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EC number: 231-211-8 | CAS number: 7447-40-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1 064 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 5 320 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
Local effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 303 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 910 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Additional information - workers
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
Potassium chloride is a white crystaline powder with a melting point of 773°C and soluble in water, alcohol and glycerol (BIBRA, 1989). Potassium chloride is readily absorbed via the gastro-intestinal tract as shown by the available data. But, there are no data on potassium chloride available using the dermal and the inhalation route. Due to the low vapor pressure and the low octanol water partition coefficient of the substance, the potential for dermal or inhalation absorption is low (UNEP 2003). Consequently deriving DNELs for dermal and inhalation route are of minor importance.
Furthermore, there is information available that potassium chloride causes irritations to the mucous membranes. Overall, based on the availble data from an in-vitro experiment, limited animal dataand limited data with volunteers, potassium chloride (KCl) is considered to be non-irritating to the skin or the eye
WORKER
DNEL SYSTEMIC
In general, for worker the oral DNELs are not relevant. Only the dermal and inhalation route are regarded to be relevant for the situation of workers.
DNEL (systemic, longterm, dermal route)
Starting point for the dermal DNEL derivation is the result of a long term feeding study in rats in which a NOAEL for systemic effects of 1820 mg/kg bw/d highest test dose, was determined, indicating that the systemic toxicity is rather low
NOAEL 1820 mg/kg bw/day
Interspecies differences rat versus human: 4.
For remaining interspecies differences: 1*
For interspecies differences in workers: 3**
For reliability of the dose response: 1
For quality of the whole database: 1
Conversion oral to dermal: 0.5***
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* In an evaluation by ECETOC 2003 and in draft report of ECETOC 2010 it is considered that routine application of the factor of 2.5 is scientifically unjustified as a default factor. This view is supported by data generated by the ERASM project (Batke et al, 2010)
** based on the considerations in draft ECETOC report, 2010, the default factor was changed
*** Due to the considerations above and according to the TGD R8 of ECHA (2008, p 25) limited dermal absorption has to be assumed leading to a factor of 0.5
-------------------------------------------------
Overall Factor 6
DNEL (systemic, longterm, dermal route): 303 mg/kg bw/day
DNEL (systemic, longterm, inhalation route)
There is no valid subchronic or chronic repeated dose toxicity study available using inhalation exposure route. Thus, for setting DNEL (long term, inhalation route) the data from oral exposure route have to be taken into account: Based on the considerations above. that due to the low vapor pressure of the substance, and the potential for inhalation exposure is assumed low (UNEP 2003), it can be calculated:
NOAEL 1820 mg/kg bw/day
Interspecies differences rat versus human: 4.
For remaining interspecies differences: 1*
For interspecies differences in workers: 3**
For reliability of the dose response: 1
For quality of the whole database: 1
Conversion oral to inhalation: 1***
-------------------------------------------------------------------
* In an evaluation by ECETOC 2003 and in draft report of ECETOC 2010 it is considered that routine application of the factor of 2.5 is scientifically unjustified as a default factor. This view is supported by data generated by the ERASM project (Batke et al, 2010)
** based on the considerations in draft ECETOC report, 2010, the default factor was changed
*** based on water solubility absorption via inhalation can be assumed
-------------------------------------------------
Overall Factor 12
Based on a body weight for worker of 70 kg and a respiratory volume of (light activity) for workers 8 h exposure of 10 m³ / person: DNEL (systemic, long term, inhalation route): 1064 mg/m³/day
DNEL (reproduction toxicity; fertility and development)
The available long term and development studies do not indicate reproductive toxicity, consequently, no DNEL for reproductive toxicity is derived.
DNEL systemic, short term
A DNEL (systemic short term) should be derived if an acute toxicity hazard has been identified and if there is a potential for high peak exposure. At room temperature potassium chloride is a crystalline powder and therefore there is some evidence that high peak exposure can occur. However, in the case of potassium chloride acute dermal or inhalation toxicity studies are not available. Therefore acute toxicity studies using the oral route have to be taken into account. As acute toxicity studies aim the derivation of LD50 values, these studies in general, ignore the sublethal or even well tolerated dose levels and are therefore considered to involve too large uncertainities, especially, when additionally route to route extrapolation has to be considered.
For these cases the ECHA guidance document R8, 2008 proposes to modify the long-term DNELs by multiplying with a factor of 5 Consequently:
DNEL (systemic, short term, dermal route): 910 mg/kg bw/day
DNEL (systemic, short term, inhalation route): 5320 mg/m³/day
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 273 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1 365 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
Local effects
Acute/short term exposure
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 182 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 910 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 91 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 455 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Additional information - General Population
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
Potassium chloride is a white crystaline powder with a melting point of 773°C and soluble in water, alcohol and glycerol (BIBRA, 1989). Potassium chloride is readily absorbed via the gastro-intestinal tract as shown by the available data. But, there are no data on potassium chloride available using the dermal and the inhalation route. Due to the low vapor pressure and the low octanol water partition coefficient of the substance, the potential for dermal or inhalation absorption is low (UNEP 2003).
Based on the available data from in vitro experiments, limited animal data and limited data with volunteers potassium chloride (KCl) is considererd to ne non-irritating to the skin or the eye. Consequently no DNELs for local effects are calculated..
.
DNEL SYSTEMIC
DNEL (systemic, long term, oral route)
Starting point for the DNEL derivation is the result of a long term feeding study in rats in which a NOAEL for systemic effects of 1820 mg/kg bw/d, highest test dose, was determined, indicating that the systemic toxicity is rather low
NOAEL 1820 mg/kg bw/day
Interspecies differences rat versus human: 4.
For remaining interspecies differences: 1*
For interspecies differences in general public: 5**
For reliability of the dose response: 1
For quality of the whole database: 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------
* In an evaluation by ECETOC 2003 and in draft report of ECETOC 2010 it is considered that routine application of the factor of 2.5 is scientifically unjustified as a default factor. This view is supported by data generated by the ERASM project (Batke et al, 2010)
** based on the considerations in draft ECETOC report, 2010, the default factor was changed
--------------------------------------------------
Overall factor: 20
DNEL (systemic, long-term, oral route): 91 mg/kg bw/day
DNEL (systemic, long-term, dermal route)
Starting point for the dermal DNEL derivation is the result of a long term feeding study in rats in which a NOAEL for systemic effects of 1820 mg/kg bw/d highest test dose, was determined, indicating that the systemic toxicity is rather low
NOAEL 1820 mg/kg bw/day
Interspecies differences rat versus human: 4.
For remaining interspecies differences: 1*
For interspecies differences in general public: 5**
For reliability of the dose response: 1
For quality of the whole database: 1
Conversion oral to dermal: 0.5***
-------------------------------------------------------------------
* In an evaluation by ECETOC 2003 and in draft report of ECETOC 2010 it is considered that routine application of the factor of 2.5 is scientifically unjustified as a default factor. This view is supported by data generated by the ERASM project (Batke et al, 2010)
** based on the considerations in draft ECETOC report, 2010, the default factor was changed
*** Due to the considerations above and according to the TGD R8 of ECHA (2008, p 25) limited dermal absorption has to be assumed leading to a factor of 0.5
-------------------------------------------------
Overall Factor 10
DNEL (systemic, longterm, dermal route): 182 mg/kg bw/day
DNEL (systemic, longterm, inhalation route)
There is no valid subchronic or chronic repeated dose toxicity study available using inhalation exposure route. Thus, for setting DNEL (long term, inhalation route) the data from oral exposure route have to be taken into account: Based on the considerations above. that due to the low vapor pressure and the low octanol water partition coefficient of the substance, the potential for inhalation absorption is assumed low (UNEP 2003), it can be calculated:
NOAEL 1820 mg/kg bw/day
Interspecies differences rat versus human: 4.
For remaining interspecies differences: 1*
For interspecies differences in general public: 5**
For reliability of the dose response: 1
For quality of the whole database: 1
Conversion oral to inhalation: 1**
-------------------------------------------------------------------
* In an evaluation by ECETOC 2003 and in draft report of ECETOC 2010 it is considered that routine application of the factor of 2.5 is scientifically unjustified as a default factor. This view is supported by data generated by the ERASM project (Batke et al, 2010)
** based on the considerations in draft ECETOC report, 2010, the default factor was changed
-------------------------------------------------
Overall Factor 20
Based on a body weight for general public of 60 kg and a respiratory volume of 20 m³ / person/ 24 h:
DNEL (systemic, long term, inhalation route): 273 mg/m³/day
DNEL (reproduction toxicity; fertility and development)
The available long term and development studies do not indicate reproductive toxicity, consequently, no DNEL for reproductive toxicity is derived.
.
DNEL systemic, short term
A DNEL (systemic short term) should be derived if an acute toxicity hazard has been identified and if there is a potential for high peak exposure. At room temperature potassium chloride is a crystalline powder and therefore there is some evidence that high peak exposure can occur.
However, in the case of potassium chloride acute dermal or inhalation toxicity studies are not available. Therefore acute toxicity studies using the oral route have to be taken into account. As acute toxicity studies aim the derivation of LD50 values, these studies in general, ignore the sublethal or even well tolerated dose levels and are considered to involve too large uncertainities, especially, when additionally route to route extrapolation has to be considered.
For these cases the ECHA guidance document R8, 2008 proposes to modify the long-term DNELs by multiplying with a factor of 5
Consequently:
DNEL (systemic, short term, oral route): 455 mg/kg bw/day
DNEL (systemic, short term, dermal route): 910 mg/kg bw/day
DNEL (systemic, short term, inhalation route): 1365 mg/m³/day
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