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Toxicological information

Toxicity to reproduction

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Administrative data

Endpoint:
two-generation reproductive toxicity
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
1992
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Well documented, according to accepted guidelines

Data source

Referenceopen allclose all

Reference Type:
study report
Title:
Unnamed
Year:
1992
Report date:
1992
Reference Type:
publication
Title:
Two-generation Reproduction Toxicity Study with Isopropanol in Rats
Author:
Bevan C, Tyler TR, Gardiner TH, Kapp RW, Andrew L and Beyer BK
Year:
1995
Bibliographic source:
Journal of applied toxicology 15, 117-123

Materials and methods

Test guideline
Qualifier:
equivalent or similar to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 416 (Two-Generation Reproduction Toxicity Study)
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes
Limit test:
no

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
Propan-2-ol
EC Number:
200-661-7
EC Name:
Propan-2-ol
Cas Number:
67-63-0
Molecular formula:
C3H8O
IUPAC Name:
propan-2-ol
Details on test material:
- Name of test material (as cited in study report): Isopropanol
- Physical state: liquid
- Analytical purity:99.9%
- Lot/batch No.: II

Test animals

Species:
rat
Strain:
Sprague-Dawley
Sex:
male/female
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Inc, Kingston facility, Stone Ridge, New York.
- Age at study initiation: (P) 8 wks; (F1) 8 wks
- Weight at study initiation: (P) Males: 265.5-331.9 g; Females: 175.2-228.4 g; (F1) Males: 265.2-265.4 g; Females: 181.1-181.2 g
- Fasting period before study: None
- Housing: stainless steel and wire mesh cage, individually housed, except during the first week of quarantine, during mating, and during lactation
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina certified rodent chow ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): automatic watering system, ad libitum (Elizabethtown Water Company, Elizabeth, New Jersey)
- Acclimation period: 21 days


ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20 to 24.4°C
- Humidity (%): 40 to 70 %
- Air changes (per hr): not reported
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12


IN-LIFE DATES: From: June 13, 1990 To: April 15, 1992

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:
oral: gavage
Vehicle:
water
Details on exposure:
PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
Undiluted test material was thoroughly miscible in carrier (RO water) prior to dispensing. Test material dosing solutions were prepared at 6-15 day intervals, in consideration of laboratory scheduling/ Dosing solutions were aliquoted on or prior to the first scheduled day of dosing. Aliquoted dosing solutions were stored in the Compound Preparation Department refrigerator. Unused portions were returned to the Compound Preparation Lab for disposal.

DIET PREPARATION
not administered in diet

VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): vehicle used was water
Details on mating procedure:
- M/F ratio per cage: 1/1
- Length of cohabitation: when pregnant or 7 days had elapsed (then cohabited with a different male)
- Proof of pregnancy: copulatory plug or sperm in vaginal smear referred to as day 0 of pregnancy
- After 7 days of unsuccessful pairing replacement of first male by another male with proven fertility.
- Further matings after two unsuccessful attempts: yes 3 attempts
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged (how): individually
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
yes
Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
Samples of isopropyl alchohol dose solutions in reverse osmosis water were analyzed by Gas Chromatography for concentration verification.
Duration of treatment / exposure:
All P1 and F1 (P2) male and female animals received test or control material daily for at least 10 weeks prior to mating, throughout the mating period, and until the day prior to euthanasia. Additionally, P1 and F1 (P2) females received test or control material during gestation, lactation, and until the day prior to euthanasia, following weaning of their offspring on day 21 postpartum. F1 neonates prior to selection for mating received test or control material beginning on postnatal day 21.
Frequency of treatment:
daily
Details on study schedule:
- F1 parental animals not mated until 11 weeks after selected from the F1 litters.
- Selection of parents from F1 generation when pups were 21 days of age.
- Age at mating of the mated animals in the study: 15 weeks
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
100 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
500 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
1000 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested
No. of animals per sex per dose:
30/sex/dose
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Details on study design:
- Dose selection rationale: not reported
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): random
Positive control:
no

Examinations

Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: morning and afternoon


DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: prior to selecton, first day of dosing and weekly thereafter until euthanasia (males) or weekly until post partum day 21 (females)


BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: prior to selecton, first day of dosing and weekly thereafter until euthanasia (males) or weekly until post partum day 21 (females)




Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
not reported
Sperm parameters (parental animals):
not reported
Litter observations:
STANDARDISATION OF LITTERS
- Performed on day 4 postpartum: yes
- If yes, maximum of 8 pups/litter (4/sex/litter as nearly as possible); excess pups were killed and discarded.


PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1 / F2 offspring:
number and sex of pups, stillbirths, live births, postnatal mortality, presence of gross anomalies, weight gain, and physical abnormalities.


GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS:
yes, for external and internal abnormalities
Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
SACRIFICE
- Male animals: All surviving animals as soon as possible after the last litters in each generation were produced.
- Maternal animals: All surviving animals after the last litter of each generation was weaned.


GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of external and internal examinations.


HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGHTS
The following organs and tissues were prepared for microscopic examination: liver, kidney, vagina, uterus, ovaries, testes, epididymides, seminal vesicles, prostate, pituitary, liver, and any abnormal tissue
Postmortem examinations (offspring):
SACRIFICE
- The F1 offspring not selected as parental animals and all F2 offspring were sacrificed at 21 days of age.
- These animals were subjected to postmortem examinations macroscopic and microscopic examination


GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of external and internal examinations

Statistics:
The following parameters were analyzed statistically for significant differences: mean body weights; mean food consumption; mean organ weights; mean relative organ weights
Reproductive indices:
calculated
Offspring viability indices:
calculated

Results and discussion

Results: P0 (first parental generation)

General toxicity (P0)

Clinical signs:
no effects observed
Description (incidence and severity):
Free of any observable abnormalities
Mortality:
mortality observed, non-treatment-related
Description (incidence):
1 death in control and 1 death in mid-dose group considered to be incidental. 2 deaths in high-dose group, cause of death was not determined
Body weight and weight changes:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Males: no effects observed. Females: body weight gain of high-dose group increased relative to control during overall postpartum period.
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
no effects observed
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
effects observed, treatment-related
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
no effects observed
Other effects:
no effects observed

Reproductive function / performance (P0)

Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
not examined
Reproductive function: sperm measures:
not examined
Reproductive performance:
no effects observed

Effect levels (P0)

open allclose all
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Remarks:
parental toxicity
Effect level:
500 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
body weight and weight gain
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Remarks:
reproductive toxicity
Effect level:
> 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
reproductive performance

Results: P1 (second parental generation)

General toxicity (P1)

Clinical signs:
no effects observed
Mortality:
mortality observed, non-treatment-related
Description (incidence):
2 deaths in low-dose group, 1 death in mid-dose group, 2 deaths in high-dose group: cause of death was not determined
Body weight and weight changes:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Males: no effects observed. Females: body weight gain of mid- and high-dose groups increased relative to control during overall postpartum period.
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Mean absolute and relative liver weights in mid-dose P1 males and relative liver weights in high-dose P1 males were statistically significantly increased compared to controls. Relative kidney weights in high-dose P1 males were increased compared to controls.
In females, relative liver weight was increased in the mid-dose group and absolute and relative liver weight was increased in the high-dose group. Relative kidney weight was increased in the high-dose group.
These effects were not considered to be adverse.
Gross pathological findings:
no effects observed
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy was observed in a few high-dose P1 male rats.

Reproductive function / performance (P1)

Reproductive performance:
no effects observed

Effect levels (P1)

open allclose all
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Remarks:
parental toxicity
Effect level:
500 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
organ weights and organ / body weight ratios
histopathology: non-neoplastic
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Remarks:
reproductive toxicity
Effect level:
> 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
reproductive performance

Results: F1 generation

General toxicity (F1)

Clinical signs:
no effects observed
Mortality / viability:
mortality observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Increased mortality was observed in high-dose F1 offspring compared with controls from postnatal Days 0 to 4. Increased mortality in mid-dose F1 offspring compared with controls observed at postnatal Day 4. Several F1 weanlings died or were euthanized prior to P1 selection; 1 each in the low- and mid-dose groups, and 18 in the high-dose group.
Body weight and weight changes:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
High-dose F1 male body weights were significantly lower on postnatal days 0 and 1 compared to controls.
Sexual maturation:
not examined
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
not examined
Gross pathological findings:
no effects observed
Histopathological findings:
no effects observed

Effect levels (F1)

Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Remarks:
offspring toxicity
Generation:
F1
Effect level:
100 mg/kg bw/day
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
viability
body weight and weight gain

Results: F2 generation

General toxicity (F2)

Clinical signs:
no effects observed
Mortality / viability:
mortality observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
Increased mortality was observed in mid- and high-dose F2 offspring compared with controls at postnatal Days 1 and at postnatal Day 7, but not at postnatal Day 4.
Body weight and weight changes:
effects observed, treatment-related
Description (incidence and severity):
High dose F1 male and female body weights were significantly lower on postnatal days 0 to 4 compared to controls.
Sexual maturation:
not examined
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
not examined
Gross pathological findings:
no effects observed
Histopathological findings:
no effects observed

Effect levels (F2)

Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Remarks:
offspring toxicity
Generation:
F2
Effect level:
100 mg/kg bw/day
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
viability
body weight and weight gain

Overall reproductive toxicity

Reproductive effects observed:
no

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Executive summary:

In conclusion, a dose of 1000 mg of isopropanol per kg of body weight produced evidence of parental effects, as indicated by increases in absolute and/or relative liver and/or kidney weights compared wtih those of controls. In addition, increased absolute or relative liver weights were observed in parental animals dosed with 500 mg/kg compared with controls. These effects were not considered to be an adverse effect. However, treatment-related centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy was observed in a few high dose P2 male rats. Increased mortality was observed in high dose F1 offspring compared with controls. In addition, high dose offspring of both generations were lighter than controls at several intervals. Therefore, the parental NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) was established at 500 mg/kg of isopropanol, while the reproductive NOAEL was established at greater than 1000 mg/kg under the conditions of this study. The offspring toxicity NOAEL was established at 500 mg/kg based on reduced offspring body weights and increased mortality observed at 1000 mg/kg. Subsequent review of the publication established the offspring toxicity NOAEL at 100 mg/kg bw/day based on increased mortality at 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day and reduced body weights at 1000 mg/kg bw/day in the F1 and F2 generations. Reprotoxicity was only observed in the presence of maternal toxicity.