Bromine

Skin irritation / corrosion

Administrative data

Endpoint:

skin irritation: in vivo

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Documentation insufficient for assessment

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

other company data

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

1967

Report date:

1967

Materials and methods

Principles of method if other than guideline:

A single application patch test was conducted in rabbits to assess dermal corrosivity mitigation of bromine neat and in solution. Skin sites were exposed to bromine uncovered until evaporated (30 to 45 seconds), under plastic covering for one minute, washed off with acetone in 5 seconds after exposure, or applied uncovered as a 10% solution in methylene chloride.

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Bromine

EC Number:

231-778-1

EC Name:

Bromine

Cas Number:

7726-95-6

Molecular formula:

Br2

IUPAC Name:

dibromine

Test animals

Species:

rabbit

Strain:

not specified

Test system

Type of coverage:

other: open and closed

Preparation of test site:

other: intact skin

Vehicle:

other: neat or as 10% solution in methylene chloride

Duration of treatment / exposure:

Until evaporated, 1 minute under plastic, for 5 seconds until washed with acetone, or until solution evaporated

Observation period:

Short term

Results and discussion

In vivo

Irritant / corrosive response data:

See table in Other Information Section. All neat applications of bromine produced necrosis. Occlusion increased severity and shortened time to appearance. 10% bromine in a methylene chloride solution produced only redness if allowed to evaporate uncovered, but caused moderate necrosis with a 1 minute occlusive exposure. Bromine chloride produced the same responses as bromine.

Any other information on results incl. tables

Rabbit Skin Irritation/Corrosion Test

Test Material	Skin Preparation	Duration of Exposure	Response/Remarks
Bromine	Intact	Until Evaporated (30-45 seconds)	Short contact of less than 1 minute produced severe necrosis. Appearance of tissue reaction seems to be delayed.
Bromine	Intact	1 minute covered with plastic	Short contact of 1 minute produced deep necrosis. Appearance of tissue reactin seems to be delayed.
Bromine	Intact	Site washed with acetone after 5 seconds	Short exposure of 5 seconds produced moderate necrosis. Appearance of tissue reaction seems to be delayed.
Bromine, 10% methylene chloride solution	Intact	Until Evaporated (less than 10 seconds)	Slight hyperemia within 2 minutes
Bromine, 10% methylene chloride solution	Intact	1 minute covered with plastic	Short exposure of 1 minute produced marked necrosis. Appearance of tissue reaction seems to be delayed.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Interpretation of results:

Category 1 (corrosive)

Remarks:

Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: expert judgment

Conclusions:

Short term contact of bromine with intact rabbit skin for periods of less than 1 minute produced severe necrosis. Time to appearance is reduced and depth of corrosivity is enhanced with occlusion. Even wiping of the material from the skin after 5 seconds with acetone caused necrosis, although severity reduced. If bromine is applied as a 10% methylene chloride solution and allowed to evaporate (less than 10 seconds), only slight hyperemia resulted within 24 hours. When the solutions were applied and covered with plastic for one minute, marked necrosis and edema resulted. Bromine and bromine chloride produced similar results.

Executive summary:

Bromine is a corrosive material when applied to rabbit skin for less than one minute. Even a 5 second exposure with removal by acetone wiping produces necrosis. Severity of corrosion is increased with occlusion, even in a 10% solution.