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Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

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Endpoint:
short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
31 Oct 2021 to 4 Nov 2021
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
Version / remarks:
OECD Guideline 202. “Daphnia sp., Acute Immobilization Test “, Adopted April 13, 2004.
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Specific details on test material used for the study:
No further details specified in the study report
Analytical monitoring:
yes
Details on sampling:
Samples for possible analysis were taken from the limit concentration and the control according to the schedule below. A method was developed for four major components of the UVCB test material.
Frequency: at t=0 h and t=48 h
Volume: At t=0 1.0 ml, and at t=48 0.80 mL from the approximate centre of the test solutions.
Storage: Not applicable, samples were transferred to the analytical laboratory at the Test Facility and analysed on the day of sampling.
At the end of the exposure period, the replicates were pooled for the limit concentration, and for the control before sampling.
Vehicle:
no
Details on test solutions:
The batch of Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid tested was a clear light yellow liquid UVCB. The test material was visually not completely soluble in test medium at the loading rate prepared.
Due to the expected very low solubility of the test material in test medium, a WAF was prepared at a loading rate of 1.0 mg/L, which was expected to be far above the solubility limit of the test material. A loading rate of 1.0 mg/L represents the lowest amount of test material that can be weighed and allows for visual confirmation of the presence of undissolved test material.
The test material was weighed out on a watch glass, after which the watch glass was added to the test medium. A one-day period of slow magnetic stirring was applied. This slow stirring ensured maximum dissolution of the test material in medium, while attempting to avoid the formation of micelles. The one-day period of stirring was chosen since no test material could be measured in the non-GLP solubility trial, and therefore no Saturation Test could be conducted to confirm the most suitable test solution preparation. The stirring time was chosen to be long enough for maximum dissolution, but short enough to prevent potential degradation of the test material over a longer period.
During stirring the vortex depth was minimal, i.e. formed a dimple. This slow stirring ensured maximum dissolution of the test material in medium, while attempting to avoid the formation of micelles. The obtained mixture was allowed to settle for a period of 3 hours. After this period of settlement, test material was still observed on the watch glass, and in addition, some droplets were floating on the surface of the test solution. This indicates that even at the low loading rate of 1.0 mg/L the test material was not fully dissolved.
Thereafter, the WSF was collected by means of siphoning from the approximate centre of the solution and was inspected on appearance and presence of undissolved material by using a laser-pen (i.e. presence of the Tyndall effect). All test solutions were clear and colourless at the end of the preparation procedure. No undissolved material was observed in the test solutions.
Pre-incubation of test vessels was applied. To this end, volumes of 50 mL test solution were added to each replicate of the test concentration. The vessels were then pre-incubated for one day to minimize the risk of test material loss due to potential sorption of test material to the glassware. At the end of the pre-incubation phase, the test vessels were emptied and re-filled with freshly prepared volumes of 50 mL of the respective test solution.
Any residual volumes were discarded.
Test organisms (species):
Daphnia magna
Details on test organisms:
Species: Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Cladocera) (Straus, 1820), at least third generation, obtained by a cyclical parthenogenesis under specified breeding conditions.
Source: In-house laboratory culture with a known history.
Reason for selection: This system has been selected as an internationally accepted invertebrate species.
Validity of batch: Daphnids originated from a healthy stock, 2nd to 5th brood, showing no signs of stress such as mortality >20% , presence of males, ephippia or discoloured animals and there was no delay in the production of the first brood.
Characteristics: Daphnia, less than 24 hours old, from parental daphnids of more than two weeks old.

Breeding
Start of each batch: Approximately 250 newborn daphnids, i.e. less than 3 days old, were placed into 5 litres of medium in an all-glass culture vessel.
Maximum age of the cultures: 4 weeks
Renewal of the cultures: After 7 days of cultivation, half of the medium twice a week.
Temperature of medium: 18-22°C
Feeding: Daily, a suspension of freshwater algae.
Culture medium: M7
Test type:
static
Water media type:
freshwater
Limit test:
yes
Total exposure duration:
48 h
Remarks on exposure duration:
In accordance with test guidelines
Post exposure observation period:
No post exposure observation period specified in the study report
Hardness:
CaCO3: 180 mg/L
Test temperature:
20°C
pH:
7.7 - 8.1
Dissolved oxygen:
8.4 - 9.1 mg/L
Salinity:
No specified
Conductivity:
Not specified
Nominal and measured concentrations:
WSF prepared at loading rates of 1.0 mg/L
Details on test conditions:
Testing Strategy and Experimental Design
A limit test was performed, as no toxicity was expected due to the low solubility of the test material in water.

Test Concentration
Test material: WSF prepared at loading rates of 1.0 mg/L.
Control: Test medium without test material or other additives.

Test Procedure and Conditions
Test duration: 48 hours
Test type: Static
Test vessels: 60 mL, all-glass.
Test medium: The following salts (analytical grade) were added to tap water purified by Reverse Osmosis (RO-water, GEON Waterbehandeling, Berkel-Enschot, The Netherlands):
CaCl2.2H2O 211.5 mg/L
MgSO4.7H2O 88.8 mg/L
NaHCO3 46.7 mg/L
KCl 4.2 mg/L
The hardness of test medium expressed as CaCO3: 180 mg/L
Number of daphnids: 20 per concentration
Loading: 5 per vessel containing 50 mL of test solution.
Light: A daily photoperiod of 16 hours.
Feeding: No feeding
Aeration: No aeration of the test solutions was applied.
Introduction of daphnids: Within 40 minutes after preparation of the test solutions.

Measurements and Recordings
Immobility (including mortality): At 24 hours and at 48 hours.
pH and dissolved oxygen: At the beginning and at the end of the test, for the limit concentration and the control.
Temperature of medium: Continuously in a temperature control vessel, beginning at the start of the test.
Reference substance (positive control):
yes
Remarks:
Potassium dichromate
Key result
Duration:
48 h
Dose descriptor:
EL50
Effect conc.:
> 1 mg/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Remarks:
WSF
Basis for effect:
mobility
Details on results:
Measured Concentrations
An analytical method was developed for four major components of the test material, and samples were analysed based on each of these components.
Samples taken from the limit concentration and the control were analysed. The concentrations of the whole test material based on quantification of each of the four components at the start of the test were 10, 13, 12 and 4.9 µg/L, respectively. During the exposure period, the concentrations decreased to below the Limit of Quantification (LOQ). The LOQ for the method developed for each of the components was 2.0 µg/L.
It was not expected that the dissolved fraction of test material in the test solution would reach levels high enough to be detected during analysis, since the predicted water solubility was far below the threshold of 2.0 µg/L. This was supported by the pre-test with the same concentration and test solution preparation method, where no test material could be measured. It’s probable that a dispersion of undissolved test material had formed during the test solution preparation.
Based on these results, the geometric mean concentrations of the test material were calculated based on analytical findings for each of the measured components. However, since the test material is a UVCB with many components, for the purpose of clarity the study is further evaluated based on loading rates.

Immobility
No immobility was observed in the control and at the test concentration throughout the exposure period.
It should be noted that one daphnid was found to be trapped at the solution surface in the limit concentration at 24 hours. This daphnid was reimmersed into the solution prior to the recording of mobility. As ≤10% entrapment is allowed in the control, effects of <10% are considered biologically not relevant.
No changes in behaviour and appearance were observed during the exposure period.

Experimental Conditions
The test conditions remained within the limits prescribed by the study plan (pH: 6 9, not varying by more than 1.5 units; oxygen: ≥3 mg/L at the end of the test).
The temperature continuously measured in a temperature control vessel was maintained at 20°C during the test and complied with the requirements as laid down in the study plan (18 22°C, constant within ±1°C).
Results with reference substance (positive control):
Reference Test
Test Facility Study No. 20324126
Experimental Start Date: 23 Jul 2021
Experimental Completion Date: 29 Jul 2021
The batch of Daphnia magna tested showed expected sensitivity to Potassium dichromate (Batch K50664264, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), based on the range specified in ISO International Standard 6341, October 2012 and historical range of reference tests performed by the Test Facility in the last ten years.
The raw data from this study are kept in the Charles River Den Bosch archives. The test described above was performed non-GLP.

Geometric Mean Concentration Versus Loading Rate





















Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid


Loading rate 1.0 mg/L



Measured concentrations (μg/L)



T=0h



T=48h



Geometric mean conc. (μg/L)



Component 1


Component 2


Component 3


Component 4



10.2


12.5


12.1


4.86



1.0#


1.0#


1.0#


1.0#



3.2


3.5


3.5


2.2



# Analytical concentration was below LOQ, value set at half of LOQ (LOQ = 2.0 μg/L)


 


Number of Introduced Daphnids and Incidence of Immobility in the Test
















































Time (h)



Replicate



Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentarythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid


Geometric mean conc. (μg/L)



Control



 



0



A


B


C


D



5


5


5


5



5


5


5


5



Total introduced



20



20



24



A


B


C


D



0


0


0


0



0


0 (1)


0


0



Total immobilised


Effect %



0


0



0


0



48



A


B


C


D



0


0


0


0



0


0


0


0



Total immobilised


Effect %



0


0



0


0



( ) between brackets: number of daphnids observed trapped at the surface of the test solutions. These organisms were re-immersed into the respective solutions before recording of mobility.


 


Effect Parameters














Parameter (mg/L)



Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid


Loading rate (mg/L)



24h and 48h-EL50



>1.0



 


pH and Oxygen Concentrations (mg/L) During the Test
























Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentarythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid


Loading rate (mg/L)



Start (t=0h)



End (t=48h)



O2



pH



O2



pH



Control


1.0



8.4


8.5



7.7


7.7



9.1


9.0



8.1


8.1



 

Validity criteria fulfilled:
yes
Remarks:
The study met the acceptability criteria prescribed by the study plan and was considered valid.
Conclusions:
The 48h-EL50 for Daphnia magna exposed to Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid exceeded the maximum solubility of the test material in test medium, i.e. exceeded a loading rate of 1.0 mg/L.
Executive summary:

The objective of the study was to evaluate Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid for its ability to generate acute toxic effects on the mobility of Daphnia magna during an exposure period of 48 hours hours and, if possible, to determine the EL50 at 24 and 48 hours of exposure.


A limit test was performed based on he results of several pre-tests.


Test conditions and results of the limit test are presented below:


 


Test material: Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid


Appearance: Clear light yellow liquid


Purity: UVCB


Preparation of test solutions: WSF prepared at a loading rate of 1.0 mg/L


Specific procedure: Test vessels were pre-incubated for one day to minimise the risk of test material loss due to potential sorption of test material to the glass ware.


 


Experimental set-up


Guideline: OECD TG 202 and OECD GD 23


Exposure design: Static, no renewals


Test concentration: WSF prepared at a loading rate of 1.0 mg/L


Control: Blank control


Number of replicates: 4 replicates containing 5 daphnids each


Sampling for analysis: at t=0 and t=48 h.


 


Experimental conditions


pH and temperature: Within the ranges specified in OECD TG 202


light regime: A daily photoperiod of 16 hours


 


Results


Actual exposure concentrations: The concentration of the test material based on quantification of the four major compounds for which a method was developed were measured at 3.2, 3.5, 3.5 and 2.2 μg/L (geometric mean concentration) in the WSF prepared at loading rate of 1.0 mg/L.


Recorded effects: No immobility or other effects were observed in the control and limit concentration throughout the exposure period.  


 


The effect parameters (based on loading rates) obtained in the study are summarised in the table below.














Parameter (mg/L)



Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid


Loading rate (mg/L)



24h and 48h-EL50



>1.0



 


In conclusion, the 48h-EL50 for Daphnia magna exposed to Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid exceeded the maximum solubility of the test material in test medium, i.e. exceeded a loading rate of 1.0 mg/L.


Due to the very low solubility of Decanoic acid, mixed esters with dipentaerythritol, octanoic acid and valeric acid in test medium, concentration levels that might be toxic for Daphnia could not be reached.

Endpoint:
short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
April 29, 2003 to August 27, 2003
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Justification for type of information:
In accordance with Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 Annex XI (1.5) and the relevant ECHA guidance documents, the substance is read across to reduce the need for unnecessary repeat testing on the basis that the substances are similar on the basis of:
1) a common functional group and
2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical and biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals.

The molecules share a similar route of manufacture and similar starting materials, some of which are common to each molecule.
Additional details and justification is attached in Section 13. A further confirmatory study is currently underway on the substance.
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across source
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EU Method C.2 (Acute Toxicity for Daphnia)
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
ISO 6341 (Water quality - Determination of the Inhibition of the Mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea))
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes
Key result
Duration:
48 h
Dose descriptor:
EC50
Effect conc.:
> 0 g/L
Nominal / measured:
nominal
Conc. based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect:
mobility

Description of key information

 Read across to structural analogue. All members of this category of esters have a hydrophobic nature. Based on structural similarities of the substance of interest and the members of the category it was concluded that it was justified to applyread across for this endpoint. The 48h-EC50 exceeded the maximum solubility of the analogue in the test medium.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates
Effect concentration:
100 mg/L

Additional information

Read across to structural analogue. All members of this category of esters have a hydrophobic nature. Based on structural similarities of the substance of interest and the members of the category it was concluded that it was justified to applyread across for this endpoint.

 

Acute Toxicity Study in Daphnia magna with HATCOL 3331.

All solutions at loading rates of 1.0 mg/l and higher were prepared separately. These supersaturated solutions were magnetically stirred for two days to ensure maximum solubility in test medium. The resulting solution was colourless, but contained a floating layer and test substance particles. Collection of the water phase by siphoning or centrifugation was not an option considering the specific gravity of the test substance. After the stirring period the mixture was therefore filtered through a paper filter (ca. >5 μm). The filtrate was clear and colourless.

 The project was started with a limit test, exposing daphnia to a filtrate (ca. >5 μm) prepared at a loading rate of 100 mg/l and a blank-control. The test was performed in duplicate with 5 daphnids per vessel and samples for analysis were taken at the start and the end of the test.

The analytical results showed that the average exposure concentration was higher than the solubility limit of HATCOL 3331 (i.e. <0.2 mg/l). At the end of the test, 45% of the daphnids exposed to the filtrate were immobilized. Since concentrations were all below 1.0 mg/l, a final test was performed using a range of concentrations nominally spaced by a factor of 10.

A final test was performed exposing daphnia to filtrates (ca. >5 μm) prepared at loading rates of 1.0, 10 and 100 mg/l and a 10-foid dilution of the filtrate at 1.0 mg/l. Samples for analysis taken at the start and the end of the test showed that the average exposure concentration in the 1.0 mg/l filtrate approximated the water solubility (i.e. <0.2 mg/l), while average exposure concentrations in the 10 and 100 mg/l filtrates were maintained above the water solubility of HATCOL 3331.

HATCOL 3331 did not induce acute immobilisation of Daphnia magna at the concentration obtained in a filtered solution prepared at a loading rate of 100 mg/l, corresponding to an average exposure concentration above the water solubility, i.e. 1.1-1.4 mg/l after 48 hours of exposure (NOEC). Also, no immobilisation was observed at concentrations approximating the water solubility.

In conclusion: Due to the very low solubility of HATCOL 3331 in water, concentration levels that might be toxic for daphnia could not be reached. Therefore, the 48h-EC50 exceeded the maximum solubility of HATCOL 3331 in test medium.