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EC number: 283-294-5 | CAS number: 84604-16-0 Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomycelaceae.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicity to birds
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to birds
- Type of information:
- other: Introduction to the workshop of the 27th International Conference on Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- Introduction to the workshop "Symbiomes: yeast ecology revisited"
- Author:
- Cavalieri, Duccio
- Year:
- 2 015
- Bibliographic source:
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.3090
- Report date:
- 2015
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline required
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Not applicable
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Cas Number:
- 68876-77-7
- IUPAC Name:
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Constituent 1
Results and discussion
Effect levels
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- other: Not applicable
- Effect level:
- 0 other: Not applicable
- Conc. / dose based on:
- other: Not applicable
- Basis for effect:
- other: Not applicable
- Remarks on result:
- other: Review. Quantitative result was not determined.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Macroorganisms are considered as natural vectors and niches for Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- Executive summary:
Here we will survey the current knowledge on the ecology and the wild niches of S. cerevisiae discussing how human selection on specific traits of strains used in wine and beer fermentation could have influenced the evolution of this microorganism. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is since more than 2000 years a great companion of humanity, appreciated for its fermentative characteristics in wine, beer and bread productions. In addition to its importance in food technology, for the past 50 years S. cerevisiae has been the cradle and stage of genetics and molecular biology. This microorganism was the main player in several revolutionary technologies, from gene mapping to genetic engineering to structural and functional genomics. In the past 20 years this eukariotic model allowed genome scale reverse genetics and network analysis, leading to unprecedented discoveries on how genes interact and how fundamental processes, such as cell cycle or mating, can be modeled. Systems biology as a science is the result of these pioneering studies, and today this microorganism holds the promise to resolve more fundamental problems in science including the role of protein folding and prions as master regulators and the exploration of the potentials of Synthetic biology. All these fundamental discoveries were made on a strain that became a model for an eukariotic cell, S288c, indeed the best characterized genome after E.coli. Paradoxically very little was known till year 2000 on the ecology and evolutionary biology of Saccharomyces. Till that time yeast genome evolution and selection of S. cerevisiae as a species was though to depend only on human activities (massive fermentations) providing favourable environmental conditions in which yeasts can reproduce through vegetative budding of diploid cells. The existence of a natural cycle of this microorganism outside human-related environments was demonstrated by a small initial number of pioneering studies, some led by the very same scientist who built S288c, RK Mortimer, who, together with Mario Polsinelli, in a seminal study was able to identify several different strains from single damaged grapes (Mortimer, R. &Polsinelli M. 1999). This discovery moved the debate on S. cerevisiae domestication from the species level to the strain level, as elegantly shown in genomic level studies by Justin Fay, Maitreya Dunham, Ed Louis, Gianni Liti and collaborators. Already in the initial studies insects were considered as vectors and natural niches for S. cerevisiae (R.K. Mortimer 2000). More recently studies stemming from these initial observations demonstrated that social wasps bear yeast cells all year long (Stefanini I. et al. 2012) and feed on sources that are potentially inhabited by multiple Saccharomyces spp. strains, thus representing a potential incubator for different yeast cells to meet and mate. In addition to wasps Drosophila has been shown by the Goddard group to be an important vector for S.cerevisiae dissemination in the wild. This has led to the investigation of which genes are involved in the process of insect attraction and dispersal, one of which, ATF1, has been recently discovered by the group of Kevin Verstrepen. Along these lines, the question on what genes relevant for yeast ecology are under selective pressure and the role of yeast inversions and epigenetic regulation mechanisms in yeast evolution, is still an open question, investigated importantly by the work of the groups of Kenneth Wolfe and Daniela Delneri. Recent results from our lab further propose the insects gut as potentially the most important ecological niche of S. cerevisiae, prompting the sporulation of S. cerevisiae and favouring generation of novel genetic combinations by outcrossing and inter and intraspecific mating. These results open a new perspective to the evolution of Saccharomyces spp. yeasts, introducing insects as active players other than human activities.
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