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EC number: 914-129-3 | CAS number: 12336-95-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Health surveillance data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- health surveillance data
- Type of information:
- other: literature reviews
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- Variable
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Critical studies are summarized in three literature reviews
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- Health risk assessment report for metallic chromium and trivalent chromium
- Author:
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
- Year:
- 2 006
- Bibliographic source:
- Published by the International Chromium Development Association
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- Toxicological profile for chromium
- Author:
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
- Year:
- 2 000
- Bibliographic source:
- US Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, ATSDR
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- The toxicity of chromium and inorganic chromium compounds
- Author:
- Health and Safety Executive
- Year:
- 1 989
- Bibliographic source:
- HSE Toxicity review 21
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- other: various study types are summarised
- Endpoint addressed:
- not applicable
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Summary of literature reports investigating various endpoints
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- : not appicable
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chromium hydroxide sulphate
- EC Number:
- 235-595-8
- EC Name:
- Chromium hydroxide sulphate
- Cas Number:
- 12336-95-7
- Molecular formula:
- CrHO5S
- IUPAC Name:
- chromium hydroxide sulphate
- Reference substance name:
- not applicable
- IUPAC Name:
- not applicable
- Details on test material:
- In occupational studies, it is often difficult to separate exposure of chromium (III) from chromium (VI).
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Method
- Details on study design:
- Various study types are summarised
Results and discussion
- Results:
- See below.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Kinetics The leather tanning industry typically uses trivalent chromium in the form of basic chromium sulphates. In one study, tannery workers exposed to basic chromium sulphate or Cr bound to leather dust exhibited significantly higher chromium concentrations (4 ug/g chromium in hair, 1.7 ug/g creatinine chromium in urine and 25 mg/dm3 chromium in sweat) than controls (FIOH review, 2006). In another study, the highest concentration of chromium in serum and urine samples taken from three groups of tannery workers (highly exposed, moderately exposed and controls) were seen in workers with the highest exposure. Exposure to basic chromium sulphate in four different tanneries showed that Monday morning urinary chromium concentrations were clearly lower than that of Friday afternoon. According to an industry report, urinary chromium concentrations in workers of one electroplating shop employing trivalent chromium varied from 0.23 to 0.85 ug/g creatinine. Additional studies on tannery workers include one conducted with 24 polishers (12/sex) of chrome tanned, dried leather with 2-20 years of employment in a Polish tannery and a control group of 21 office workers. The average concentration of leather dust was reported as 2 mg/m3 with airborne concentrations of 0.1 mg/m3 Cr (III). Health effects Chronic inflammation in the upper airways, especially in the pharynx, was seen in tannery workers but the authors did not show evidence to exclude other potential causes such as microbial toxins or finishing chemicals in the leather (FIOH, 2006). No increase in the prevalence of respiratory illness was found in a study of 128 workers from two factories that produced water-soluble chromium (III) sulphate or insoluble chromium (III) oxide, or in 106 workers at a factory that produced these compounds where workroom levels were 1.99 mg Cr (III)/m3 (ATSDR, 2000). No indication was found that exposure to chromium (III) resulted in stomach disorders in workers employed in two factories that produced chromium (III) oxide or chromium (III) sulfate. An early report of cases of chrome ulcers in leather tanners noted that the only workmen in tanneries who suffered chrome holes were those who handled dichromate salts (ATSDR review, 2000). No increase in chromosomal aberrations was observed in 17 tannery workers exposed primarily to water-soluble trivalent chromium compounds, as compared with controls (ATSDR review, 2000). Workers handling hides soaked in chromium (III) sulphate solution during leather tanning had increased levels of chromium in the blood and urine. Urinary chromium remained above normal in these workers even after a 40-day vacation (HSE review, 1989). Another study of Canadian tannery workers from four plants, with an average concentration of 1.7 ug Cr/m3, indicated that workers had significant three- and four-fold increases in serum and urine chromium, respectively. German workers exposed to trivalent chromium as highly water-soluble chromium sulphate had higher blood and urine chromium levels compared to an unexposed control group (HSE review, 1989).
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Elevated chromium levels in urine and blood have been seen with occupational exposure to water-soluble chromium (III) compounds.
- Executive summary:
Based on the studies reviewed, occupational exposure to highly water-soluble Cr (III) compounds in leather tanning resulted in significantly elevated blood and urine chromium levels. The principal exposure route(s) responsible for this chromium absorption has not been properly identified.
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