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