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EC number: 269-056-3 | CAS number: 68186-94-7 This substance is identified in the Colour Index by Colour Index Constitution Number, C.I. 77494.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study without detailed documentation
- Justification for type of information:
- see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" and “Endpoint-specific read-across justification for nano forms of iron oxide, 2021” attached in IUCLID section 13.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 2006
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Performed in 24-well microplates
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A 72 h study according to OECD guideline 201 was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of nano-Fe2O3 on the growth of the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- not specified in publication
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: Samples were taken from suspensions at the highest test concentration.
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: NM suspensions were prepared by vigorously mixing the NM in the corresponding medium through magnetic stirring. - Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Stock culture: Maintained in Woods Hole MBL growth medium at 20±2°C, under continuous
illumination (100 μE/m/s).
- Method of cultivation: According to OECD guideline 201 with adaptation to 24-well microplates. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Hardness:
- not reported
- Test temperature:
- 20±2°C
- pH:
- not reported
- Dissolved oxygen:
- not reported
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 0, 8.2, 10.2, 12.8, 16.0, 20.0 mg Fe2O3-NPs/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 24-well microplates
- Volume: 1 mL
- Aeration: Twice a day by repetitive pipetting to promote active gas exchange and prevent cell clumping
- Initial cells density: 10^4 cells/mL
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes, OECD conform
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: Continuous
- Light intensity and quality: 100 μE/m/s
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: Growth (photometric measurement of cell density at 440 nm absorbance) - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 20 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 20 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The non-linear least squares regression procedure supplied by the software package Statistica 8.0 was used. One-way ANOVAs followed by Dunnett tests were also employed to find out potential significant differences in the endpoints assessed between the control and tested concentrations of each NM suspension, using the software Sigmaplot version 11.0. No observed effect concentration (NOEC) and low observed effect concentration (LOEC) values were taken from ANOVA significant results, reported for a significance level of 0.05.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- stated by the authors
- Conclusions:
- A 72 h algae growth inhibition test was performed according to OECD 201 to assess the potential effects of Fe2O3 nanoparticles (average particle size 85×425 nm). No significant effect on the growth rate of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was observed at the applied concentrations of 8.2 to 20.0 mg/L and thus an unbounded 72 h NOEC ≥ 20 mg/L (nominal) was derived.
Reference
Table 1: Data from DLS and ELS for Fe2O3 nanoparticles in MBL medium
Conc. (mg/L) |
Soluble metal ions (mg/L) |
pH |
Zeta potential (mV) |
Cond (mS/cm) |
Z average diameter (nm) |
Average diameter by number distribution |
PdI |
20 |
8.75±0.04 |
7.03 |
−22.9±8.4 |
0.537±0.007 |
1545±20 |
595±115 |
0.529±0.34 |
Description of key information
Applying read-across to nano-sizediron(hydr)oxides (see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" in section 13), micro-sized iron (hydr)oxides are not considered toxic to aquatic algae. In a reliable 72-h algae growth inhibition test according to OECD 201 with diiron trioxide nanoparticles, a significant effect on the growth rate of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was not observed at concentrations up to 20 mg/L and an unbounded 72 h NOEC >= 20 mg/L was derived (Nogueira et al., 2015).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
A 72-h algae growth inhibition test was performedby Nogueira et al. (2015)according to OECD 201 to assess the potential effects of Fe2O3 nanoparticles (average particle size 85 × 425 nm). A significant effect on the growth rate of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was not observed at the applied concentrations ranging from 8.2 to 20.0 mg/L. Thus, an unbounded 72-h NOEC of ≥ 20 mg/L (nominal) and 72-h EC50 of > 20 mg/L were derived for the growth inhibition of P. subcapitata.
Based on read-across to nano-sized iron (hydr)oxides (see attachment "Read-across justification-environ assessment-iron oxides" in section 13), available data indicate a low potential for toxicity ofmicro-sized iron (hydr)oxidesto aquatic algae (see table below).
Table: Toxicity of nano-sized iron (hydr)oxides to aquatic algae.
Endpoint |
Test species |
Test results |
Test material/form |
Reliability: Reference |
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria |
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata |
NOEC (72 h): >= 20 mg/L nominal EC50 (72 h): > 20 mg/L nominal |
diiron trioxide / nano |
RL2: Nogueira et al., 2015 |
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