Oxydipropyl dibenzoate

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

t was concluded that DPGDB showed no evidence of mutagenic activity in this bacterial system, no evidence of clastogenic activity in this in-vitro cytogenetic test system and did not demonstrate mutagenic potential in this in vitro mammalian cell mutation assay.

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

23 July 1997- 5 August 1997

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 472 (Genetic Toxicology: Escherichia coli, Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OTS 798.5265 (The Salmonella typhimurium Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 870.5100 - Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (August 1998)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Target gene:

This system employs mutant strains of Escherichia coli which are incapable of synthesising the amino acid tryptophan required for growth.
The strains used carry additional mutations which render them more sensitive to mutagens. The S. typhimurium strains have a defective cell coat which allows greater permeability of test substances into the cell. All the strains are deficient in normal DNA repair processes. In addition three of them possess a plasmid pKM101 which introduces an error prone repair process resulting in increased sensitivity to some mutagens.

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Species / strain / cell type:

E. coli WP2 uvr A pKM 101

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S-9 mix

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

First test - 5000, 1500, 500, 150, 50, 15, and 5 µg/plate plus a vehicle control.
Second test - 5000, 1500, 500, 150, and 50 µg/plate, plus a vehicle control.

Vehicle / solvent:

- Solvent used: DMSO
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: The test material is poorly soluble in water. The solubility at 50 mg/mL was assessed in DMSO, ethanol, methanol, and acetone and the test substance was found to be fully soluble in each solvent tested. DMSO was selected as the solvent following confirmation by the sponsor. This solvent is the most commonly used solvent within the testing laboratory when water is not suitable.

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

Remarks:

5 µg/plate for TA1535, 3 µg/plate for TA100, and 2 µg/plate for CM891 Migrated to IUCLID6: In the absence of S9 mix

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

9-aminoacridine

Remarks:

80 µg/plate for TA1537 Migrated to IUCLID6: In the absence of S9 mix

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

2-nitrofluorene

Remarks:

1 µg/plate for TA98 Migrated to IUCLID6: In absence of S9 mix

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 2-Aminoanthracene

Remarks:

In the presence of S9 mix. 2 µg/plate for TA1535; 10 µg/plate for CM891.

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

benzo(a)pyrene

Remarks:

5µg/plate for TA1537, TA98, and TA100 Migrated to IUCLID6: In presence of S9 mix

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation); preincubation (second test only)


DURATION
- Preincubation period: 30 minutes (second test only)
- Exposure duration: 3 days


SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): Histidine / tryptophan deficient agar


NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 3 replicate plates per concentration per strain


DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: observation of the number of revertant colony counts and the presence or absence of the background bacterial lawn

Evaluation criteria:

The number of revertant colony counts for each test or positive control plate was determined and compared to the relevant concurrent vehicle control.

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

E. coli WP2 uvr A pKM 101

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS

- Water solubility: In the first test, at 5000 µg and 1500 µg/plate when the test substance solution was mixed with the top agar, a cloudy solution formed with globules apparent at the higher level.; slight cloudiness was observed at 500 µg/plate and at 150 µg/plate there was no observable cloudiness. In all cases the appearance was similar once the agar had set on the plates.
In the pre-incubation assay, a cloudy solution formed with a few small globules at 5000 µg/plate, a cloudy solution with no globules was observed at 1500 µg and 500 µg/plate; a slightly cloudy solution was observed at 150 µg/plate, and at 50 µg/plate no cloudiness was observed. In all cases, the appearance was similar following the pre-incubation period.


COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: The mean revertant colony counts for the solvent controls were within the historical range.

Remarks on result:

other: all strains/cell types tested

Remarks:

Migrated from field 'Test system'.

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results (migrated information):
negative

It is concluded that DPGDB showed no evidence of mutagenic activity in this bacterial system.

Executive summary:

A bacterial reverse mutation assay was performed to assess the potential of the test material DPGDB to cause gene mutation. The study was conducted according to OECD, EC, US EPA and Japanese test guidelines and in compliance with GLP.

DPGDB was tested against four strains of Salmonella typhimurium and one strain of Escherichia coli, both in the presence and in the absence of metabolic activation (provided by S9 mix). Relevant positive controls were tested concurrently and provided positive results, demonstrating the sensitivity of the assay.

No increases in the number of revertant colonies relative to the concurrent vehicle controls were observed for the test material in any of the strains tested. It was concluded that DPGD showed no evidence of mutagenic activity in this bacterial system.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: chromosome aberration

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

23 January 1997 - 16 April 1997

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 473 (In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.10 (Mutagenicity - In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: UK Department of Health Report on Health and Social Subjects No. 35. Guidelines for the testing ofchemicals for mutagenicity (1989).

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: US Environmental Protection Agency. Method HG-Chrome in vitro. In vitro mammalian cytogenetics (1982).

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Type of assay:

in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test

Species / strain / cell type:

Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79)

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S-9 mix.

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Without S-9 mix; 19.5, 39.1, 50, 78.1, 100, 156.3 and 200 µg/mL
With S-9 mix; 39.1, 78.1, 156.3, 312.5, 400, 500 and 625 µg/mL

Vehicle / solvent:

-Solvent used: DMSO
- Justification for choice of solvent: Prior to commencing testing, the solubility of the test substance in solvents compatible with the test system was assessed. This consisted of a semi-quantitative determination of the solubility of DPGDB in water, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), ethanol and acetone. The data confirmed that DMSO was the most appropriate solvent to use in this study.

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

mitomycin C

Remarks:

Migrated to IUCLID6: Used in absence of S9

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

DMSO

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

cyclophosphamide

Remarks:

Migrated to IUCLID6: Used in presence of S-9 mix

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: as impregnation on paper disk

DURATION
- Preincubation period: 24 hours (cells in culture flasks, prior to dosing)
- Exposure duration: 18 hours (in the test with S9 mix, the medium containing S9 mix was removed and replaced by fresh medium after 3 hours)
In the second test, cells were exposed for 42 hours, with harvests at 18 and 42 hours
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): 2 hours.

SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays): Colcemid
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays): 10% Giemsa

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: Duplicate assays in each test

NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: 1000

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: mitotic index

Statistics:

The number of aberrant metaphase figures in each treatment group was compared with the solvent control value using Fisher's test, Fisher (1973).

Species / strain:

Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79)

Metabolic activation:

with

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Remarks:

No significant reduction in mitotic indices was observed in the tests in the presence of S9 mix.

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79)

Metabolic activation:

without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results (migrated information):
negative

It was concluded that DPGDB had shown no evidence of clastogenic activity in this in-vitro cytogenetic test system.

Executive summary:

A chromosome aberration test was performed to determine the potential of the test substance DPGDB to cause chromosome aberrations in Chinese Hamster Lung (CHL) cells cultured in vitro. The study was conducted according to OECD, EC, UK, and US EPA test guidelines, and in compliance with GLP. In both the presence and the absence of metabolic activation (S9 mix), DPGDB caused no statistically significant increase in the proportion of metaphase figures containing chromosomal aberrations at any dose level when compared with the solvent control in either of two tests. It was concluded that DPGDB had shown no evidence of clastogenic activity in this in-vitro cytogenetic test system.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: other: Cell mutation

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

3 February 1997 - 7 May 1997

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 476 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: US Environmental Protection Agency, Method; HG-Gene Muta-Somatic Cells: Detection of gene mutations in somatic cells in culture, 1983

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: EEC Directive 87/302/EEC, 1988.

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Type of assay:

mammalian cell gene mutation assay

Species / strain / cell type:

mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S-9 mix

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Preliminary toxicity test - 4.9, 9.8, 19.6, 39.1, 78.2, 156.3, 312.5, 625 µg/mL
Mutation tests - 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 225 and 250 µg/mL

Vehicle / solvent:

- Solvent used: DMSO
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: Solubility was determined in water, DMSO, acetone, and ethanol; the test substance was found to be
miscible in ethanol, acetone and DMSO, but imiscible with water. Solutions of the test material were then added to culture medium at 1% and
observations made. All solvents gave precipitation on dosing, and above approximately 625 µg/mL globular droplets were observed.
On consultation with the sponsor, DMSO was chosen as the vehicle.

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

methylmethanesulfonate

Remarks:

10 µg/mL, used in absence of S-9 mix

Untreated negative controls:

no

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 20-Methylcholanthrene

Remarks:

2.5 µg/mL, used in presence of S-9 mix

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in suspension

DURATION
- Exposure duration: 3 hours
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 48 hours
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): 12 days
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): 14 days (48 hours' expression time followed by 12 days' incubation).


NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 3 plates were prepared for each culture


NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: 200 Assessed for viability; 10^6 assessed for Mutant Frequency


DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: relative total growth (growth in treated groups relative to growth in untreated control groups)

Evaluation criteria:

Relative Total Growth (RTG) over the experimental period and the Mutant Frequency per 10^6 survivors (MF) were calculated.

Statistics:

The statistical significance of the data was analysed by weighted analysis of variance following the methods described by Arlett et aI (1989).

Species / strain:

mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Positive controls validity:

valid

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results (migrated information):
negative

It was concluded that DPGDB did not demonstrate mutagenic potential in this in vitro gene mutation assay.

Executive summary:

A mammalian cell mutation assay was conducted to assess the potential of the test material DPGDB to cause mutation within mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells. The study was conducted according to OECD, EPA, and EC test guidelines, and in compliance with GLP.

Toxicity was observed after treatment with DPGDB in all the tests both in the absence and the presence of metabolic activation (S-9 mix). No biologically significant increases in mutant frequency were observed in any of the tests either in the absence or the presence of S-9 mix. It was concluded that DPGDB did not demonstrate mutagenic potential in this in vitro mammalian cell mutation assay.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Additional information

Gene mutation in bacteria

DPGDB was tested against four strains of Salmonella typhimurium and one strain of Escherichia coli, (HLS 1998, VCL251/973337) both in the presence and in the absence of metabolic activation (provided by S9 mix). Relevant positive controls were tested concurrently and provided positive results, demonstrating the sensitivity of the assay. No increases in the number of revertant colonies relative to the concurrent vehicle controls were observed for the test material in any of the strains tested. It was concluded that DPGDB showed no evidence of mutagenic activity in this bacterial system.

Chromosomal aberration– in vitro

A chromosome aberration test was performed (HLS 1998, VCL230/971449) to determine the potential of DPGDB to cause chromosome aberrations in Chinese Hamster Lung (CHL) cells cultured in vitro. In both the presence and the absence of metabolic activation (S9 mix), DPGDB caused no statistically significant increase in the proportion of metaphase figures containing chromosomal aberrations at any dose level when compared with the solvent control in either of two tests. It was concluded that DPGDB had shown no evidence of clastogenic activity in this in-vitro cytogenetic test system.

Gene mutation in mammalian cells

A mammalian cell mutation assay (HLS 1998, VCL229/971625) was conducted and toxicity was observed after treatment with DPGDB in all the tests both in the absence and the presence of metabolic activation (S-9 mix). No biologically significant increases in mutant frequency were observed in any of the tests either in the absence or the presence of S-9 mix. It was concluded that DPGDB did not demonstrate mutagenic potential in this in vitro mammalian cell mutation assay.

Short description of key information:
No evidence of genetic toxicity was seen in any of the studies.

Endpoint Conclusion: No adverse effect observed (negative)

Justification for classification or non-classification

From the results of the three different in-vitro investigations, and according to the criteria laid down in Council Directive 67/548/EEC (and subsequent adaptations) the test item DPGDB, is considered as non-mutagenic and is not classified.