Chloroacetic acid

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: No GLP compliance

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

Salmonella mutagenicity tests

Author:

Mortelmans, Haworth, Lawlor, Speck, Tainer, Zeiger

Year:

1986

Bibliographic source:

Environ. Mutagen. 8, Suppl 7: 1-119

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

GLP compliance:

no

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Chloroacetic acid

EC Number:

201-178-4

EC Name:

Chloroacetic acid

Cas Number:

79-11-8

Molecular formula:

C2H3ClO2

IUPAC Name:

chloroacetic acid

Details on test material:

Vendor purity: 99.6%
Analytical purity: 99%

Method

Target gene:

Histidine

Species / strain

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

- Type and identity of media: Oxoid Nutrient Broth
- Properly maintained: No data
- Periodically checked for Mycoplasma contamination: No data
- Periodically checked for karyotype stability: No data
- Periodically "cleansed" against high spontaneous background: No data

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not specified

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

Aroclor 1254 induced rat and hamster S9

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

In the absence of S9 mix: 10-1000 µg/plate
In the presence of S9 mix: 100-3333 µg/plate

Vehicle / solvent:

H2O

Controls

Controls 1

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

H2O

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

sodium azide

Remarks:

without S9 mix Migrated to IUCLID6: for TA1535 and TA100

Controls 2

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

H2O

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 2-aminoanthracene for all tester strains

Remarks:

with S9 mix

Controls 3

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

H2O

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

9-aminoacridine

Remarks:

without S9 mix Migrated to IUCLID6: for TA1535

Controls 4

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

H2O

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 4-nitro-o-pheylenediamine for TA98

Remarks:

without S9 mix

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium; preincubation

DURATION
- Preincubation period: 20 minutes
- Exposure duration: 48 hours

SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): Histidine

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: No data

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: the reduction of the bacterial background lawn, the availability of pinpoint colonies and the reduction of the revertant colonies

Evaluation criteria:

Mutagenic response:
Dose related, reproducable increase in the number of revertants over background, even if the increase was less than twofold
Nonmutagenic response:
When no increase in the number of revertants was elicited by the chemical
Questionable response:
When there was an absence of a clear-cut dose related increase in revertants, when the dose related increases in the number of revertants were not reproducible or when the response was of insufficient magnitude to support a determination of mutagenicity.

Statistics:

Not applicable

Results and discussion

Test results

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

not specified

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

Chloroacetic acid showed toxicity in the absence of S9 mix in tester strain TA1535 at concentrations of 333 and 1000 µg/plate resulting in a decrease in the number of revertants. In the presence of S9 mix a slight reduction of the background lawn was observed in tester strains TA100 and TA1537 (both hamster and liver S9 mix) and in tester strain TA1535 (hamster S9 mix). A reduction in the number of revertants was observed at a concentration of 3333 µg/plate in tester strain TA100 and at concentrations of 2000 and 3333 in tester strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA98.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Chloroacetic acid was not mutagenic in the Salmonella mutagenicity test.